Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals
|
|
- Jewel Silvia McCoy
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Second Edition CHAPTER 13 The Respiratory System: It's a Gas
2 Introduction Respiratory system's primary function: to transport oxygen from atmosphere to bloodstream to be utilized by cells, tissues, organs for process of cellular respiration, which is necessary to sustain life
3 Introduction Respiratory system moves 12,000 quarts of air per day in and out of lungs Respiratory system removes waste gas carbon dioxide so it doesn't build up in toxic levels
4 Learning Objectives List and state the basic functions of the components of the respiratory system Differentiate between respiration and ventilation Explain how the respiratory system warms and humidifies inhaled air State the purpose and function of the mucociliary escalator
5 Learning Objectives Differentiate between the upper and lower airways and their functions Discuss the process of gas exchange at the alveolar level Describe the various skeletal structures related to the respiratory system Explain the actual process of breathing Discuss several common respiratory system diseases
6 System Overview Cellular respiration depends on continuous supply of oxygen, found in abundance in air we breathe Using oxygen produces carbon dioxide, which would become toxic if allowed to build in bloodstream; must be removed
7 System Overview Respiratory system closely related to heart and circulatory system; they are sometimes grouped together as cardiopulmonary system
8 System Overview Components of respiratory system Two lungs that serve as vital organs Upper and lower airways that conduct gas in and out of the system Terminal air sacs called alveoli surrounded by network of capillaries that provide for gas exchange
9 System Overview Components of respiratory system Thoracic cage that houses, protects, facilitates function for the system Muscles of breathing that include the main muscle, the diaphragm, and accessory muscles
10 Figure 13-1 The various components of the respiratory system.
11 Ventilation versus Respiration Air contains many gases, predominantly nitrogen, which is a support gas that keeps lungs open with its constant volume and pressure Next highest concentration found in air is oxygen, essential to life; carbon dioxide is found in very small concentrations
12 Ventilation versus Respiration Ventilation: bulk movement of air into and out of lungs where gas exchange will takes place Respiration: process of gas exchange, where oxygen added to blood and carbon dioxide removed
13 Ventilation versus Respiration External respiration: gas exchange in lungs occurs between blood and air in the external atmosphere Internal respiration: oxygenated blood transported internally via cardiovascular system to cells and tissues; oxygen moves into cells as carbon dioxide removed
14 Table 13-1 Gases in the Atmosphere
15 Figure 13-2 Contrast of ventilation and external and internal respiration.
16 The Airways and Lungs We have reserve of oxygen to last 4 to 6 minutes; after that we will die if we don't get more oxygen Respiratory system is series of branching tubes called bronchi and bronchioles
17 The Airways and Lungs Transport atmospheric gas deep within lungs to small air sacs called alveoli, which represent terminal end of respiratory system
18 The Airways and Lungs Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries; combination called alveolarcapillary membrane; represents connection between respiratory and cardiovascular systems
19 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Upper airways consists of nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx Functions include: Heating or cooling inspired gases to body temperature Filtering Humidifying
20 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Upper airways consists of nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx Functions include: Sense of smell or olfaction Producing sounds or phonations Ventilation, or conducting gas to lower airways
21 Figure 13-3 The upper airway and vocal cords.
22 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract While some people breathe through their mouths, we are meant to breathe through our noses Rigid structure made of cartilage and bone
23 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract While some people breathe through their mouths, we are meant to breathe through our noses Nasal cavity: behind nose, divided into three main regions Vestibular Olfactory Respiratory
24 Figure 13-4 The nasal regions.
25 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Vestibular region: located inside nostrils and contains coarse nasal hairs that act as first line of defense for respiratory system These hairs (vibrissae) covered with sebum, greasy substance secreted by sebaceous glands of nose Sebum helps trap particles; keeps hairs soft and pliable
26 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Olfactory region: located on roof of nasal cavity, allowing air to be held there so it can be sampled
27 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Respiratory region Air warmed to body temperature and moistened in this region inside nasal cavity, which is lined with mucous membranes and richly supplied with blood There are three scroll-like bones (turbinates) that split incoming air into three channels, providing more surface area
28 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Respiratory region Turbinates serve to make incoming air current more turbulent, bringing more air in contact with mucous membranes for warming and moisture, adding 650 to 1,000mLs of water each day to moisten air to 80% relative humidity
29 Pathology Connection: The Nose Allergic rhinitis Occurs when allergens (like pollen) trigger nasal mucosa to secrete excessive mucous Treatments: antihistamine medications; allergy injections that desensitize person to allergen
30 Pathology Connection: The Nose Nasal polyps Noncancerous growths within nasal cavity May be related to chronic inflammation Can be surgically removed if they become large enough to block nasal passageway
31 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Mucociliary escalator Cells in epithelial lining of airways of respiratory system are called pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells Consists of single layer of tall columnlike cells that have nuclei at different heights, giving appearance of two or more layers when there is only one Each columnar cell has 200 to 250 cilia on its surface
32 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Mucociliary escalator Goblet cells and submucosal glands are interspersed and produce about 100mLs of mucus per day Mucus resides as two layers: Cilia reside in sol layer; contains thin, watery fluid that allows them to beat freely Top layer is gel layer that is more viscous and sticky, trapping small particles
33 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Mucociliary escalator Cilia act as tiny "oars" resting in watery sol layer
34 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Mucociliary escalator Cilia beat 1,000 to 1,500 times per minute and propel gel layer and its trapped debris onward and upward about one inch per minute to be expelled In nose, debris-laden secretions pushed toward front of nasal cavity to be expelled through nose
35 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Mucociliary escalator Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium propels gel layer toward oral cavity to be expectorated with cough or swallowed into stomach
36 Figure 13-5 The mucociliary escalator.
37 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Skull contains air-filled cavities called sinuses that connect to nasal cavity via small passageways Located around nose and sometimes referred to as paranasal sinuses Cavities help prolong and intensify sound produced with our voice and helps to lighten weight of head
38 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Skull contains air-filled cavities called sinuses that connect to nasal cavity via small passageways Sinuses do not exist at birth Develop as we grow; facial features changes influenced by sinuses as we mature Sinuses also help to warm and moisturize air
39 Figure 13-6 The paranasal sinuses.
40 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Pharynx, or throat, is hollow muscular structure beginning behind nasal cavity, lined with epithelial tissue Pharynx can be divided into three sections Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
