Original Research Article. Amol P. Singam 1, Arpita A. Jaiswal 2 *, Ashok R. Chaudhari 1
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1 International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences Singam AP et al. Int J Res Med Sci Jan;6(1): pissn eissn Original Research Article DOI: Comparison of laryngeal mask airway supreme versus endotracheal intubation in positive pressure ventilation with muscle relaxant for intraoperative and postoperative conditions Amol P. Singam 1, Arpita A. Jaiswal 2 *, Ashok R. Chaudhari 1 1 Department of Anaesthesiology, 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India Received: 01 December 2017 Accepted: 07 December 2017 *Correspondence: Dr. Arpita A. Jaiswal, drarpitajaiswal@gmail.com Copyright: the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Background: Laryngeal Mask Airways are increasingly being used now a day as an option to endotracheal intubation, as it is less invasive and causes less discomfort in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical use of the laryngeal mask airway Supreme TM in patients undergoing elective gynaecological surgeries under general anaesthesia and compare it with endotracheal intubation. Methods: 60 ASA I and II females, having BMI <30kg.m -2 in the range of years of age, scheduled for elective gynaecological surgeries were randomly allocated to one of the two groups according to the device used (LMAS or ETT). Time required for insertion, number of attempts, hemodynamic response to insertion/removal and incidence of immediate and late postoperative complications such as coughing, laryngospasm, sore throat, dysphagia etc. were assessed. Results: Number of attempts for successful insertion was similar but time required for LMA Supreme insertion was significantly less (25.40±12.90 versus 33.27±14.82 sec) similarly, time required for nasogastric tube insertion was significantly more in ETT group (30.28±16.22 versus 21.93±12.64 sec). No episode of failed ventilation or hypoxia was recorded. The changes in hemodynamic parameters were significantly higher after endotracheal intubation and during extubation. Incidence of postoperative complications was significantly higher after endotracheal intubation (p<0.05). Conclusions: The LMA Supreme is a suitable alternative to endotracheal intubation during general anaesthesia for elective gynaecological surgeries with the added advantage of less hemodynamic response during airway management and lower incidence of postoperative complications. Keywords: Endotracheal intubation, LMA supreme, Positive pressure ventilation INTRODUCTION Routine technique for airway management during surgical procedures under general anaesthesia is endotracheal intubation. However, this procedure is associated with considerable risk of laryngotracheal injury. Complications with tracheal intubation range from minor events like sore throat and hoarseness of voice to tracheal stenosis. 1,2 Supraglottic airway devices provides a useful alternative for airway management during spontaneous or controlled ventilation in adults, as they do not require the use of laryngoscope for insertion, are non-invasive so, International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences January 2018 Vol 6 Issue 1 Page 129
2 associated with less hemodynamic changes and airway manipulation. 3 The laryngeal mask airway supreme (LMA Supreme ) is a single use supraglottic airway device made of polyvinyl chloride has a firm airway tube shaped at a 90 angle to facilitate insertion without digital guidance. It has a modified conical cuff which gives it a high-pressure seal and better performance during mechanical ventilation and a gastric channel running along the posterior midline through the airway tube to facilitate the passage of a gastric tube which allows functional separation of the respiratory and digestive systems. 4,5 The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and superiority of LMA Supreme, if any compared to endotracheal intubation for positive pressure ventilation with muscle relaxation for intraoperative and postoperative conditions. METHODS This prospective randomized study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology, JNMC, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha from April 2014 to July After taking permission from institutional ethics committee, 60 female patients, aged 20-50years, ASA physical status I and II, Mallampati class I and II and body mass index less than 30kg.m -2, posted for gynaecological surgeries under general anaesthesia were included in this study. All patients gave informed consent. Patients with suspected difficult airway, mouth opening less than 2 fingers or increased risk of aspiration (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, hiatus hernia and pregnant patients) were excluded. