Karachi King s College of Nursing

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2 Karachi King s College of Nursing Badil Dass Lecturer Respiratory system

3 Respiratory System Respiratory system consist of: Nose Pharynx (Throat) Larynx (Voice Box) Trachea (Wind Pipe) Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

4 Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli

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6 Structurally respiratory system consist of two parts The upper Respiratory System The lower Respiratory System The upper Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Conti:

7 Conti: The upper Respiratory System Larynx (Voice Box) Trachea (Wind Pipe) Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

8 Conti Functionally, the reparatory system is consists of: The conducting zone The respiratory zone

9 The conducting zone The conducting zone consist on: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Function ( filter, warm and filter the air)

10 The respiratory zone Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sac Alveoli Function (Gas exchanges between air and blood)

11 Nose Nose can be divided into external and internal portions. External Nose The external nose consists of a supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage. Frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillae form bony framework of the external nose. The cartilages framework of external nose consists of: Septal cartilages Lateral nasal cartilages Alar cartilages

12 Internal nose Internal nose is a large cavity in the anterior aspects of the skull. It lies interior to nasal bone and superior to mouth. It lined with muscle and mucous membrane The space between internal nose is called nasal cavity. Interior portion o of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils called vestibule.

13 Mucous secreted by the goblet cells moistens the air Mucous secreted by the goblet cells moistens the air and traps the air particles. Conti

14 Olfactory Nerve

15 Nose

16 Nose

17 Nose

18 Pharynx It is funnel shaped tube about 13cm long. It is chamber shared by digestive and respiratory system. It starts at the internal nares and extends to the level of cricoid cartilage. Pharynx can be divided into three anatomical regions. Nasopharynx (Superior portion) o Oropharynx (Intermediate portion) Laryngopharynx (Inferior portion)

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20 Pharynx

21 Larynx Larynx or voice box is a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with trachea. It lies on the midline of neck anterior to esophagus and through h4 th to 6 th cervical vertebrae. The wall of larynx is composed of nine pieces of cartilage. Three cartilages occurs singly Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage

22 Conti: Other three occurs in pairs Arytenoid cartilages Cuneiform cartilages Corniculate cartilages

23 Thyroid cartilage It is also known as Adam s Apple It consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage. It is present in both male and female It is usually larger in males due to male sex hormone (testosterone) in puberty.

24 Epiglottis pgo It is large leaf like piece of elastic cartilage and covered with epithelium During the swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of pharynx widens it to receive food or drink Elevation of larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over glottis, closing it off.

25 Cricoid Cartilage It is a ring of hyaline cartilage and forms the inferior wall of the larynx Arytenoid Cartilage It is paired Arytenoid Cartilages It is triangular pieces of hyaline cartilages. They attach the vocal folds and intrinsic pharyngeal muscles

26 Corniculate cartilages It is paired cartilages. It is like small horn Small horn shaped pieces are made up by elastic cartilage. It is located at apex of each arytenoid cartilages. They are supporting structures of epiglottis. Cuneiform Cartilages It is paired Cuneiform Cartilages. It is composed of club shaped elastic cartilages. It supports the vocal cards

27 Trachea It is also known as wind pipe. It is tubular passageway for air It is 12cm long and 2.5cm in diameter. It is located anterior to esophagus. It is divided into right primary and left primary bronchi Layers of tracheal wall Mucosa Submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia

28 Conti: The walls of trachea are supported by 20 tracheal cartilages. Tracheal cartilages are like C shaped. These C shaped cartilages stiffen the tracheal wall and protects its collapse Adventitia of the trachea is consists of areolar connective tissues

29 Bronchi At the superior border of the 5 th thoracic vertebrae, trachea divides into right primary bronchi and left primary bronchi which goes into lungs. The right bronchi is more vertical, shorter, wider than left primary bronchi. It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. At the point where trachea divides into right and left is known as carina.

30 Conti: The primary bronchi divides into secondary bronchi (Lobar bronchi. The secondary bronchi divides into 9 or 10 tertiary bronchi (Segmental bronchi) Tertiary bronchi divides into bronchioles. Bronchioles divides into terminal bronchioles. The terminal bronchioles bo oesdvdes divides into respiratory oy bronchioles. This extensive branching is known as bronchial tree

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32 Alveolar ducts Respiratory bronchioles open into expensive chambers called Alveolar ducts. These passageway ends at alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs It is common chambers connected to individual alveoli

33 Alveoli Alveoli is a cup shaped out pouching lined by simple squamous epithelium. Alveolar cells Type 1 alveolar cells: It is simple squamous epithelial cells. It is main sites of gas exchange.

34 Type 11 alveolar cells: It is also known as septal cells. It secretes the alveolar fluid, which moist the air. It produces the surfactant. Surfactant tis complex mixture of phospholipids h id and lipoprotein. Surfactant tlowers the surface tension of alveolar l fluid, which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse. Alveolar macrophages (Duct cells): It removes the fine dust or other debris from the alveolar sacs

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36 Respiratory Zone of Lower Respiratory Tract

37 Lungs Lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. They are separated from each other by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum. The outer covering of lungs is called pleura. Pleura is composed of pleural membrane. Pleural membrane e has two layers Partial pleura Visceral pleura Pleural fluid lubricates the both membranes and prevents from friction

38 Conti: Lungs extend from the diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly. Broad inferior portion is base which is concave. Narrow superior portion is called apex.

39 Blood Supply to lungs Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary vein Bronchial arteries( it the branch of aorta which deliver the blood to the lungs)

40 Respiratory System Functions Transfer of O2 (Oxygen) from atmosphere to tissues Transfer the CO2 ( Carbon Dioxide) from the tissues to the air Produces sound Contains receptors for smell

41 Breathing Breathing (pulmonary ventilation). consists of two cyclic phases: Inhalation, also called inspiration - draws gases into the lungs. Exhalation, also called expiration - forces gases out o, so c ed e p o o ces g ses ou of the lungs

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43 Mobility The ability to move in one's environment with ease and without restriction. Immobility Defined as the state in which an individual has a limitation in independent,,purposeful p physical movement of the body or of one or more extremities. Related factors arising from within the person include pain or fear of discomfort, anxiety or depression, and physical limitations due to neuromuscular or musculoskeletal l limpairment. i

44 Conti External factors include Enforced rest for therapeutic purposes, as in the case of immobilization of a fractured limb.

45 Respiratory eventse Pulmonary ventilation = exchange of gases between lungs and atmosphere External respiration = exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries Internal respiration = exchange of gases between e esp o e c geo g sesbe wee systemic capillaries and tissue cells

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47 References eee Tortora, J. G., Derrichson, B. (2006).Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. (11 th ed). USA: New York. John Willey 7 sons, Inc. Martini, H. F. (200). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. (2 nd ed). USA: New Jersey. Prentice Hall.