Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization
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1 Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization 1
2 Tissue Outline I. Definitions II. Cellular Connections III.Tissue Types IV. Membranes V. Tissue Repair 2
3 Tissue Tissue Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function Special connections that hold cells together 1. Tight junctions 2. Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes 3. Gap junctions (nexus) 3
4 Cellular Connections 4
5
6 Tissue Tissue Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function Four main tissue types of the body 1. epithelial covering 2. connective support, transport, storage 3. muscular movement 4. nervous control 6
7 I. Function II. General features III. Specializations IV. Classification Epithelial Tissue A. Simple/stratified squamous epithelum B. Simple/stratified cuboidal epithelium C. Simple/stratified columnar epithelium D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium E. Transitional epithelium F. Glandular epithelium 1. Types 2. Modes of excretion 7
8 Epithelia Epithelial Tissue A sheet of cells that covers a surface or lines a body cavity Function Physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Produce special secretions 8
9 General Features Epithelial Tissue Cellularity: closely packed cells with little extracellular material Polarity: have apical and basal surfaces Attachment: basal surface attached to basal lamina (basement membrane) Basal lamina: thin extracellular layer of connective tissue Avascular: without blood vessels Regeneration: rapid cell division 9
10 Specializations Epithelial Tissue 10
11 Classification Epithelial Tissue Arrangement of cells into layers Simple: one cell layer thick Stratified: many cell layers thick Pseudostratified: single layer of cells where all cells don t reach apical surface nuclei at found at different levels so it looks multilayered Shape of surface cells Squamous: flat Cuboidal: cube-shaped Columnar: tall column Transitional: shape varies with tissue stretching 11
12 Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous Epithelium Endothelium: lines heart and blood vessels Mesothelium: lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and covers the organs within them 12
13 Epithelial Tissue Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratin: a waterproof protein that is resistant to friction and helps repel bacteria Keratinized: surface cells dead and filled with keratin Nonkeratinized: no keratin in moist living cells at surface 13
14 Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Secretion: the production and release of a fluid that may contain a variety of substances 14
15 Epithelial Tissue Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Rare 15
16 Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue 16
17 Epithelial Tissue Stratified Columnar Epithelium 17
18 Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified Epithelium 18
19 Epithelial Tissue Transitional Epithelium 19
20 Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelium Gland: a single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion Exocrine glands: secrete their products into ducts Ducts: passageways that open onto an epithelial surface Endocrine glands: release their secretions into interstitial fluid ductless hormones 20
21 Epithelial Tissue Modes of Secretion Merocrine -- most glands cells release their products by exocytosis mucus Apocrine upper part of cell pinches off & dies Holocrine whole cells die & rupture to release their products 21
22
23 I. Basic elements Connective Tissue A. Cells B. Extracellular matrix 1. Ground substance 2. Fibers II. Embryonic connective tissue III. Mature connective tissue A. See next slide for outline IV. Connective Tissue Framework A. Fascia 1. Superficial fascia 2. Deep fascia 3. Subserous fascia 23
24 Connective Tissue Framework Layers of connective tissue Provide strength and stability Maintain position of internal organs Provide routes for distribution of vessels and nerves Fascia: connective tissue layers that support and surround organs Superficial fascia (subcutaneous, hypodermis) Areolar tissue and adipose tissue Deep fascia Dense irregular tissue Subserous fascia Areolar tissue 24
25
26 Overview Connective Tissue Consists of three basic elements: 1. cells 2. ground substance 3. fibers extracellular matrix = ground substance and fibers 26
27 Connective Tissue Cell Types Immature cells: retain ability to divide & produce matrix fibroblast connective tissue proper chondroblast cartilage osteoblast bone hematopoietic stem cell blood Mature cells: cannot divide or produce matrix chondrocytes & osteocytes Macrophages: develop from monocytes and are phagocytic Plasma cells: develop into antibody producing B lymphocytes Mast cells: produce histamine, heparin, and proteases Adipocytes: store fat White blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes 27
28 Ground Substance Connective Tissue Unstructured material that fills space between the cells and contains the fibers Substances found in the ground substance interstitial fluid cell adhesion proteins: connective tissue glue proteoglycans: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate Supports, binds, provides medium for the exchange of materials between the blood and cells, and is active in influencing cell functions 28
29 Fibers Connective Tissue Fibers in the matrix provide strength and support for tissues 3 types of fibers are are embedded in the matrix between cells and connective tissues collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers 29
30 Connective Tissue Fibers Collagen fibers composed of the protein collagen tough and resistant to stretching, yet allow some flexibility found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments Elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin provide strength and stretching capability found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs Reticular fibers consisting of collagen and glycoprotein thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs 30
31 Marfan Syndrome 31
32 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix Ground substance and fibers Abundant with relatively few cells May be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified Usually secreted by the connective tissue cells and adjacent cells Determines the tissue s qualities 32
33
34 Connective Tissue Embyronic Connective Tissue Present primarily in the embryo or fetus Mesenchyme found almost exclusively in the embryo of fetus the tissue from which all other connective tissues may eventually arise Mucous connective tissue found in the umbilical cord of fetus gives support 34
35 Mature Connective Tissue I. Connective Tissue Proper A. Loose connective tissue 1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Reticular connective tissue B. Dense connective tissue 1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue II. Fluid connective tissue A. Blood B. Lymph III. Supporting connective tissue A. Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage B. Bone 1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone 35