41 Figure 13-7 The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx and related structures.
42 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Nasopharynx is uppermost section, beginning behind nasal cavity Section contains lymphatic tissue called adenoids; passageways into middle ear called Eustachian tubes Air from nasal cavity passes through nasopharynx
43 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Oropharynx is located behind oral, or buccal, cavity Conducts not only atmospheric gas but also food and liquid Air breathed through both nose and mouth passes through here, as does anything that is swallowed
44 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Tonsils are part of lymph system Palatine tonsils are located in oropharynx, as are lingual tonsils located at back of tongue During swallowing, uvula and soft palate move in posterior and superior position to protect nasopharynx and nasal cavity from entry of food or liquid; can be overcome by forceful laughing
45 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Laryngopharynx is lowermost portion of pharynx Air breathed and/or swallowed passes through laryngopharynx Swallowed materials pass through esophagus to get to stomach Air travels through larynx and trachea on its way to lungs
46 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Larynx (voice box) Semirigid structure composed of cartilage connected by muscles and ligaments that provide movement of vocal cords to control speech Adam's apple (thyroid cartilage) is largest of cartilages found in larynx
47 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Larynx (voice box) Cricoid cartilage lies beneath it, providing structure and support for airways so they do not collapse Glottis is opening that leads into larynx and eventually lungs
48 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Epiglottis Leaf-shaped flaplike fibrocartilage Closes over opening to larynx when you swallow; opens up when you breathe, as part of swallowing reflex (glottic or sphincter mechanism) Seals so food does not enter lungs
49 Upper Airways of Respiratory Tract Vocal cords act as dividing line between upper and lower airways Lower airway starts below vocal cords Upper airway ends at vocal cords
50 Pathology Connection: Common cold The Upper Airways Caused by over 200 different strains of viruses Causes acute inflammation of upper respiratory mucous membranes Treated by managing symptoms
51 Pathology Connection: Common cold The Upper Airways Can be prevented with good hand washing Should not be confused with colds, allergies or the flu (which are different diagnoses)
52 Table 13-2 Comparison of Asthma, Cold and Influenza
53 Sinusitis Pathology Connection: The Upper Airways Infection and inflammation of sinuses by viruses or bacteria Causes pressure, pain, headaches Tonsillitis Inflammation, swelling and pain of tonsils May require tonsillectomy if severe
54 Pathology Connection: Pharyngitis Sore throat The Upper Airways Strep throat caused by streptococcus bacteria
55 Laryngitis Pathology Connection: The Upper Airways Inflammation of voice box Characterized by hoarseness and loss of speech Caused by infection or excessive use of voice
56 Figure 13-8 The upper airway and related infections.
57 Pathology Connection: The Upper Airways Acute epiglottitis Potential airway emergency infection that causes swelling of epiglottis and airway obstruction Typically caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B Most common in children ages 2 to 6 (incidence decreasing since introduction of Hib vaccine)
58 Pathology Connection: The Upper Airways Acute epiglottitis Symptoms: acute swelling of epiglottis, fever, sore throat Onset rapid; requires rapid treatment Treatments: maintain airway, antibiotics
59 Pathology Connection: The Upper Airways Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) Infection of laryngeal area characterized by noisy breathing, especially on inspiration Symptoms Barking cough Inspiratory stridor (high-pitched sound often heard without using stethoscope) Disease was previously called croup
60 Pathology Connection: Sleep apnea The Upper Airways Breathing stops during sleep Caused by soft tissue at back of throat relaxing and blocking airway Can cause fatigue during day Long-term, undiagnosed sleep apnea can cause other health problems (high blood pressure, weight gain, and headaches)
61 Pathology Connection: Sleep apnea The Upper Airways Diagnosed during sleep study, where patient monitored while sleeping Treatment: special pillows and positioning patient that help to keep airway open; weight loss may reduce severity More severe obstructive sleep apnea may be treated with oral appliances, breathing devices, or surgery
62 The Lower Respiratory Tract Resembles upside-down tree, sometimes called tracheobronchial tree From vocal cords, air enters trachea, or windpipe, 4½ long tube lined with ciliated mucous membrane Trachea extends from cricoid cartilage of larynx to sixth thoracic vertebrae
63 The Lower Respiratory Tract C-shaped cartilage found in anterior portion of trachea provide rigidity and protection for exposed airway in neck Esophagus lies in area where C opens up posteriorly; room for esophagus to expand when you swallow larger chunks of food
64 Figure 13-9 The tracheobronchial tree.
65 The Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea largest pipe; can be thought of as trunk of tree Trachea begins branching (bifurcating) at center of chest into left and right mainstem bronchi (bronchus is singular form) Mainstem bronchi (primary bronchi)
66 The Lower Respiratory Tract Site of bifurcation is called carina Next bronchi must branch into five lobular bronchi; correspond to five lobes of lungs
67 The Lower Respiratory Tract Each lung lobe further divided into specific segments; next branching of bronchi called segmental bronchi At point from trachea down to segmental bronchi, tissue layers of bronchi are all the same, only smaller, as they branch downward
68 The Lower Respiratory Tract Epithelial layer contains mucociliary escalator Middle is lamina propria layer which contains smooth muscle, lymph, and nerve tracts Third layer is protective and supportive cartilaginous layer
69 Figure Tissue layers in the bronchi.
70 The Lower Respiratory Tract Branching becomes more numerous with tiny subsegmental bronchi that branch deep within each lung segment Cartilaginous rings become more irregular and eventually fade away As we move towards gas exchange regions airways simplify to make it easier for gas molecules to pass through
71 The Lower Respiratory Tract Bronchioles average 1 mm in diameter No cartilage layer; epithelial lining becomes ciliated cuboidal cells (short squat cells as opposed to large columns) Cilia, goblet cells, and submucosal glands are almost all gone There is no gas exchange yet
72 The Lower Respiratory Tract Terminal bronchioles have average diameter of 0.5 mm, no goblet cells, cartilage, cilia, or submucosal glands at this point Terminal bronchioles mark border between conducting and respiratory zones
73 The Lower Respiratory Tract Next airways beyond terminal bronchioles are respiratory bronchioles, because some gas exchange occurs here
74 The Lower Respiratory Tract Epithelial lining is simple cuboidal epithelium interspersed with alveolitype cells called simple squamous pneumocytes
75 The Lower Respiratory Tract Alveolar ducts originate from respiratory bronchioles, wherein walls of alveolar ducts are made up of simple squamous cells arranged in tubular configuration These give way to alveoli
