The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 1 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

2 Sagittal Section of Upper Airway Fig Sagittal section of upper airway.

3 Structure of the Nose Fig Structure of the nose.

4 Sagittal Section Through Nose Fig Sagittal section through nose.

5 Epithelium Fig A. Stratified squamous epithelium. B. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. C. Simple cuboidal epithelium. D. Simple squamous epithelium.

6 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Fig A. Stratified squamous epithelium. B. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. C. Simple cuboidal epithelium. D. Simple squamous epithelium.

7 Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium Fig A. Stratified squamous epithelium. B. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. C. Simple cuboidal epithelium. D. Simple squamous epithelium.

8 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Fig A. Stratified squamous epithelium. B. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. C. Simple cuboidal epithelium. D. Simple squamous epithelium.

9 Simple Squamous Epithelium Fig A. Stratified squamous epithelium. B. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. C. Simple cuboidal epithelium. D. Simple squamous epithelium.

10 Lateral View of the Head Fig Lateral view of the head, showing sinuses.

11 Oral Cavity Fig Oral cavity.

12 The Pharynx Fig View of the base of the tongue, vallecula epiglottica, epiglottis, and vocal cords.

13 Oral Endotracheal Tube Fig An oral endotracheal tube in proper position in the trachea.

14 Cystic Fibrosis Fig Cystic fibrosis. Pathology includes (1) excessive production and accumulation of thick bronchial airway secretions, (2) partial bronchial obstruction and air trapping, and (3) alveolar hyperventilation.

15 Misplaced Endotracheal Tube Fig A. An endotracheal tube misplaced in patient s esophagus. B. Stomach inflated with air.

16 Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Fig Cartilages and intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

17 Cartilages and Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Fig Cartilages and intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

18 Cartilages and Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Fig Cartilages and intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

19 Croup Syndrome Fig Croup syndrome. A. Acute epiglottis. B. Laryngotracheobronchitis.

20 Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Fig Extrinsic laryngeal muscles.

21 Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Fig Intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

22 The Lower Airways Fig Tracheobronchial tree.

23 Structures of the Lungs Table 1-1

24 Histology of the Tracheobronchial Tree Fig Histology of the tracheobronchial tree.

25 Epithelial Lining of the Tracheobronchial Tree Fig Epithelial lining of the tracheobronchial tree

26 Mast Cells in the Lamina Propria Fig Cross section of a bronchus showing the mast cells in the lamina propria.

27 Immunologic Mechanisms Fig Immunologic mechanisms.

28 Tracheal Bronchial Tree Fig Tracheal bronchial tree.

29 Cross Section of Trachea Fig Cross-section of trachea.

30 Endotracheal Tube in Right Main Stem Fig A. Endotracheal tube in right main stem. B. Same patient 20 minutes after after tube pulled back.

31 Canals of Lambert Fig Canals of Lambert.

32 Cross-section of Bronchial Area Fig Cross-section of bronchial area.

33 The Sites of Gas Exchange Fig Schematic drawing of the primary lobule.

34 Alveolar-Capillary Network Fig Alveolar-capillary network.

35 Interstitium Fig Interstitium.

36 The Pulmonary Vascular System Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules and veins

37 Major Pulmonary Vessels Fig Major pulmonary vessels.

38 Pulmonary Blood Vessels Fig Schematic drawing of components of the pulmonary blood vessels.

39 The Lymphatic System Fig Lymphatic vessels of the bronchial airways, pulmonary arteries, and veins.

40 Lymph Nodes Fig Lymph nodes.

41 Lymphatic Vessels of the Visceral Pleura Fig Lymphatic vessels of the visceral pleura of the lungs.

42 NEURAL CONTROL OF THE LUNGS

43 Some Effects of Autonomic Nervous System Activity Table 1-2 Sympathetic Parasympathetic Effector Site Nervous System Nervous System Heart Increased rate Decreased rate & Strength contraction & Contraction Strength Bronchial smooth muscle Relaxation Constriction Bronchial glands Decreases secretions Increases secretions Salivary glands Decreases secretions Increases secretions Stomach Decreases motility Increases motility Intestines Decreases motility Increases motility Eyes Widens pupils Constricts pupils

44 The Lungs Fig Anterior view of the lungs.

45 Medial View of the Lungs Fig Medial view of the lungs.

46 The Lungs and Thorax Fig Anatomic relationship of the lungs and the thorax.

47 Lung Segments Fig Lung segments.

48 Major Structures Surrounding the Lungs Fig Major structures surrounding the lungs.

49 Thorax Fig The thorax.

50 Intercostal Space Fig The intercostal space.

51 The Diaphragm Fig The diaphragm.

52 The Accessory Muscles of Inspiration Scalenus muscles Sternocleidomastoid muscles Pectoralis major muscles Trapezius muscles External intercostal muscles

53 Scalenus Fig Scalenus muscles.

54 Sternocleidomastoid Fig Sternocleidomastoid muscles.

55 Pectoralis Major Muscles Fig Pectoralis major muscles.

56 Pectoralis Major Muscles for Inspiration Fig Using the pectoralis major muscles for inspiration.

57 Trapezius Muscles Fig Trapezius muscles.

58 Action of the Trapezius Muscles Fig Shrugging of shoulders typifies the action of the trapezius muscles.

59 Intercostal Muscles Fig Internal and external intercostal muscles.

60 Accessory Muscles of Expiration Rectus abdominis muscles External abdominis obliquus muscle Internal abdominis obliquus muscles Transversus abdominis muscles Internal intercostal muscles

61 Muscles of Expiration Fig Accessory muscles of expiration.

62 Muscles of Expiration Fig The collective action of the accessory muscles of expiration.