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each according to the airway device used by using computer generated random number table. In group ETT, cuffed endotracheal tube size 7.5 and in group LMAS, LMA Supreme size 4 was used. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation of the patients was done a day prior to surgery and patients were asked to have 8 hours of fasting. At the operating room, 20G iv cannula was secured and infusion of Ringer's lactate was started at the rate of 2ml.kg -1.hr -1, all patients received inj. glycopyrrolate 0.004mg.kg -1, inj. midazolam 0.05 mg.kg -1 and injection fentanyl 2μg.kg -1 as premedication. Standard monitoring was performed with pulse oximetry, non-invasive measurements of blood pressure, ECG and capnography. Patients were preoxygenated with 100% O 2 for three minutes and anaesthesia was induced with injection propofol 2.5mg.kg -1, and inj. vecuronium 0.10mg.kg -1. After manual ventilation under face mask for 3minutes, the airway device was inserted. LMA Supreme was inserted after totally deflating and lubricating on its posterior surface with lignocaine jelly 2%. Endotracheal tube was inserted through a conventional laryngoscopy with a curved Macintosh blade, number 3 or 4. The cuffs of both devices were inflated up to 25cm H 2O for endotracheal tube and up to 60cm H 2O for LMA Supreme, which were confirmed by a manometer. Successful insertion was confirmed by visible thoracic expansion, auscultation and identification of capnography curve. For confirmation of correct positioning of the laryngeal mask bubble test was done i.e. absence of air leakage through the gastric access channel during ventilation and passage without resistance of a nasogastric tube (size 14) lubricated with lignocaine jelly through the same channel. 6 Nasogastric tube placement was not attempted with LMA Supreme if there was an air leak in gastric access channel. If a test indicated inappropriate position, the mask was withdrawn, and the insertion was considered a failure. A failed insertion attempt was defined as the removal of the device from the mouth. In case of failure after a maximum of three attempts, LMA Supreme was replaced by an endotracheal tube. Interventions such as head and neck adjustment or change in depth of mask insertion were allowed to obtain satisfactory ventilation. A nasogastric tube was also inserted in patients of ETT group, and after initial aspiration of gastric contents, it was kept open for free drainage in both groups. Correct placement of nasogastric tube was confirmed by epigastric stethoscopy. Anaesthesia was maintained with oxygen, nitrous oxide, sevoflurane and neuromuscular blockade with intermittent doses of vecuronium. The lungs were ventilated with volume-controlled mechanical ventilation anaesthesia delivery workstation with a closed circuit having carbon dioxide absorber. Ventilatory settings included tidal volume of 7ml.kg -1 and inspiratory: expiratory time ratio of 1:2. The respiratory rate kept was 12 min -1 initially and then adjusted to maintain an EtCO 2 below 40 mmhg and O 2 saturation above 95% using a fresh gas flow of 4 l.min -1. Parameters recorded were insertion time (time interval between the beginning of insertion of airway device and confirmation by first capnography curve), number of attempts required for successful insertion, hemodynamic response to insertion (heart rate and mean arterial pressure 30seconds before and immediately after insertion confirmation). After this, nasogastric tube was inserted and insertion time (time interval between the beginning of insertion of nasogastric tube and confirmation by epigastric stethoscopy) was noted. At the end of surgery, neuromuscular blockade was reversed with intravenous injection glycopyrrolate 0.008mg.kg -1 and injection neostigmine 0.05mg.kg -1. After recovery of spontaneous ventilation and eye opening, the device used was removed, at this point of time haemodynamic parameters were noted. Till 1hour International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences January 2018 Vol 6 Issue 1 Page 130