76 Figure Conduction and gas exchange structures and functions.
77 The Lower Respiratory Tract Alveoli are terminal air sacs, surrounded by numerous pulmonary capillaries Together capillaries and alveoli make up functional unit of lung known as alveolar capillary membrane Adults have million alveoli, with total of 80 square meters (m 2 ) surface area for oxygen molecule to diffuse across into capillaries
78 The Lower Respiratory Tract Blood from right heart entering pulmonary capillaries is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen Conversely, carbon dioxide is high concentration in blood in pulmonary capillaries and very low in lung
79 The Lower Respiratory Tract Gas exchange takes place and pulmonary capillary increases in oxygen concentration before traveling to left heart to be pumped around to tissues
80 Components of Alveolar Capillary Membrane Four distinct components of alveolar capillary membrane First layer is liquid surfactant layer that lines alveoli; this phospholipid helps lower surface tension in alveoli that would otherwise collapse
81 Components of Alveolar Capillary Membrane Second component is tissue layer, or alveolar epithelium, comprised of simple squamous cells: Majority (95%) of alveolar surface is flat, pancakelike cells called squamous pneumocytes (Type I cells); gas molecules easily pass through in gas exchange
82 Components of Alveolar Capillary Membrane Second component is tissue layer, or alveolar epithelium, comprised of simple squamous cells: Type II cells, or plump, granular pneumocytes, produce surfactant and aid in cellular repair
83 Components of Alveolar Capillary Membrane Second component is tissue layer, or alveolar epithelium, comprised of simple squamous cells: Type III cells, or wandering macrophages, ingest foreign particles as they wander through alveoli Pores of Kohn are small holes between alveoli to allow movement of macrophages between alveoli
84 Components of Alveolar Capillary Membrane Third component of alveolar capillary membrane is interstitial space Area separates basement membrane of alveolar epithelium from basement membrane of capillary endothelium and contains interstitial fluid
85 Components of Alveolar Capillary Membrane Third component of alveolar capillary membrane is interstitial space Space so small that membranes of alveoli and capillary appear fused If too much fluid gets into space (interstitial edema), it separates, making it harder for gas exchange to occur
86 Components of Alveolar Capillary Membrane Fourth component is capillary endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that contains capillary blood and RBCs
87 Pulmonary Function Testing Measures lung function in terms of volumes and flows Measuring lung volumes Patient is instructed to First, breathe normally Then, take maximum deep breath followed by maximum exhalation Various volumes recorded
88 Figure Normal lung volumes and capacities.
89 Pulmonary Function Testing Lung volumes Tidal volume (VT): amount of air that moves into or out of lungs in normal breath; normal volume is about 500mL (varies by age, sex, height, and general fitness)
90 Pulmonary Function Testing Lung volumes Functional residual capacity (FRC): volume of air remaining in lungs at end of a normal expiration Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inspiration
91 Pulmonary Function Testing Lung volumes Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal expiration Residual volume (RV): volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
92 Pulmonary Function Testing Lung volumes Vital capacity (VC): maximum amount of air that can be move into and out of respiratory system in single respiratory cycle
93 Pulmonary Function Testing Flow rates Measure flow rates coming out of lung at various points during forced (maximum patient effort) vital capacity (FVC)
94 Pulmonary Function Testing Flow rates FEV 1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second Normal person can exhale 75 85% of their FVC in 1 second Someone with obstructive lung disease takes longer to exhale; can exhale less than 70% of their FVC in 1 second
95 Pulmonary Function Testing PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate Maximum flow rate or speed of air person can rapidly expel after taking deepest possible breath Measured in liters per minute; should fall within predicted range Good test to reflect how larger airways functioning; monitor diseases such as asthma
96 Pathology Connection: Atelectasis The Lower Airways Condition in which air sacs of lungs either partially or totally collapsed Cause may be patient who cannot or will not take deep breaths to fully expand lungs, keep passageways open, stimulate production of surfactant
97 Pathology Connection: Atelectasis The Lower Airways Surgery, pain, injury of thoracic cage often makes deep breathing painful Patients who cannot cough up secretions also at risk for atelectasis Buildup of secretions can lead to pneumonia within 72 hours
98 Pathology Connection: Pneumonia The Lower Airways Lung infection caused by virus, fungus, bacterium, aspiration, or chemical inhalation Results in inflammation of infected area with accumulation of cell debris and fluid
99 Pathology Connection: Pneumonia The Lower Airways Some pneumonias actually destroy lung tissue Severe pneumonia can result in death
100 Figure General locations for pneumonias.
101 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Tuberculosis (TB) Infectious disease that thrives in high oxygen areas such as lung Tubercles (lesions) form in lungs Bacteria can lay dormant for years
102 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Tuberculosis (TB) Unchecked, vast lung damage can occur Treated with medication; recent concern about form of tuberculosis very resistant to drugs normally used to treat TB; high mortality rate
103 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) General term for conditions associated with Cough Sputum production Dyspnea Airflow obstruction Impaired gas exchange
104 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fourth leading cause of death in the United States Group of diseases in which patients have difficulty getting all the air out of lungs; often have large amounts of secretions and lung damage Combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis
105 Asthma Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Chronic inflammatory illness of airways; 25 million people in the United States Most common chronic disease of childhood and younger adults; 80% of cases developing before age 45
106 Asthma Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Potentially life-threatening lung condition Airways of lungs constrict (bronchospasm) often in reaction to allergy
107 Asthma Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Difficult to get air in; even more difficult to get air out of lungs Gas trapping: inability to get air out of lungs Lowers amount of oxygen in blood and increases blood levels of carbon dioxide
108 Asthma Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Controlled with use of medication Symptoms: episodic wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, and chest tightness
109 Asthma Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Common triggers: allergens, inhalants, viruses, cold air, and exercise Chronic disease
110 Figure Asthma and emphysema.
111 Table 13-3 Asthma and COPD Diseases
112 Table 13-4 Triggers for Asthmatic Attacks
113 Pathology Connection: Emphysema The Lower Airways Anatomically as the permanent, abnormal enlargement of distal airway spaces and destruction of alveolar walls Nonreversible lung condition; alveolar air sacs destroyed and lung itself becomes floppy
114 Pathology Connection: Emphysema The Lower Airways Becomes more difficult for gases to diffuse between lungs and blood Lung tissue becomes fragile; easily rupture
115 Pathology Connection: Emphysema The Lower Airways Two million persons in the United States; majority of cases caused by smoking 60,000 to 100,000 have a genetic deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin (α1-at)
116 Table 13-5 Diagnostic Markers to Differentiate COPD and Asthma
117 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Chronic bronchitis Productive cough, enlargement of mucous glands, hypertrophy of airway smooth muscle Acute bronchitis: temporary and common lung condition; can affect people of any age Differs from chronic bronchitis; reversible and no permanent structural changes
118 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Chronic bronchitis Nine million persons in the United States; cigarette smoking major causative factor Increase in size and number of mucussecreting glands Narrowing and inflammation of small airways
119 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Chronic bronchitis Obstruction of airways caused by narrowing and mucus hypersecretion Bacterial colonization of airways
120 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Chronic bronchitis Acute episodes brought on by respiratory tract infection May undergo repeated episodes of respiratory failure; frequently develop right-sided heart failure
121 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Smoking major preventable cause of many respiratory diseases Primary etiology of COPD Smokers have more lung-function abnormalities Smokers show more respiratory symptoms Smokers experience all forms of COPD at much higher rate than nonsmokers
122 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Smoking major preventable cause of many respiratory diseases Age of starting, total pack-years, puff volume, current smoking status predictive of COPD mortality Passive smoking seems to increase risk Children of parents who smoke higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and ear infections than children of nonsmokers
123 Pathology Connection: The Lower Airways Smoking major preventable cause of many respiratory diseases (cont'd) Air pollution, occupational exposure, asthma, and nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness play role in development of COPD
124 Housing of the Lungs and Related Structures Lungs reside in thoracic cavity and are separated by region called mediastinum, which contains esophagus, heart, great vessels, and trachea Breathing in and out causes lungs to move within thoracic cavity
125 Housing of the Lungs and Related Structures To prevent irritation of lungs moving against thorax, each lung wrapped in sac or serous membrane called visceral pleura
