Peng Zhang 1, Michelle Yueqin Chen 1, Diana Caridha 1, William J. Smith 2 & Peter K. Chiang 1

Transcription

1 Peng Zhang 1, Michelle Yueqin Chen 1, Diana Caridha 1, William J. Smith 2 & Peter K. Chiang 1 1 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 2 United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense

2 Reort Documentation Page Form Aroved OMB No Public reorting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour er resonse, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and comleting and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other asect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Oerations and Reorts, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA Resondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other rovision of law, no erson shall be subject to a enalty for failing to comly with a collection of information if it does not dislay a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 01 OCT REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Molecular Mechanisms of Sulfur Mustard Vesicant-Induced Cell Death: Early and late cell resonses 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Aroved for ublic release, distribution unlimited 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM001851, Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical & Biological Defense Research, November 2003., The original document contains color images. 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 24 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

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4 Sulhur mustard reacts with a wide range of biological molecules, including roteins and nucleic acids. It ossess mutagenic, carcinogenic, cytotoxic, vesicating effects, and results in cell death. However, the biomedical mechanism of cell death induced by Sulhur mustard is not comletely understood. To reveal this mechanism, we examined the secific genes involved in the regulation of cell survival and death athway.

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6 CEES Induced-Aotosis (min) (h) Early Stage Late Stage Perinuclear margination Of chromatin

7 MEKK PI3K MKK JNK MKK -JNK PDK1 BAD Bcls Akt PDK BAD Bcls jun -jun Mitochondria casases Early Stage Late Stage Aotosis

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9 CEES Attack Cells MEKK PDK1 PDK2 MKK Akt JNK -JNK BAD Bcls BAD Bcls jun -jun Mitochondria casases Early Stage Late Stage Aotosis

10 CEES (200 µm) Induced c-jun and hoshorylation of Jun (min) C-Jun P-Jun (S63) P-Jun (S73)

11 CEES (200 µm) Induced JNK and Phoshorylation of JNK (min) JNK JNK2 54 JNK1 46 P-JNK JNK2 54 JNK1 46

12 Cytokines Induced in Early Stage of CEES (200 µm) Damaged in Jurkat cells 0 hour 0.5 hour IL-8 Blank Blank Blank Blank TNF-a TNF-a TNF-a TNF-a IL-8 IL-8 IL-8 IL-8 IL-10 IL-10 IL-10 IL-10 IL-1B IL-1B Il-1B Il-1B IL-4 (Rat) IL-4 (Rat) IL-4 (Rat) IL-4 (Rat) IL-6 IL-6 IL-6 IL-6

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14 CEES Attack Cells MEKK PDK1 PDK2 MKK Akt JNK -JNK BAD Bcls BAD Bcls jun -jun Mitochondria casases Early Stage Late Stage Aotosis

15 cdna array 50 µm CEES/24 hrs/jurkat cells C-myc G rotein-couled recetor MMP-12 CD69 CD1D Casase 5 Casase-4 MAP kinase activated rotein 2 BRCA1 Casase -3 Casases-9 Akt1 kinase BRCA2

16 relative gene exression (% of control) CASPASE-1 CASPASE-3 CASPASE-4 CASPASE-5 CASPASE-6 CASPASE-7 CASPASE-8 CASPASE-9 0 0µΜ 0.05µΜ 0.5µΜ 5µΜ 50µΜ CEES concentrations

17 (A) CEES[µM] (B) β-actin 435 Casase Casase Casase Casase 6 (C) 256 Casase Unrotected (nt) Casase 7 Casase 1 L32 GAPDH (D) Casase-4 Relative AMC Fluorescence (380 nm) CEES [µm] CEES [µm] Casase-3 enzyme Activity 32 kda 45 kda 40 kda 35 kda

18 S µm Bcl-XL 120% Blk Bax Bcl-2 Relative Gene Exression 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% BcL-XL Blk Bax BcL2 Mcl-1 Mcl 1 0% CEES [µm] RNAse Protection L32

19 (A) RT-PCR CEES[µM] β-actin Akt (B) Western Blotting CEES [µm] kda

20 (A) Phoshorylation of Akt (Western blotting) (B) Akt kinase activity assay 120% CEES [µm] α-thr 308 α-ser kda 60 kda Relative Akt activity 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CEES [µm]

21 (A) RT-PCR β-actin PDK2 PDK1 (B) Western Blotting 59 kda 63 kda CEES [µm] PDK2 PDK1

22 Cytokines Were Induced in Late Stage of CEES Treatment (200 µm) in Jurkat cells 0 hour 24 hours IL-8 TNF-α IL-1B IL-10 TNF-α TNF-α TNF-α TNF-α IL-8 IL-8 IL-8 IL-8 IL-10 IL-10 IL-10 IL-10 IL-1B IL-1B Il-1B Il-1B IL-4 (Rat) IL-4 (Rat) IL-4 (Rat) IL-4 (Rat) IL-6 IL-6 IL-6 IL-6

23 CEES Attacks Cells MEKK PDK1 PDK2 MKK JNK -JNK BAD Bcls Akt BAD Bcls jun -jun Mitochondria casases Early Stage Late Stage Aotosis

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25 Sulhur mustard causes cell death via aotosis: In early stage, It induces JNK activity and then triggers aotosis athway. In late stage, sulhur mustard attacks the Akt athway, by inhibiting Akt transcrition, translation, and ost-translation modification. Concomitantly, the anti-aototic genes, Bcl family, were downregulated, in shar contrast to the striking uregulation of some death executioner genes, casases 3, 8, 6 and 5. Sulhur mustard also induces some cytokines exression. Take together, sulhur mustard induces aotosis by inhibiting the cellular survival factors which suresses the exression of casases.