3 after removal of the LMA Supreme or endotracheal tube, the patient received oxygen at 4 l.min -1 via a Hudson s mask. Any adverse events such as regurgitation, coughing, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, gagging and hiccup were recorded. Rescue analgesic used was intramuscular inj. diclofenac sodium 1.5mg.kg -1 whenever patient demands. Airway trauma was assessed by presence of blood on device used laryngoscope or endotracheal tube in case of intubation, and LMA Supreme itself at the end of the procedure. All patients were reassessed at 12 hours after surgery for presence of neck pain, sore throat, hoarseness or dysphonia (difficulty in speaking) and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing). Statistical analysis Continuous data was expressed as means ± standard deviation or number and percentile. Comparison of data was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows, version 17). Categorical data was analysed using Chi-square test while continuous data was analysed using Student s unpaired t-test. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Data were analysed from sixty patients recruited in this study. Demographic data, total anaesthesia time and surgery time were similar in both the groups (Table 1). Table 1: Patient and surgical characteristics. Variables ETT LMAS P- value Age (years) 40.24± ±12.41 t= 0.45; p=0.64,ns BMI (kg.m -2 ) 22.8 ± ± 3.62 t= 1.66; p=0.10,ns Asa class (I/II) 18/12 16/14 x 2 =0.26; p=0.60,ns Mallampati class (I/II) 20/10 19/11 x 2 = 0.07; p=0.78,ns Anaesthesia time (min) 48.65± ±11.76 t=0.84; p=0.40,ns Surgery time (min) 39.48± ±8.94 t=0.86; p=0.39,ns There was no failure in placement of both airway devices and crossovers between groups. LMA Supreme was correctly placed on the first attempt in 88.66% patients. Tracheal intubation was successful on the 1ST attempt in 93.33% patients. The mean time required for insertion of ETT was 33.27±14.82 which was significantly more compared to time required for LMA Supreme insertion which was 25.4±12.9 and seconds (p=0.032). After successful insertion of the device, nasogastric tube placement was attempted, and time requited for insertion was 21.93±12.64 in LMAS group which was significantly less compared to 30.28±16.22 in ETT group(p=0.030) (Table 2). Table 2: Data regarding device insertion. Variables ETT LMAS P- value Insertion attempts (n) 1/2/3. 28/2/0 26/4/0 x 2 = 0.72; p=0.39,ns Insertion time (sec) 33.27± ±12.90 t=2.19; p= 0.032,s Nasogastric tube insertion time (sec) 30.28± ±12.64 t=2.22; p= 0.030,s In all patients with both investigating airway devices, it was possible to maintain oxygenation, ventilation, and pulmonary mechanics for the entire duration of surgery. Baseline and before insertion of airway device haemodynamic variables were similar in both groups. However, in the post-insertion period, ETT group had significant increased values of heart rate and mean blood pressure, compared to the LMAS group. Similarly, significant increase in heart rate and mean blood pressure were seen postoperatively after removal of airway device (Table 3). Emergence outcome revealed that complications like coughing and laryngospasm/bronchospasm were associated more with use of endotracheal tube than LMA Supreme which were statistically significant. 2 patients in ETT group and 1 patient in LMAS group had airway trauma which was assessed by presence of blood on device (Table 4). International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences January 2018 Vol 6 Issue 1 Page 131
4 Follow-up after 12hours postoperatively revealed no differences in the incidence of sore throat and dysphagia in both the groups. Whereas, dysphonia and neck pain were more in the intubated patients. This indicates that use of endotracheal tube was associated with significant number of complications in late postoperative period compared to LMA Supreme (Table 4). Table 3: Hemodynamic variables before and after insertion of ETT and LMAS. Variables Heart rate(beats. Min -1 ) Mean blood pressure(mmhg) ETT LMAS P-value ETT LMAS P-value Baseline 78.2± ±15.86 t=0.50;p=0.61,ns 97.34± ±12.71 t=0.47;p=0.63,ns Before insertion 77.34± ±16.48 t=0.62;p=0.53,ns 95.82± ±14.57 t=0.31;p=0.75,ns After insertion 92.87± ±14.62 t=2.82;p=0.006,s ± ±13.52 t=2.63;p=0.010,s Postoperatively ± ±16.65 t=3.19;p=0.002,s ± ±11.74 t=2.83;p=0.006,s Table 4: Postoperative complications. Complications ETT (n) LMAS (n) P-value A) Emergence outcome Regurgitation 0 0 Coughing 6 2 Laryngospasm 4 1 Bronchospasm 1 0 Gagging 0 0 Airway trauma 2 1 (B) After 12 hours Neck Pain 7 1 Dysphonia 4 0 Sore Throat 3 4 Dysphagia 2 3 DISCUSSION χ 2 = 6.53; p=0.010,s χ 2 =4.37; p=0.036, s From this study it is clear that LMA Supreme effectively and safely can replace endotracheal tube for airway control during general anaesthesia in gynaecological surgeries. Frequency of Supraglottic airway devices development has increasing following the overwhelming success of the LMA Classic TM. LMAs have been shown to be perfectly suitable for