126 Figure Structures of the thoracic cavity.
127 Housing of the Lungs and Related Structures Thoracic cavity and upper side of diaphragm lined with continuation of membrane called parietal pleura Between these two pleural layers is pleural space (intrapleural space), which contains slippery liquid called pleural fluid that reduces friction as individual breathes
128 Pathology Connection: Pleural Space Problems Pneumothorax Air inside thoracic cavity but outside lungs Air can enter thoracic cavity from two directions Stab wound or gunshot wound to chest would allow air to rush into thoracic cavity from outside Lung might develop leak as result of structural deformity or disease process
129 Pathology Connection: Pleural Space Problems Pneumothorax If air cannot escape, it fills space meant for lungs and prevents lung expansion required for breathing Can be life-threatening situation
130 Pathology Connection: Pleural Space Problems Pleural effusion Buildup of fluid in pleural space between parietal and visceral pleura Fluid may be pus (empyema), serum from blood (hydrothorax), or blood (hemothorax) Fluids affected by gravity; pleural effusions tend to move to lowest point in pleural space
131 Pathology Connection: Pleural Space Problems Pleural effusion If effusion large enough, it can have same effect as a large pneumothorax, restricting lung expansion Pleural effusions can be treated by inserting chest tube inserted into pleura space to allow drainage of fluid
132 Figure Pneumothorax (sucking chest wound) and technique for performing thoracocentesis.
133 The Lungs Lungs Conical-shaped with rounded peaks (apex) extending 1 to 2 inches above clavicle Base of lungs rest on right and left hemidiaphragm with right lung base a bit higher to accommodate liver
134 The Lungs Lungs Medial surface of lung has deep, concave cavity that holds heart, called cardiac impression, and is deeper on left side
135 The Lungs Lungs Hilum is area where root of each lung is attached, containing mainstem bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein, nerve tracts, and lymph vessels
136 The Lungs Lungs Right lung has three lobes: upper, middle, lower lobes; divided by horizontal and oblique fissures Left lung has one fissure, oblique fissure, and therefore has only two lobes: upper and lower lobes Lingula is area of left lung that corresponds with right middle lobe
137 The Lungs Lungs Left lung has only two lobes because largest part of heart is located in left lung area Right lung is larger, with 60% of gas exchange occurring here
138 The Protective Bony Thorax Bony thorax Bony and cartilaginous frame providing freedom of movement Protects organs of chest Includes rib cage, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae to which each rib attaches Sternum, or breastbone, is centrally located; comprised of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process (important landmark for CPR)
139 The Protective Bony Thorax Bony thorax 12 pairs of ribs (thoracic cage) True ribs (pairs 1 7): called vertebrosternal; connect to sternum and vertebrae Pairs 8 10: called false ribs or vertebrocostal; connect to costal cartilage of superior rib and to thoracic vertebrae
140 The Protective Bony Thorax Bony thorax 12 pairs of ribs Ribs pairs 11 and 12: floating ribs, with no anterior attachment; only attach to vertebral column
141 Figure The thoracic cage.
142 How We Breathe Respiratory control center is in medulla oblongata Inspiration: active process in which diaphragm is sent signal via phrenic nerve, causing it to contract and flatten downward, increasing thoracic cavity space
143 How We Breathe Increase in thoracic cavity volume decreases pressure, creating lower pressure in lungs than outside, allowing air to rush into lungs
144 Figure How we breathe.
145 How We Breathe Ease of ventilation is called compliance High compliance: little effort required to expand lungs Low compliance: more difficult to expand lungs Emphysema can affect lung compliance Bronchioles become damaged and wider, allowing air into lungs, increasing compliance but making it much more difficult to breathe out
146 How We Breathe Exhalation: passive act; diaphragm relaxes, which decreases amount of space in thoracic cavity; pressure in lungs becomes greater than atmospheric pressure; air is pushed out of lungs While we can consciously influence breathing rate, our breathing rate is normally controlled by level of carbon dioxide in blood
147 How We Breathe If carbon dioxide levels rise, it means that not enough CO 2 is being ventilated When this occurs, chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata send signals to respiratory muscles to increase rate and depth of breathing
148 How We Breathe Other factors can change breathing rate Changes as we grow and mature into adults When we sleep, breathing rate slows down Rate increases with exercise or feel strong emotions Yawning
149 How We Breathe Accessory muscles include: Scalene muscles in neck Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor
150 How We Breathe While exhalation is usually passive, there are times when exhalation may need to be assisted, such as during certain diseases Accessory muscles of exhalation assist in more forceful and active exhalation by increasing abdominal pressure
151 How We Breathe Main accessory muscles of exhalation are abdominal muscles that push up diaphragm or the back muscles that pull down and compress thoracic cage
152 Figure The accessory muscles of exhalation.
153 Sleep Apnea Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of sleep apnea. Back to Directory
154 Common Diseases of the Lung cancer Respiratory System Etiology: cause not known but linked to smoking and inhalation of carcinogenics Signs and symptoms: obstruction of airways interfering with ventilation, weight loss, weakness, cough, or change in cough
155 Common Diseases of the Lung cancer Respiratory System Diagnostic tests: bronchoscopy, imaging studies, biopsy, sputum, patient exam and history Treatments: radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery
156 Common Diseases of the Asbestosis Respiratory System Etiology: prolonged exposure to airborne asbestos particles Sign and symptoms: dyspnea, chest pain, productive cough in smokers, and decreased lung inflation
157 Common Diseases of the Asbestosis Respiratory System Diagnostic tests: chest x-rays fine irregular linear infiltrates; honeycomb appearance on x-ray; decreased pulmonary function tests and hypoxemia Treatments: No cure; goal is to relieve symptoms and treat any complications such as infections
158 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System Acute bronchitis Etiology: viral or bacterial Signs and symptoms: inflamed mucous membranes of trachea and bronchi; expectorating or dry cough, shortness of breath, fever, rales (raspy sound) Diagnostic tests: physical exam Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial
159 Common Diseases of the Common cold Respiratory System Etiology: viral Signs and symptoms: upper airway congestion, cough, and sore throat Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam Treatments: treat symptoms, pain meds, bed rest, drink fluids, and proper nutrition
160 Common Diseases of the Pharyngitis Respiratory System Etiology: viral or bacterial Signs and symptoms: red, sore swollen throat, and pus Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam, throat culture Treatments: if bacterial use antibiotics, antiseptic gargle
161 Common Diseases of the Laryingitis Respiratory System Etiology: viral or bacterial, allergies, and over-use of voice Signs and symptoms: dysphonia, sore throat, and trouble swallowing Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam Treatments: rest voice
162 Common Diseases of the Tonsillitis Respiratory System Etiology: viral or bacterial Signs and symptoms: sore throat, swollen tonsils and dysphagia Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam, culture Treatments: antibiotics for bacterial, and surgery if needed
163 Common Diseases of the Influenza Respiratory System Etiology: viral Signs and symptoms: fever, cough, body aches and headaches Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam Treatments: rest, fluids, pain meds, and treat symptoms
164 Common Diseases of the Pneumonia Respiratory System Etiology: viral, bacteria, or fungal Signs and symptoms: productive cough, chest pain, weakness, malaise, and dyspnea
165 Common Diseases of the Pneumonia Respiratory System Diagnostic tests: imaging, blood work, and sputum culture Treatments: antibiotics if confirmed bacterial infection; antifungal drugs if confirmed fungal infection
166 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System Pulmonary tuberculosis Etiology: bacterial Signs and symptoms: primary, may be asymptomatic; secondary, cough (may be blood tinged), fever (night sweats), weight loss Diagnostic tests: imaging, TB skin test, and sputum test Treatments: antibiotic agents
167 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System Seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) Etiology: allergic agents Signs and symptoms: upper airway congestion, watery nose and eyes, sneezing Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam, allergy testing Treatments: antihistamines, and preventative allergy shots
168 Allergic Rhinitis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of allergic rhinitis. Back to Directory
