Name: Date: Class: Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems

Transcription

1 Name: Date: Class: Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems Lymphatic Vessels, Tissue, Organs The Lymphatic System Consists of Lymphatic Lymphoid tissues Lymphatic system functions Transport fluids back to the Play essential roles in body resistance to disease Lymphatic Characteristics semi-independent parts - excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels Properties of lymphatic vessels No Lymph moves toward the * Milking action of muscle * Rhythmic contraction of muscle in vessel walls Lymphatic Vessels Lymph Walls overlap to form flap-like Fluid Capillaries are anchored to tissue by filaments Higher pressure on the closes minivalves Lymphatic Collects lymph from lymph system toward the heart into lymph capillaries Carries lymph to away from lymph vessels Lymph Returns fluid to circulatory near the heart * lymphatic duct * duct Materials Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels Cell Lymph Filter lymph before it is returned to blood to the blood cells cells within lymph nodes destroy foreign substances response to antigens - engulf - provide immune Chapter 13: The Respiratory System 13

2 * o Protect -Associated Tissue tract * patches o Protect tract Lymph Node Structure Most are than 1 inch long Contains of lymphocytes Inner part Contains phagocytic -shaped, less part - collections The Spleen Located on the Filters Destroys worn out blood Acts as a blood Forms blood cells in the The Thymus Located low in the the heart Functions at peak levels only during side of the abdomen, above Flow of Lymph Through Nodes Lymph enters the through afferent lymphatic vessels Lymph flows through a number of inside the node side Lymph exits through lymphatic vessels Fewer efferent than afferent vessels causes flow to be Other Lymphoid Organs Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function Produces thymosin)to program lymphocytes Tonsils Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the Trap remove other foreign materials (like is caused by congestion with bacteria Peyer s Patches Found in the wall of the intestine Resemble Capture destroy bacteria in the in structure Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 14

3 Body Defenses Body Defenses The body is constantly in contact with bacteria, fungi, Two defense systems for foreign materials defense system * Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders * Responds to protect body from foreign materials system * Specific defense is required for * Also known as the system defense of invader Defensive Cells (neutrophils macrophages) Engulfs foreign material into a Enzymes from digest the material cells Can lyse kill Can destroy cells -infected cells Nonspecific Body Defenses Body surface coverings Intact Specialized human membranes produced by the body Surface Membranes- 1 st Line of Defense Physical barrier to foreign materials ph of the skin is inhibit bacterial growth * is toxic to bacteria * secretions are very acidic mucosa Secretes Has protein-digesting to acid lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme traps microogranisms in digestive respiratory pathways Inflammatory Response Fever Inflammatory Response- 2 nd Line of Defense Triggered when body tissues are Produces cardinal signs Results in a chain of events leading to protection Functions of the Inflammatory Response Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 15

4 Prevents spread of agents Disposes of cell debris Sets the stage for Antimicrobial Chemicals Fever Group of at least plasma proteins Activated when they encounter attach to cells (complement fixation) Secreted virus-infected cells Bind to healthy cell surfaces to viruses binding Abnormally high body of heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells) Inhibit the release of zinc from liver spleen needed by bacteria Increase s the speed of tissue repair Immune System: Third Line of Defense The Immune System- 3 rd Line of Defense specific- recognizes acts against particular foreign substances - not restricted to initial infection site Has - recognizes mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens Types of Immunity immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Cells produce for defense immunity Cell- Cells target Antigens (Nonself) Substance that excites the system, provoking an immune response Common Foreign Large Some Microorganisms Self-Antigens immunity -infected cells acids grains Human cells have many surface Immune cells do not attack our own proteins Our cells in another person s body can trigger an immune response because they are Restricts Allergies for transplants (incomplete antigens) are not antigenic, but link up with our own proteins Immune system may recognize respond to a protein-hapten combination Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 16

5 Immune response is our own cells) Cells of the Immune System Originate from hemocytoblasts in the bone marrow (it attacks lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the bone marrow lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus Arise from monocytes Become widely distributed in organs Secondary Response Memory cells are Causes a Is B cells encounter produce antibodies Can be naturally or acquired response longer lasting Immunity Humoral Immune Response -Mediated B lymphocytes with specific bind to a specific antigen Binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo selection Large number of clones are produced (primary humoral response) Most B cells become Produce antigens Activity lasts for Some B cells become long-lived cells (secondary humoral response) cells to destroy days Antibodies are obtained from Passed naturally from a mother to Passed artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin Immunological memory occur Protection provided by antibodies Immunity Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 17