airway management during routine anaesthesia and in emergency situations particularly when tracheal intubation may be challenging or may delay oxygenation The criterion that endotracheal intubation is a technique to have a patent airway during positive pressure ventilation has changed remarkably. Many surveys and studies showed that surgical procedures carried out under general anaesthesia including laparoscopic surgeries are routinely performed with a supraglottic airway device LMA was invented in 1981 by Dr. Brain with an objective of providing a better method of maintaining a patient's airway than by face mask and less hemodynamically stressful than insertion of an endotracheal tube. 14 LMA has undergone many design changes since then, most important was incorporation of oesophageal vent, it had a greatest impact on its functionality. 15,16 The presence of gastric channel allows the functional separation between respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, another advantage is after insertion, various tests can be performed for confirmation of correct position. 6 LMA Supreme is a disposable, latex-free, LMA with gastric access. Anatomical shape of a stiff airway tube with fixed curvature and an elliptical cross-section have advantage that insertion can be done without placing fingers in patient s mouth, this feature makes rotational mal- positioning of the airway unlikely. The design of cuff is such that it provides higher seal pressures than the LMA-Classic TM. LMA Supreme is combination of features of the LMA Proseal TM, Fastrach TM and Unique TM. The integral oesophageal drainage tube prevents passively regurgitated liquid from contaminating the airway. Its performance during mechanical ventilation has improved because the airway has a fixation tab designed to improve both drain tube position and facilitate easy fixation. All these modifications suited for easier placement by users who are inexperienced with laryngeal masks. 17 This study shows that mechanical ventilation is satisfactorily maintained with the LMA Supreme throughout the surgery. However, this study was too small to determine the safety of the LMA Supreme with respect to pulmonary aspiration. Many studies concluded that the LMA Supreme insertion technique is simple, associated with great success both in the insertion and maintenance of ventilation and it is equivalent to the standard technique of endotracheal intubation for airway maintenance during general anaesthesia. 9,18 It is very important to monitor carefully the ventilation and LMA Supreme position after insertion. The patient should be intubated, if LMA Supreme is malpositioned or ventilation is inadequate. No patient in our study in LMAS group needed intubation. Gastric tube was International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences January 2018 Vol 6 Issue 1 Page 132
5 inserted in all patients in our study, in LMAS group it was inserted after confirmation of no evidence of leak via drain tube. The time required to place nasogastric tube was more in ETT group compared to LMAS group. There was no clinical evidence of regurgitation or aspiration in our study which was evidenced by the maintenance of SpO 2 and EtCO 2 within normal limits during the entire duration of the surgery. Similar results were cited by Kahla and Alhusaimy in Patients belonging to LMAS group were having less airway complications than those belonging to ETT group immediately after extubation as well as after 12hours postoperatively. A meta-analysis of 29 randomized prospective clinical trials showed that when LMA was used during general anaesthesia complications like hoarseness, coughing, and laryngospasm during emergence were less compared to use of endotracheal tube. 19 The hemodynamic response by tracheal intubation as well as extubation was much more compared to that of insertion and removal of laryngeal mask, as shown by our results. This was related to laryngoscopy which increases airway manipulation and increased release of catecholamines during tracheal intubation; this may be of concern in patients with high cardiac risk or low cardiovascular reserve. 20,21 We have only evaluated very specific population i.e. female patients without significant comorbidities posted for small surgical procedures. The use of analgesics in postoperative period may have affected the intensity and outcome of postoperative complications such as dysphagia and sore throat in the period after 12 hours. CONCLUSION From the results of our study we conclude that, LMA Supreme during general anaesthesia for access and maintenance of airway is safe and effective as endotracheal intubation with an added advantage of reduction in haemodynamic response during insertion and removal. Use of LMA Supreme reduces incidences of coughing and laryngospasm during emergence and also reduces the incidence of neck pain and dysphonia in postoperative period after 12hours. