Chapter Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System Part 1 pages

Transcription

1 Chapter 18.1 Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System Part 1 pages

2 ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) Environmental Tobacco Smoke = ETS The smoke exhaled by active smokers. This smoke affects the active smoker. The smoke affects the passive smoker. Active smoker The person who is holding and inhaling smoke from the cigarette. Passive smoker A non-smoker in an environment high in ETS.

3 ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) Has more than 4500 chemicals. Has high amount of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is 5x more in ETS than in smoke inhaled by active smokers. Has high amount of particulates. Particulates can cause emphysema and cancer. A cigarette filter can reduce amount of particulates inhaled.

4 Particulates enter the body through the mouth and nose. They can then pass through the pharynx and larynx ;through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles; and finally in the lungs. From the lungs, some chemicals can move into the bloodstream and go throughout the body. Particulates

5 Diaphragm The diaphragm separates the digestive and reproductive systems. In inhalation, chest cavity expands diaphragm contracts diaphragm flattens out

6 In exhalation, chest cavity decreases in volume diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome shape Diaphragm

7 Lung Capacity and Breathing The muscular movements of the chest and abdomen walls change the lung volume. A deeper inhale results from a strong contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, leading to a larger lung volume.

8 Brain Stem Our rate of breathing is controlled by the brain stem. The brainstem signals the diaphragm to contract in response to carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The breathing rate increases when carbon dioxide levels in the body increase, such as during exercise.

9 Two examples: Voluntary Control of the Diaphragm If you hold your breath, you can consciously override signals from the brain stem. Taking a drag on a cigarette or e-cigarette requires stronger contraction of the diaphragm than normal breathing.

10 Breathing and the Voice Speaking or making any vocal noises requires active exhalation as air forced out past the vocal cords in the larynx cause these structures to vibrate and produce sound. The volume of our speech is determined by the amount of air forced past the vocal cords. The pitch of our speech is determined by the muscles that control the length of the vocal cords. The shape of the mouth, lips, and tongue and the position of the teeth determine the actual sound made. Smokers sound hoarse because their larynx is covered with scar tissue.

11 Coughing The diaphragm contracts involuntary when we inhale deeply before a cough. Coughing is a reflex that helps remove irritants from the trachea. We need to keep the air passageways into the lungs clear to maintain adequate oxygen.

12 Lungs Healthy lungs are pink, rounded, and very spongy.

13 Alveoli Air enters the lungs, flows through the bronchi and bronchioles, and ends in the alveoli. The alveoli are 300 million tiny air sacs in our lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries.

14 Alveoli and Smoking Smoking can damage the alveoli. Damage to the alveoli can cause shortness of breath, wheezing, and an inability to participate in moderate vigorous activity.

15 Gas Exchange Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion. Gas exchange occurs across the thin membranes surrounding the blood vessels and the alveoli walls.

16 Surfactant Surfactant covers the surface of the alveoli walls. Surfactant prevents the alveoli walls from sticking together. Carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolve into surfactant before diffusing across the cell membrane. Tobacco smoke can negatively affect surfactant.

17 Questions 1 1. is the smoke exhaled by active smokers. 2. An is the person who is holding and inhaling smoke from the cigarette. 3. A is a non-smoker in an environment high in ETS. 4. ETS has a high amount of and. 5. The separates the digestive and reproductive systems. 6. In, the chest cavity expands. 7. Our rate of breathing is controlled by the. 8. The brainstem signals the to contract in response to carbon dioxide levels in the blood. 9. The of our speech is determined by the muscles that control the length of the vocal cords. 10. is a reflex that helps remove irritants from the trachea. 11. are pink, rounded, and very spongy. 12. occurs in the alveoli. 13. Gas exchange occurs by. 14. covers the surface of the alveoli walls. 15. can damage the alveoli.