169 Common Diseases of the Asthma Respiratory System Etiology: many triggers such as allergens, food, exercise, cold air, inhaled irritants, smoking Signs and symptoms: dyspnea, wheezing, productive cough, and hypoxia
170 Common Diseases of the Asthma Respiratory System Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam, lung function tests Treatments: bronchodilators, steroids, anti-asthmatic agents; oxygen if needed
171 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System COPD chronic bronchitis Etiology: cigarette smoking and longterm exposure to air pollutants; middle or old age Signs and symptoms: dyspnea, wheezing, productive cough, and hypoxia
172 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System COPD chronic bronchitis Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam, lung function tests Treatments: antibiotics if bacterial, bronchodilators, and oxygen if needed
173 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System COPD emphysema Etiology: cause not fully known but associated with smoking and one genetic form from alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency Signs and symptoms: dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, productive cough, and hypoxia
174 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System COPD emphysema Diagnostic tests: history and physical exam, lung function tests Treatments: oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, and alpha 1-antitrypsin replacement
175 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Etiology: form of pulmonary edema; high mortality rate and very noncompliant (stiff) lungs; many causes; most often caused by shock, sepsis, and trauma
176 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Signs and symptoms: rapid shallow breathing with dyspnea; hypoxemia and fluid accumulation in lungs; rhonchi and crackles
177 Common Diseases of the Respiratory System Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Diagnostic tests: arterial blood gases showing respiratory acidosis and severe hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates on x-rays with white outs in lung fields Treatment: intubation and mechanical ventilation; sedatives and diuretics and in some cases high doses of corticosteroids
178 ARDS Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on ARDS. Back to Directory
179 Common Diseases of the Cystic fibrosis Respiratory System Etiology: hereditary disease transmitted via recessive gene Signs and symptoms: excessive thick mucus secretion, repeated infections, large salt losses, and difficult digestion
180 Common Diseases of the Cystic fibrosis Respiratory System Diagnostic tests: sweat test, and genetic testing Treatments: respiratory hygiene therapy, mucus thinning agents, antibiotics, and pancreatic enzyme supplements
181 Pharmacology Corner Oxygen Can be administered as medical treatment for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases Benefits of oxygen therapy Reduces work of breathing Increases oxygen content of blood Reduces work of heart
182 Pharmacology Corner Drugs for airway narrowing Aerosolized bronchodilators: rapid relief of acute situation of airway narrowing Inhaled steroids: long-term treatment of chronic airway inflammation; less systemic effects than oral or injectable steroids
183 Pharmacology Corner Smoking cessation Only method known to prevent or slow progression of COPD is stop smoking or eliminate occupational source Tobacco dependence is powerful addiction Most smokers require four to six attempts before successfully quitting Even after quitting, some patients have lifelong cigarette craving
184 Pharmacology Corner Many patients require require behavioral counseling and encouragement in addition to pharmacological therapy to quit Nicotine replacement therapy Forms of nicotine replacement include gum, skin patches, or inhaled forms Drugs can be given to decrease desire such as Chantix or Wellbutrin
185 Pharmacology Corner Surfactant Administered to premature infants whose lungs are underdeveloped and cannot produce their own surfactant Instilled into lungs Buys time for infant's lungs to complete development
186 Pharmacology Corner Systemic antibiotics: used for bacterial lung infections Inhaled insulin: can be used to treat diabetes Antiviral medications: reduce length and severity of viral infection (cold or flu)
187 Figure Classes of drugs used to treat respiratory disorders.
188 Snapshots from the Journey Moving approximately 12,000 quarts of air each day, respiratory system is responsible for oxygenating blood; carries oxygen to tissue and removes carbon dioxide, waste product of cell metabolism Ventilation is movement of gas into alveoli, respiration is gas exchange that takes place in alveoli
189 Snapshots from the Journey Lungs contain ever-branching airways called bronchi and bronchioles At end of each bronchiole are alveolar sacs Each alveolar sac is surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs
190 Snapshots from the Journey Purpose of upper airways is to filter, warm, and humidify air Olfaction (sense of smell) and phonation (speech) also occurs in upper airways
191 Snapshots from the Journey Mucociliary escalator captures foreign particles and hairlike cilia constantly move layer of mucus up to upper airway to be swallowed or expelled Adenoids and tonsils aid in preventing pathogens from entering body Epiglottis protects airway to lungs from accidental aspiration of food and liquids
192 Snapshots from the Journey Vocal cords are gateway between upper and lower airway Tracheobronchial tree is like upsidedown tree with ever-branching airways where trunk of tree is trachea and leaves are alveoli Alveolar capillary membrane is where external respiration, or gas exchange, occurs
193 Snapshots from the Journey Bony thorax provides support and protection for the respiratory system Main muscle of breathing is diaphragm, while accessory muscles assist in times of need such as exercise or disease Medulla oblongata is control center for breathing and sends impulses via the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm
5/5/2013. The Respiratory System. Chapter 16 Notes. The Respiratory System. Nasal Cavity. Sinuses
The Respiratory System Chapter 16 Notes The Respiratory System Objectives List the general functions of the respiratory system. Identify the organs of the respiratory system. Describe the functions of
More informationThe Respiratory System
13 PART A The Respiratory System PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Organs of the Respiratory
More informationNURSE-UP RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
NURSE-UP RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pulmonary Ventilation - Breathing Gas exchanger External Respiration between lungs and bloodstream Internal Respiration between bloodstream
More informationThe Respiratory System. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
The Respiratory System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of The Respiratory System To allow gases from the environment to enter the bronchial tree through inspiration by expanding the thoracic volume. To allow
More informationThe Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System Nose Sinuses
CH 14 D.E. Human Biology The Respiratory System The Respiratory System OUTLINE: Mechanism of Breathing Transport of Gases between the Lungs and the Cells Respiratory Centers in the Brain Function Provides
More informationCHAPTER 7.1 STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 7.1 STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pages 244-247 DO NOW What structures, do you think, are active participating in the breathing process? 2 WHAT ARE WE DOING IN TODAY S CLASS Finishing Digestion
More informationThe Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Cells continually use O2 & release CO2 Respiratory system designed for gas exchange Cardiovascular system transports gases in blood Failure of either system rapid cell death from
More informationThe Respiratory System
BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues Fifth Edition Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire 14 The Respiratory System Lecture Presentation Anne Gasc Hawaii Pacific University and University of Hawaii
More informationCHAPTER 22 RESPIRATORY
pulmonary ventilation move air external respiration exchange gases transportation of gases internal respiration exchange gases CHAPTER 22 RESPIRATORY in / out lungs air - blood blood - cells cell respiration
More informationRespiratory System. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Respiratory System Overview of the Respiratory System s Job Major Duty Respiration Other important aspects ph control Vocalization Processing incoming air Protection Metabolism (ACE) What structures allow
More informationCh16: Respiratory System
Ch16: Respiratory System Function: - O2 in and CO2 out of the blood vessels in the lungs - O2 out and CO2 into the blood vessels around the cells - Gas exchange happens in - Other organs purify, humidify,
More informationUnit 14: The Respiratory System
Unit 14: The Respiratory System See what you already know! 1. Fill in the diagram on your own 2. Collaborate with your partner The Respiratory System The major function of the respiratory system is gas
More informationChapter 10 Respiration
1 Chapter 10 Respiration Introduction/Importance of the Respiratory System All eukaryotic organisms need oxygen to perform cellular respiration (production of ATP), either aerobically or anaerobically.