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors would like to thank Dr. Lalit Waghmare, Dean (Innovation) of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences for his endless support and encouragement to conduct this study. Funding: No funding sources Conflict of interest: None declared Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee REFERENCES 1. Stauffer JL, Olson DE, Petty TL. Complications and consequences of endotraqueal intubation and tracheotomy. Am J Med. 1981;70: Grillo HC, Donahue DM, Mathisen DJ. Postintubation tracheal stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109: Chavan SG, Mandhyan S, Gujar SH, Shinde GP. Comparison of sevoflurane and propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion and pressor response in patients undergoing gynecological procedures. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2017;33: Timmermann A, Cremer S, Eich C. Prospective clinical and fiberoptic evaluation of the Supreme laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiol. 2009;110: López AM, Valero R, Hurtado P, Gambús P, Pons M, Anglada T. Comparison of the LMA Supreme with the LMA Proseal for airway management in patients anaesthetized in prone position. Brit J Anaes. 2011;107(2): O Connor CJ, Davies SR, Stix MS. Soap bubbles and gauze thread drain tube tests. Anesth Analg. 2001;93: Bein B, Scholx J. Supraglottic airway devices. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005;19(4): Anatolij T, David Z. Ferson C. Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme in pre-hospital difficult airway management. Resuscitation. 2008;78: David Z, Ferson LC, Sonal Z, David B. The Effectiveness of the LMA Supreme in Patients with Normal and Difficult-to-Manage Airways. Anesthesiol. 2007;107:A Darcy DM, Young PG. Use of the LMA-Supreme for Airway Rescue. Anesthesiol. 2008;109(2): Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the 4 th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: Anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106: Barreira SR, Souza CM, Fabrizia F, Azevedo AB, Lelis TG, Lutke C. Prospective, randomized clinical trial of laryngeal mask airway Supreme ( ) used in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2013;63: Maltby JR, Beriault MT, Watson NC, Liepert DJ, Fick GH. LMA Classic TM and LMA-ProSeal TM are effective alternatives to endotracheal intubation for gynecologic laparoscopy. Can J Anes. 2003;50: Jones JR. Laryngeal mask airway: an alternative for the difficult airway. AANA J. 1995;63(5): Brain AIJ, Verghese C, Strube PJ. The LMA ProSeal : a laryngeal mask with an oesophageal vent. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84: Brimacombe JR, Keller C. The ProSeal laryngeal mask airway. A randomized crossover study with International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences January 2018 Vol 6 Issue 1 Page 133
6 the standard laryngeal mask airway in paralyzed, anesthetized patients. Anesthesiol. 2000;93: Verghese C, Ramaswamy B. LMA-Supreme-a new single-use LMA with gastric access: a report on its clinical efficacy. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101(3): Kahla AH and Alhusaimy AM. Comparison of Laryngeal Mask Airway-Supreme and Endotracheal Tube in Adult Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery. Ain Shams J Anaesthesiol. 2009;2(2): Yu SH, Beirne OR. Laryngeal mask airways have a lower risk of airway complications compared with endotracheal intubation: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68: Zhang GH, Xue FS, Sun HY, Li CW, Sun HT, Li P, Liu KP. Comparative study of hemodynamic responses to orotracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airway. Chinese Medic J. 2006;119(11): Lim Y, Goel S, Brimacombe JR. The ProSeal laryngeal mask airway is an effective alternative to laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation for gynaecological laparoscopy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35:52-6. Cite this article as: Singam AP, Jaiswal AA, Chaudhari AR. Comparison of laryngeal mask airway supreme versus endotracheal intubation in positive pressure ventilation with muscle relaxant for intraoperative and postoperative conditions. Int J Res Med Sci 2018;6: International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences January 2018 Vol 6 Issue 1 Page 134
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