36 Connective Tissue Mature Connective Tissue Exists in the newborn and adult Has cells differentiated from mesenchyme Does not change after birth Connective Tissue Proper Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Fluid connective tissue Blood Lymph Supporting connective tissue Cartilage Bone 36
37 Connective Tissue Proper Loose Connective Tissue The fibers are loosely woven and there are many cells Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular tissue 37
38 Connective Tissue Proper Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar Cell types = fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and a few white blood cells All 3 types of fibers present Gelatinous ground substance Functions: Diffusion for nutrients and wastes Support Padding Universal packing material 38
39 Areolar Connective Tissue
40 Connective Tissue Proper Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection Brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels and mitochondria and responsible for heat generation 40
41 Connective Tissue Proper Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular Network of fibers & cells that produce framework of organ Holds organ together liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow 41
42 Connective Tissue Proper Dense Connective Tissue Contains more numerous and thicker fibers but considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue 42
43 Connective Tissue Proper Dense CT: Dense Regular Consists of bundles of collagen fibers and fibroblasts Forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses Provides strong attachments between various structures 43
44 Connective Tissue Proper Dense CT: Dense Irregular Collagen fibers are irregularly arranged (interwoven) Tissue can resist tension from any direction Very tough tissue -- white of eyeball, dermis of skin 44
45 Connective Tissue Proper Dense CT: Elastic Consists of elastic fibers and fibroblasts Found in the lungs, walls of arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, and some ligaments Allows stretching of various organs 45
46 Blood Fluid Connective Tissue Connective tissue with a liquid matrix = plasma Cell types red blood cells: erythrocytes white blood cells: leukocytes cell fragments: platelets or thrombocytes Clotting, immune functions, carry O 2 and CO 2 46
47 Lymph Fluid Connective Tissue Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels Contains less protein than plasma Move cells and substances (lipids) from one part of the body to another White blood cells Participates in immune surveillance 47
48 Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage Network of fibers in rubbery ground substance Resilient and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue Chondrocytes: only cells in cartilage Lacunae: spaces or chambers in the matrix Surrounded by perichondrium Outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue Attachment, mechanical support, protection Inner layer of cellular Growth and maintenance 48
49 Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage Types of cartilage hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage 49
50 Supporting Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Bluish-shiny white rubbery substance Chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae No blood vessels or nerves repair is slow Articular cartilage: reduces friction at joints 50
51 Supporting Connective Tissue Fibrocartilage Many more collagen fibers causes rigidity & stiffness Strongest type of cartilage (intervertebral discs) 51
52 Supporting Connective Tissue Elastic Cartilage Elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations Ear, nose, vocal cartilages 52
53 Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage: Growth and Repair Grows and repairs slowly because is avascular Interstitial growth chondrocytes divide and form new matrix occurs in childhood and adolescence Appositional growth chondroblasts secrete matrix onto surface produces increase in width 53
54
55 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 55
56 Supporting Connective Tissue Bone (Osseous) Tissue Matrix contains mineral salts, collagenous fibers and osteocytes Surrounded by periosteum Calcium salts hardness Collagen fibers strength Osteocytes Protects, provides for movement, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation 56
57
58 I. Function II. Types Muscle Tissue A. Skeletal muscle B. Cardiac muscle C. Smooth muscle 58
59 Muscle Tissue Highly cellular, well-vascularized Consists of cells that are modified for contraction thus provide motion, maintenance of posture, and heat production Three types skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle 59
60
61 Neural Tissue 61
62 Neural Tissue Only two principle kinds of cells neurons: nerve cells Neuroglia: supporting cells that protect, insulate and support neurons Neurons generate and conduct nerve impulses Dendrite: signal travels towards the cell body Axon: signal travels away from cell body 62
63 Membranes I. mucous membrane II. serous membrane III.synovial membrane IV. cutaneous membrane (skin) 63
64 Membranes Epithelial layer sitting on a thin layer of connective tissue (lamina propria) Types of membranes mucous membrane serous membrane synovial membrane cutaneous membrane (skin) 64
65 Membranes Mucous Lines a body cavity that opens to the outside mouth, vagina, anus etc Epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes Tight junctions between cells Mucous is secreted from underlying glands to keep surface moist 65
66 Membranes Serous Simple squamous cells overlying loose CT layer Squamous cells secrete slippery fluid Lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside such as chest or abdominal cavity Examples pleura, peritoneum and pericardium membrane on walls of cavity = parietal layer membrane over organs in cavity = visceral layer 66
67 Synovial Membranes Line joint cavities of all freely movable joints No epithelial cells---just special cells that secrete slippery fluid 67
68 Cutaneous skin Membranes Epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis: thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue 68
69 Tissue Repair 69
70 Tissue Repair Inflammation: isolation and clean up of damaged cells and tissue components Infection: presence of pathogens Necrosis: cell and tissue death due to damage or infection Pus: debris, fluid, dead and dying cells Abscess: accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space Regeneration: the replacement of damaged or destroyed cells by healthy ones Restoration: replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue Fibrosis: involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) Adhesions: sometimes result from scar tissue formation, cause abnormal joining of adjacent tissues, 70
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