More informationI. Anatomy of the Respiratory System A. Upper Respiratory System Structures 1. Nose a. External Nares (Nostrils) 1) Vestibule Stratified Squamous
I. Anatomy of the Respiratory System A. Upper Respiratory System Structures 1. Nose a. External Nares (Nostrils) 1) Vestibule Stratified Squamous Epithelium b. Nasal Cartilages 1) Nasal Cavity Pseudostratified
More informationThe RESPIRATORY System. Unit 3 Transportation Systems
The RESPIRATORY System Unit 3 Transportation Systems Functions of the Respiratory System Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air Resonating chambers for speech and sound production Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
More informationLUNGS. Requirements of a Respiratory System
Respiratory System Requirements of a Respiratory System Gas exchange is the physical method that organisms use to obtain oxygen from their surroundings and remove carbon dioxide. Oxygen is needed for aerobic
More informationThe RESPIRATORY System. Unit 9
The RESPIRATORY System Unit 9 Respiration The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells Pulmonary Ventilation - the exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs External (Pulmonary)
More informationUnconscious exchange of air between lungs and the external environment Breathing
Respiration Unconscious exchange of air between lungs and the external environment Breathing Two types External Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the environment and the organism Internal Exchange
More informationAnatomy & Physiology 2 Canale. Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases
Anatomy & Physiology 2 Canale Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases Why is it so hard to hold your breath for Discuss! : ) a long time? Every year carbon monoxide poisoning kills 500 people and sends another
More informationRespiratory Diseases and Disorders
Chapter 9 Respiratory Diseases and Disorders Anatomy and Physiology Chest, lungs, and conducting airways Two parts: Upper respiratory system consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx Lower
More informationChapter 10 Lecture Outline
Chapter 10 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction
More informationRespiratory System. Chapter 9
Respiratory System Chapter 9 Air Intake Air in the atmosphere is mostly Nitrogen (78%) Only ~21% oxygen Carbon dioxide is less than 0.04% Air Intake Oxygen is required for Aerobic Cellular Respiration
More informationAnatomy of the Lungs. Dr. Gondo Gozali Department of anatomy
Anatomy of the Lungs Dr. Gondo Gozali Department of anatomy 1 Pulmonary Function Ventilation and Respiration Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs Respiration is the process of gas
More informationLab Activity 27. Anatomy of the Respiratory System. Portland Community College BI 233
Lab Activity 27 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Portland Community College BI 233 1 Terminology Pulmonary Ventilation: aka breathing, is the movement of air into and out of the lungs External Respiration:
More informationTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Functions of the Respiratory System Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs Protects respiratory
More informationESSENTIALS OF A&P FOR EMERGENCY CARE. Learning Objectives. Pronunciation Guide Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.
ESSENTIALS OF A&P FOR EMERGENCY CARE CHAPTER 14 The Respiratory System: It s a Gas Learning Objectives List and state the basic functions of the components of the respiratory system. Differentiate between
More informationThe Respiratory System
The Respiratory System By Mr. Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr. Instructor I, Department of Natural Sciences RMTU San Marcelino Introduction Function Move air in an out of lungs (ventilation) Delivers oxygen (O
More informationChapter 10 The Respiratory System
Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Biology 2201 Why do we breathe? Cells carry out the reactions of cellular respiration in order to produce ATP. ATP is used by the cells for energy. All organisms need
More informationChapter 11 The Respiratory System
Biology 12 Name: Respiratory System Per: Date: Chapter 11 The Respiratory System Complete using BC Biology 12, page 342-371 11.1 The Respiratory System pages 346-350 1. Distinguish between A. ventilation:
More informationB. Correct! As air travels through the nasal cavities, it is warmed and humidified.
Human Anatomy - Problem Drill 20: The Respiratory System Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about the portion of the respiratory system labeled in the image below is correct? Question
More informationLesson 9.1: Learning the Key Terms
131 Lesson 9.1: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. alveolar capillary membrane 2. alveoli 3. bronchioles 4. cardiopulmonary system 5. conchae
More informationEnergy is needed for cell activities: growth,reproduction, repair, movement, etc...
Respiration Energy is needed for cell activities: growth,reproduction, repair, movement, etc... Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body, where molecules are synthesized (anabolism)
More informationUnit Nine - The Respiratory System
Unit Nine - The Respiratory System I. Introduction A. Definition: the respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, (throat), (voice box), (windpipe), bronchi and lungs (which contain the alveoli).
More informationChapter 13. The Respiratory System.
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1ytxc_84a https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85fy4sq http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-do-the-lungs-do-emma-bryce Primary Function of Breathing
More informationTuesday, December 13, 16. Respiratory System
Respiratory System Trivia Time... What is the fastest sneeze speed? What is the surface area of the lungs? (hint... think of how large the small intestine was) How many breaths does the average person
More informationPhases of Respiration. Chapter 18: The Respiratory System. Structures of the Respiratory System. Structures of the Respiratory System
Phases of Respiration Chapter 18: The Respiratory System Respiration Process of obtaining oxygen from environment and delivering it to cells Phases of Respiration 1. Pulmonary ventilation between air and
More informationTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Pages and
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pages 103-105 and 146-150 1 When the respiratory system is mentioned, people generally think of breathing, but breathing is only one of the activities of the respiratory system.
More informationThe respiratory system has multiple organs, we will begin with the nose and nasal cavity.
Respiratory System (Peer reviewed and edited) Slide 1: Respiratory System Slide 2: Functions Functions of respiratory system include gas exchange, communication, olfaction, and ph regulation. Gas exchange
More informationThe primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.
