Ch 16 A and P Lecture Notes.notebook May 03, 2017

Transcription

1 Table of Contents # Date Title Page # 1. 01/30/17 Ch 8: Muscular System /14/17 Ch 9: Nervous System 12 03/13/17 Ch 10: Somatic and Special Senses 53 03/27/17 Ch 11: Endocrine System 80 04/03/17 Ch 15: Digestive System 90 04/17/17 Pig Dissection 05/01/17 Ch 16: Respiratory System 106 i 1

2 05/01/17 Ch 16: Respiratory System Objective: Students will be able to describe the functions of each organ of the respiratory system. Respiratory System Functions Obtain oxygen for cellular respiration Remove carbon dioxide Filter and entrap particles from air Control the temperature of the air Control water content of the air Produce vocal sounds Participate in smell Help regulate ph of blood Respiration consists of 4 steps: ventilation (mvmnt of air in/out of lungs) external respiration (gas exchange b/w blood and air in lungs) gas transport in blood b/w blood and body cells internal respiration (gas exchange b/w blood and cells) Cellular Respiration Process of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level. Produces ATP and occurs primarily in the mitochondria. 2

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4 05/03/17 Ch 16: Respiratory System Objective: Students will be able to describe how respiration is controlled and the effect of disease on respiration. Medulla Ventral Rhythm Respiratory Centers Dorsal innervates the diaphragm and processes sensory information regarding respiratory system Pons pontine respiratory group limits inspiration thereby changing the rhythm of breathing 4

5 Receptors chemoreceptors in ventral medulla oblongata Control Center respiratory areas in medulla and pons Effectors diaphragm breathing rate increases Stimulus csf levels of H + and CO 2 High Normal Low Response csf levels of H + and CO 2 fall Stimulus Response Receptors Effectors Control Center 5

6 Lung Volumes and Capacities amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is the tidal volume normal breathing During forced inspiration, an additional volume, the inspiratory reserve volume, can be inhaled into the lungs. IRV + TV gives us the inspiratory capacity. During a maximal forced expiration, an expiratory reserve volume can be exhaled, but there remains a residual volume in the lungs. Adding the two together gives us the functional reserve capacity. 6

7 Debrief Lab: Lung Volumes and Capacities amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is the tidal volume normal breathing During forced inspiration, an additional volume, the inspiratory reserve volume, can be inhaled into the lungs. IRV + TV gives us the inspiratory capacity. During a maximal forced expiration, an expiratory reserve volume can be exhaled, but there remains a residual volume in the lungs. Adding the two together gives us the functional reserve capacity. 7

8 05/01/17 Ch 16: Respiratory System Objective: Students will be able to describe how respiration is controlled and the effect of disease on respiration. Short Reads Genetics Connection, p What is cf? 2. What causes cf? 3. How is "failure to thrive" associated with cf? 4. In 1930 life expectancy for those with cf was 5 years old. What is it now? What changed in the intervening years? 5. What is the quality of life a person with cf can expect? Clinical Application 16.1, p What is emphysema? 2. What effect does emphysema have on respiration? 3. What causes emphysema? 4. What is cancer? 5. What causes lung cancer? 6. What makes primary pulmonary cancers different from lung cancer in general? 7. What is the most common type of primary pulmonary cancer? 8. What is the effect of lung cancer on the respiratory system? 8

9 05/03/17 Ch 16: Respiratory System Analysis of Lung Function Debrief a. There is a narrowing of the trachea, causing blockage in this large airway. b. A small grape is lodged in the right mainstem bronchus, completely blocking off the right lung. c. Emphysema reduces all flow rates, but has a greater effect on small airways, many of which are lost to the disease. (Acute asthma may show similar changes because of mucous obstruction of these same small airways.) d. Severe osteoporosis may result in kyphoscoliosis, in which there is a curvature of the upper spine that limits the normal ability of the ribs to expand with inspiration. 2. Lung disease is often divided into two broad categories: obstructive disease and restrictive disease. Examples of obstructive disease are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Examples of restrictive disease are abnormalities of the spine and chest and diseases within the lungs that make them less elastic ( stiffer ), such as pulmonary fibrosis. Calculate the FEV 1 /FVC in the table below for obstructive and restrictive disease and compare to your values. How might these values be helpful diagnostically? Volume (L) Normal (your data) Obstructive disease Restrictive disease FVC (L) 4 4 FEV 1 (L) FEV 1/FVC (%) 9

10 05/04/17 Ch 16: Respiratory System Analysis of Lung Function Debrief a. There is a narrowing of the trachea, causing blockage in this large airway. b. A small grape is lodged in the right mainstem bronchus, completely blocking off the right lung. c. Emphysema reduces all flow rates, but has a greater effect on small airways, many of which are lost to the disease. (Acute asthma may show similar changes because of mucous obstruction of these same small airways.) d. Severe osteoporosis may result in kyphoscoliosis, in which there is a curvature of the upper spine that limits the normal ability of the ribs to expand with inspiration. 2. Lung disease is often divided into two broad categories: obstructive disease and restrictive disease. Examples of obstructive disease are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Examples of restrictive disease are abnormalities of the spine and chest and diseases within the lungs that make them less elastic ( stiffer ), such as pulmonary fibrosis. Calculate the FEV 1 /FVC in the table below for obstructive and restrictive disease and compare to your values. How might these values be helpful diagnostically? Volume (L) Normal (your data) Obstructive disease Restrictive disease FVC (L) 4 4 FEV 1 (L) FEV 1/FVC (%) 10