6 Antibodies Prepared for clinical testing or services Produced from a single cell line Examples of uses Diagnosis of Treatment for exposure to rabies Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) (Igs) Soluble B cells (plasma cells) Carried in blood Capable of binding specifically to an Antibodies secreted by IgD- important in activation of IgG- can cross the barrier IgE- involved in Antibody Function Inactivate antigens by: Antibody Structure amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds chains- 2 identical amino acid chains chains- 2 identical chains Specific are present -binding sites Cellular Immune Response Cell- Antigens presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent presentation) T cells must recognize self (double recognition) After antigen binding, clones form (antigen Antibody Classes Each class has slightly different major immunoglobulin classes IgM- can fix complement IgA- found mainly in T Cell Clones T cells Specialize in killing cells Insert a toxic chemical ( ) T cells Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 18

7 the invaders Interact directly with other cells to fight T cells Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity A few members of each clone are cells Abnormal, responses Types of allergies immune hypersensitivity * Triggered by release of histamine from IgE binding to mast cells * Reactions begin within of allergen contact * shockdangerous, systemic response hypersensitivity * Triggered by the release of lymphokines from activated helper T cells * Symptoms appear days after antigen contact Transplants, Allergies, Autoimmune Diseases Organ Transplants Rejection Major types of - tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person from an identical twin from an unrelated person from a different animal species Organ Transplants Rejection - tissue grafts - tissue taken - tissue taken Autografts isografts are donors Xenografts are never successful Allografts are more successful with a closer tissue match (Hypersensitivity) Immunodeficiencies Immune cell production/function or complement is May be or acquired Includes Deficiency Syndrome Autoimmune Diseases - Acquired Immune Immune system doesn t distinguish between nonself Body produces sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues Examples of Autoimmune Diseases - white matter of brain spinal cord are destroyed - impairs communication between nerves skeletal muscles Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 19

8 - destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin - destroys joints (SLE)- affects kidney, heart, lung skin - impairment of renal function Self-Tolerance Breakdown Inefficient lymphocyte Appearance of self-proteins in the circulation that have not been exposed to the immune system Eye -reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self-antigens Developmental Aspects fever Lymphoid organs are developed before birth (Except thymus spleen) Newborn has no functioning lymphocytes at birth; only immunity from the mother If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe results, but vessels grow back in time Organs of the Respiratory system Organs of the Respiratory system Pharynx Lungs- Function of the Respiratory System Oversees exchanges between the blood external environment Takes place in the alveoli of the lungs Passageways to the lungs, warm, humidify the incoming air The Nose Only the respiratory system visible part of Air enters the nose through the external (nostrils) Interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Olfactory receptors are located in the on the superior surface Rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa Traps incoming particles - projections of lateral walls air Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 20

9 Increases Increases air within the nasal cavity Nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate Anterior area palate (bone) Posterior palate (muscle) Paranasal Sinuses Cavities within bones around the nasal cavity Function of the sinuses Act as chambers for speech bone bone bone bone the skull Produce that drains into the nasal cavity Pharynx (Throat) Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx Three regions of the pharynx region behind nasal cavity region behind mouth region attached to larynx - superior - middle - inferior Oropharynx laryngopharynx are passageways for Structures of the Pharynx tubes enter the nasopharynx of the pharynx Pharyngeal tonsil ( the nasopharynx the oropharynx of the tongue Larynx (Voice Box) ) in tonsils in tonsils at the base rigid hyaline cartilages a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis) Routes food into proper channels Plays a role in Structures of the Larynx cartilage Largest Protrudes anteriorly ( cartilage apple) opening of the larynx Routes food to the larynx air toward the cords (vocal folds) Vibrate with expelled air to create sound ( ) - opening between vocal cords Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs Trachea (Windpipe) Connects larynx with Lined with Beat continuously in the direction of incoming air Expel mucus loaded with other debris Walls are reinforced with C-shaped cartilage Primary Bronchi Formed by division of the trachea Enters the lung at the depression) Right bronchus is straighter than left mucosa (medial, shorter, subdivide into smaller smaller branches Lungs Occupy most of the cavity portion) is near the clavicle (superior * rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion) Each lung is divided into by fissures * Left lung- lobes * Right lung- lobes Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 21