Respiratory System The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this
More informationUnit 9. Respiratory System 16-1
Unit 9 Respiratory System 16-1 Works together with the circulatory system Exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and cells If respiratory system and/or circulatory system fails, death will occur
More informationChapter 23 The Respiratory System
Chapter 23 The Respiratory System Cells continually use O 2 & release CO 2 Respiratory System designed for gas exchange Cardiovascular system transports gases in blood Failure of either system rapid cell
More informationThe RESPIRATORY System. Unit 3 Transportation Systems
The RESPIRATORY System Unit 3 Transportation Systems The Respiratory System Functions of the Respiratory System Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air Nasal cavity Resonating chambers for speech and
More informationChapter 10. The Respiratory System Exchange of Gases. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Exchange of Gases http://www.encognitive.com/images/respiratory-system.jpg Human Respiratory System UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Nose Passageway for
More informationChapter 10. Respiratory System and Gas Exchange. Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Respiratory System and Gas Exchange Function of the Respiratory System To obtain oxygen (O 2 ) for all cells in the body. To rid the cells of waste gas (CO 2 ). Oxygen (O 2 ) is vital chemical
More informationPhases of Respiration
Phases of Respiration We get oxygen from the environment and it goes to our cells, there. Pulmonary ventilation External exchange of gases Internal exchange of gases Overview of respiration. In ventilation,
More informationThe Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Function of the Respiratory System Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in
More informationRespiratory System Functions. Respiratory System Organization. Respiratory System Organization
Respiratory System Functions Functions of Respiratory System Gas exchange between blood and air Move air to and from exchange surfaces Protect exchange surfaces from environmental variations and pathogens
More informationThe Human Respiration System
The Human Respiration System Nasal Passage Overall function is to filter, warm and moisten air as it enters the body. The nasal passages are the primary site of air movement we tend to be nose breathers.
More informationObjectives. Module A2: Upper Airway Anatomy & Physiology. Function of the Lungs/Heart. The lung is for gas exchange. Failure of the Lungs/Heart
Module A2: Upper Airway Anatomy & Physiology Objectives Classify epithelial tissue based on cell type and tissue layers. Identify location of tissue epithelium in the respiratory system. Describe the major
More informationThe Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Respiration Includes Pulmonary ventilation Air moves in and out of lungs Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs) External respiration Gas exchange between blood and
More informationThe Respiratory System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Slides 13.1 13.30 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Copyright 2003 Pearson Education,
More informationANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SESSION 12 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SESSION 12 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respiratory system is made up of organs that allow us to breathe. The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to the
More informationBELLWORK DAY 1 RESEARCH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RESPIRATION. COPY BOTH OF THE STATE STANDARDS ENTIRELY ON THE NEXT SLIDE.
BELLWORK DAY 1 RESEARCH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RESPIRATION. COPY BOTH OF THE STATE STANDARDS ENTIRELY ON THE NEXT SLIDE. STANDARDS 42) Review case studies that involve persons with
More informationRESPIRATORY SYSTEM. A. Upper respiratory tract (Fig. 23.1) Use the half-head models.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM I. OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND THORAX A. Upper respiratory tract (Fig. 23.1) Use the half-head models. Nasal cavity Pharynx (fare-rinks) B. Lower respiratory tract (Fig. 23.1)
More informationRespiratory System. Student Learning Objectives:
Respiratory System Student Learning Objectives: Identify the primary structures of the respiratory system. Identify the major air volumes associated with ventilation. Structures to be studied: Respiratory
More informationNATIONAL REVIEW COURSE. Respiratory System
NATIONAL REVIEW COURSE Respiratory System I. Overview of the Respiratory System A. The respiratory system functions as an air distributor and gas exchanger supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
More informationThe Respiratory System
13 PART A The Respiratory System PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Organs of the Respiratory
More informationNAME PER DATE. membrane
NAME PER DATE Chapter 9, Section 1 Review Matching: 1. alveolar capillary membrane 2. alveoli 3. bronchioles 4. cardiopulmonary system 5. conchae 6. epiglottis 7. larynx 8. mediastinum 9. nares 10. olfactory
More informationChapter 16. Respiratory System
Chapter 16 Respiratory System Introduction Respiration = the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells 1. Ventilation 2. Gas exchange 3. Gas transport : 4. Cellular respiration
More informationAbout the Respiratory System. Respiratory System. Human Respiratory System. Cellular Respiration. Nostrils. Label diagram
Respiratory System Human Respiratory System A system to deliver oxygen (O2) to body cells & get rid of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste through cellular respiration. Two systems involved: Respiratory &
More informationChapter 16. The Respiratory System. Mosby items and derived items 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 16 The Respiratory System Objectives Discuss the generalized functions of the respiratory system List the major organs of the respiratory system and describe the function of each Compare, contrast,
More information-Rachel Naomi Remen. Respiratory System 1
Life is known only by those who have found a way to be comfortable with change and the unknown. Given the nature of life, there may be no security, but only adventure. Respiratory System 1 -Rachel Naomi
More informationBio 322 Human Anatomy Objectives for the laboratory exercise Respiratory System
Bio 322 Human Anatomy Objectives for the laboratory exercise Respiratory System Required reading before beginning this lab: Saladin, KS: Human Anatomy 5 th ed (2017) Chapter 23 For this lab you will use
More information61a A&P: Respiratory System!
61a A&P: Respiratory System! 61a A&P: Respiratory System! Class Outline" 5 minutes" "Attendance, Breath of Arrival, and Reminders " 10 minutes "Lecture:" 25 minutes "Lecture:" 15 minutes "Active study
More informationChapter 11. The respiratory system. Glossary. Anthony Wheeldon
Chapter 11 The respiratory system Anthony Wheeldon Glossary Accessory muscles Muscles not normally involved in respiration that can be utilised to increase inspiration. Acid base balance The mechanisms
More informationThe Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Overview Oxygen is important to our body. The cardiovascular and respiratory system share responsibility for supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide. Functional
More informationB Unit III Notes 6, 7 and 8
The Respiratory System Why do we breathe? B. 2201 Unit III Notes 6, 7 and 8 Respiratory System We know that our cells respire to produce ATP (energy). All organisms need energy to live, so that s why we
More information61a A&P: Respiratory System!