10 Coverings of the Lungs Pulmonary (visceral) the lung surface covers pleura lines the walls of thoracic cavity Pleural fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding Respiratory Tree Divisions Primary Secondary bronchi bronchi bronchioli Bronchioles branches of the bronchi All but the smallest branches have Terminal bronchioles end in Respiratory Zone Structures Respiratory Alveolar Site of gas cartilage Alveoli Structure of alveoli Alveolar Alveolar Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli in the respiratory Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Thin squamous layer lining alveolar walls Pulmonary external surfaces of alveoli Inspiration Expiration Gas Exchange Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by Carbon dioxide enters the cover enters the blood add protection coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces Events of Respiration Pulmonary air in out of the lungs - moving respiration- gas exchange between pulmonary blood alveoli Respiratory gas - transport of oxygen carbon dioxide via the bloodstream respiration- gas exchange between blood tissue cells in systemic capillaries Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Completely Process Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 22

11 Depends on in the thoracic cavity Volume changes lead to changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure Two phases into lung lung Inspiration changes - flow of air - air leaving intercostal muscles contract The size of the thoracic cavity External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in volume Expiration Largely a which depends on natural lung elasticity As muscles out of the lungs process, air is pushed expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage Thoracic Cavity Pressure Differences Normal pressure within the pleural space is always (intrapleural pressure) Differences in lung pleural space pressures keep lungs from Respiratory Volumes Nonrespiratory Air Movements Can be caused by voluntary actions Examples lungs of debris Crying Respiratory Volumes Capacities or sneeze- clears Normal breathing moves about of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV]) Factors that affect respiratory capacity A person s Residual volume of air ml condition Inspiratory reserve volume ( ) Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume Usually between ml Expiratory reserve volume ( ) Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled Approximately volume Air remaining in lung after About 1200 ml capacity The total amount of air Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV * Air that remains in zone never reaches alveoli ml space volume * About ml volume Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone Usually about Respiratory capacities are measured with a ml Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 23

12 Respiratory Sounds Sounds are monitored with a sounds- produced by air rushing through trachea bronchi sounds- soft sounds of air filling alveoli External Internal Repsiration External Respiration movement into the blood Alveoli always has more O 2 moves by toward area of lower concentration blood gains O 2 than the blood capillary movement out of the blood Blood returning from tissues has more CO 2 than air in the alveoli Pulmonary capillary blood gives up Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich carbon dioxide-poor Most transported in the plasma as ion (HCO 3 ) Small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin (different than O 2 ) Internal Respiration Gas exchange between blood Opposite reactions to what occurs in the lungs diffuses out of tissue to blood diffuses from blood into tissue Gas Transport in the Blood Inside red blood cells attached to Small amount the plasma in Neural Regulation of Respiration Respiratory muscle activity is sent to the brain by the nerves intercostal - neural centers that control breathing rate depth Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 24

13 smooths out respiratory rate Normal respiratory rate ( ) is respirations per minute is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate Depth Physical factors Increased body Coughing (conscious control) factors factors CO 2 levels * Levels in the blood are the main chemical factor * CO 2 increases respiration O 2 levels * Changes in O 2 levels are detected by chemoreceptors in the Information is sent to the artery Homeostatic Imbalances of the Respiratory System Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Symptoms- chronic bronchitis Major causes of death/disability in the U.S. Features of these diseases Patients usually have a history of Labored breathing ( ) becomes worse pulmonary infections Most victims retain CO 2, are have respiratory acidosis Ultimately leads to respiratory frequent Emphysema Alveoli chambers break through Chronic inflammation promotes lung Airways during expiration as adjacent Large amount of used to exhale Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently exped appears late in the disease Chronic Bronchitis Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely production increases Pooled mucus impairs gas exchange Risk of lung infection increases is common cyanosis occur early Lung Cancer 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the U.S. Increased incidence with smoking common types carcinoma carcinoma carcinoma Sudden Infant Death syndrome ( ) Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 25

14 Apparently breathing dies during sleep Thought to be a of the respiratory control center infant stops problem of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities Asthma Chronic inflamed hypersensitive passages, coughing, wheezing Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Lungs are filled with the fetus Lungs don t fully inflate with air until weeks after birth is not present until late in fetal development (may not be present in premature babies) Important birth defects Aging Effects - over secretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system in palate of lungs decreases decreases levels decrease Stimulating effects of More risks of respiratory tract infection Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life Newborns- Infants- Age 5- decreases to 80 respirations per minute respirations per minute respirations per minute Adults- 12 to respirations per minute Rate often increases somewhat with old age Unit 6 Outline: The Lymphatic Respiratory Systems 26