61a A&P: Respiratory System! 61a A&P: Respiratory System! Class Outline 5 minutes Attendance, Breath of Arrival, and Reminders 10 minutes Lecture: 25 minutes Lecture: 15 minutes Active study skills: 60
More informationFunction: to supply blood with, and to rid the body of
1 2 3 4 5 Bio 1102 Lec. 7 (guided): Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Respiratory System Function: to supply blood with, and to rid the body of Oxygen: needed by cells to break down food in cellular respiration
More informationRespiratory System. Organization of the Respiratory System
Respiratory System In addition to the provision of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide, the respiratory system serves other functions, as listed in (Table 15 1). Respiration has two quite different
More informationBio 104 Respiratory System 81
81 Lecture Outline: Respiratory System Hole s HAP [Chapter 19] I. Introduction Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. Respiration consists of: Ventilation
More informationLecture Overview. Respiratory System. Martini s Visual Anatomy and Physiology First Edition. Chapter 20 - Respiratory System Lecture 11
Martini s Visual Anatomy and Physiology First Edition Martini Ober Chapter 20 - Respiratory System Lecture 11 1 Lecture Overview Overview of respiration Functions of breathing Organs of the respiratory
More informationThe Respiratory System
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Human Anatomy & Physiology FIFTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb The Respiratory System Dr Nabil Khouri. MD, Ph.D Respiratory System Consists of a conducting
More informationUnit 13 - The Respiratory System 1
Unit 13 - The Respiratory System 1 I. Unit 13: The Respiratory System A. Organs of the Respiratory System 1. Nose 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchi 6. Lungs - alveoli B. Functions of the Respiratory
More informationKarachi King s College of Nursing
Karachi King s College of Nursing Badil Dass Lecturer Respiratory system Respiratory System Respiratory system consist of: Nose Pharynx (Throat) Larynx (Voice Box) Trachea (Wind Pipe) Bronchi Bronchioles
More informationRespiratory System. December 20, 2011
Respiratory System December 20, 2011 Nasal Cavity: Contains cilia (hair cells) to prevent particles from entering the respiratory tract Mucus does the same, in addition to warming and moistening the air
More informationThe Respiratory System. Supplies body with oxygen Disposes of carbon dioxide Four processes in respiration
C H A P T E R 22 The Respiratory System The Respiratory System Supplies body with oxygen Disposes of carbon dioxide Four processes in respiration Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of
More informationOrgans of the Respiratory System Laboratory Exercise 52
Organs of the Respiratory System Laboratory Exercise 52 Background The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs. They
More informationOrgans Histology D. Sahar AL-Sharqi. Respiratory system
Respiratory system The respiratory system provides for exchange of O2 and CO2 to and from the blood. Respiratory organs include the lungs and a branching system of bronchial tubes that link the sites of
More informationCirculatory System. and. Respiratory System. Ari Min, Yerim Lee and Min Ji Song THE HEART LUNGS. Monday, May 23, 2011
Human Anatomy Circulatory System and THE HEART Respiratory System LUNGS Ari Min, Yerim Lee and Min Ji Song Purpose of the Circulatory System Function of circulatory system: exchange gases with cardiovascular
More informationThe Respiratory System
130 20 The Respiratory System 1. Define important words in this chapter 2. Explain the structure and function of the respiratory system 3. Discuss changes in the respiratory system due to aging 4. Discuss
More informationThe Respiratory System:
The Respiratory System: Respiration Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems Four processes that supply the body with O 2 and dispose of CO 2 Respiration Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
More informationFunction of the Respiratory System. Exchange CO2 (on expiration) for O2 (on inspiration)
Function of the Respiratory System Exchange CO2 (on expiration) for O2 (on inspiration) Upper Respiratory Tract Includes: Nose Mouth Pharynx Larynx Function: Warms and humidifies the inspired air Filters
More informationThe respiratory system structure and function
Name: Class: Date: Active reading 11A + Biology Gr11A The respiratory system structure and function The function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen into the body and eliminate carbon dioxide
More informationThe Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Respiratory Anatomy Upper respiratory tract Nose Nasal passages Pharynx Larynx Respiratory Anatomy Functions of the upper respiratory tract: Provide entry for inhaled air Respiratory
More informationRespiratory System. Introduction. Atmosphere. Some Properties of Gases. Human Respiratory System. Introduction
Introduction Respiratory System Energy that we consume in our food is temporarily stored in the bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) before being used by the cell. Cells use ATP for movement and to drive
More informationUnit 13: The Respiratory System
Unit 13: The Respiratory System I. Organs of the Respiratory System A. Nose B. Pharynx C. Larynx D. Trachea E. Bronchi F. Lungs alveoli II. Functions of the Respiratory System A. Gas exchanges between
More informationRespiratory Physiology
Respiratory Physiology Dr. Aida Korish Associate Prof. Physiology KSU The main goal of respiration is to 1-Provide oxygen to tissues 2- Remove CO2 from the body. Respiratory system consists of: Passages
More informationStructural Plan. Respiratory System. ose. Upper Respiratory Tract. Upper Respiratory Tract ose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx
Respiratory System By: Mrs. Bailey Functions Air distributor and gas exchanger so that oxygen may be supplied to and carbon dioxide removed from the body s cells Filters, warms, and humidifies the air
More informationotorhinolaryngology -the study of the structure, function, and disorders of the ears, nose, and throat
89 Chapter 6 Respiratory System Overview -The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs (Figure 6.1, Derrickson). -The purpose of the respiratory system
More informationYour Lungs and COPD. Patient Education Pulmonary Rehabilitation. A guide to how your lungs work and how COPD affects your lungs
Patient Education Your Lungs and COPD A guide to how your lungs work and how COPD affects your lungs Your lungs are organs that process every breath you take. They provide oxygen (O 2 ) to the blood and
More informationRespiratory System. BSC 2086 A&P 2 Professor Tcherina Duncombe Palm Beach State College
Respiratory System BSC 2086 A&P 2 Professor Tcherina Duncombe Palm Beach State College Respiration Ventilation of lungs Gas exchange between air/bld and bld/tissue Use of oxygen in cellular respiration
More informationThe Respiratory System Chapter16/ 23
The Respiratory System Chapter16/ 23 There are two organ systems that cooperate to supply O 2 and eliminate CO 2 : the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. The respiratory system provides
More informationThe Respiratory System
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Respiratory System 13PART A Organs of the Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi
More informationThe RESPIRATORY System
The RESPIRATORY System Respira5on The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells Pulmonary Ven5la5on - the exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs External (Pulmonary) Respira5on
More informationRespiratory system. Applied Anatomy &Physiology
Respiratory system Applied Anatomy &Physiology Anatomy The respiratory system consists of 1)The Upper airway : Nose, mouth and larynx 2)The Lower airways Trachea and the two lungs. Within the lungs,
More informationGeography of Pulmo Park: Landmarks. Cards 1A
Geography of Pulmo Park: Landmarks Cards 1A Directions: Cut out the cards, fold and laminate and then hand out to students (one each). If you have more cards than students, some students will have more
More informationRespiration. Chapter 35
Respiration Chapter 35 Respiration Respiration is the exchange of gasses between an organism and its environment Gas exchange occurs between the environment and blood at the lungs, and the blood and cells
More information2. List seven functions performed by the respiratory system?
The Respiratory System C23 Study Guide Tortora and Derrickson 1. In physiology we recognize that the word respiration has three meanings. What are the three different meanings of the word respiration as
More informationRemember the Respiratory System
Remember the Respiratory System BELLWORK page 343 Apnea Dyspnea Hypoxia pneumo pulmonary Rhino Nare(s) Epistaxis ENT or EENT Acute vs Chronic respiratory system 2 STANDARDS 11) Outline the gross normal
More information