PRODUCT MONOGRAPH. (TOBRAMYCIN SOLUTION FOR INHALATION) 300 mg / 5mL Tobramycin (as sulfate) RESPIRATORY ANTIBIOTIC

Transcription

1 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH Pr (TOBRAMYCIN SOLUTION FOR INHALATION) 300 mg / 5mL Tobramycin (as sulfate) RESPIRATORY ANTIBIOTIC Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc. 385 Bouchard Blvd Dorval, Quebec, H9S 1A9 Pr TOBI is a registered trademark of Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc. used under permission by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc. Control#: DATE OF PREPARATION: July 1, 2002 DATE OF REVISION: July 10, 2015

2 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH Pr TOBI (TOBRAMYCIN SOLUTION FOR INHALATION) 300 mg / 5 ml Tobramycin (as Sulfate) RESPIRATORY ANTIBIOTIC ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY TOBI (Tobramycin Solution for Inhalation) is a formulation of tobramycin designed specifically for administration by inhalation. When TOBI is inhaled, tobramycin can be detected at high concentration in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. The drug substance, tobramycin, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius. Tobramycin, a cationic polar molecule that does not readily cross epithelial membranes, is chemically and pharmacologically related to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics. The primary mode of action is bactericidal resulting from disruption of protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Pharmacokinetics Concentrations of tobramycin in the sputum vary widely. This variation may be explained by individual differences in nebulizer performance and airway pathology. Following administration of TOBI, tobramycin remains concentrated primarily in sputum in the airways. Sputum Concentrations: Ten minutes after inhalation of the first 300 mg dose of TOBI by cystic fibrosis patients, the mean (median) concentration of tobramycin in the sputum was 1237 g/g (959 g/g) with the range from 35 to 7417 g/g. Tobramycin does not accumulate in sputum; after 20 weeks of therapy with the TOBI regimen, the mean (median) concentration of tobramycin at ten minutes after inhalation was 1154 g/g (818 g/g), ranging from below quantifiable limits to 8085 g/g. High intra- and inter-subject variability of tobramycin concentrations in the sputum was observed. Two hours after inhalation, sputum tobramycin concentrations declined to approximately 14% of sputum tobramycin concentrations at ten minutes after inhalation. Serum Concentrations: The mean (median) serum concentration of tobramycin one hour after inhalation of a single 300 mg dose of TOBI by cystic fibrosis patients was 0.95 g/ml (0.91 g/ml), ranging from below quantifiable limits to 3.62 g/ml. After 20 weeks of therapy on the TOBI regimen, the mean (median) serum tobramycin concentration one hour after dosing was 1.05 g/ml (0.94 g/ml), ranging from below quantifiable limits to 3.41 g/ml. Elimination: The apparent terminal half-life of tobramycin in serum after inhalation of a 300 mg single dose of TOBI was 3 hours in cystic fibrosis patients. Assuming tobramycin absorbed following inhalation behaves similarly to tobramycin following IV administration, systemically absorbed tobramycin is eliminated principally by glomerular filtration. 2

3 Unabsorbed tobramycin, following TOBI administration, may be eliminated in expectorated sputum or via the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Studies Two identically designed, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, 24-week clinical studies (Study 1 and Study 2) at a total of 69 cystic fibrosis centers in the United States were conducted in cystic fibrosis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Subjects who were less than six years of age, had a baseline creatinine of > 2 mg/dl, or had Burkholderia cepacia isolated from sputum were excluded. All subjects had baseline FEV 1 % predicted between 25% and 75%. In these clinical studies, 258 patients received TOBI therapy on an outpatient basis (see Table 1) using a hand-held PARI LC PLUS TM reusable nebulizer with a DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide compressor. Table 1: Dosing Regimens in Clinical Studies Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 28 Days 28 Days 28 Days 28 Days 28 Days 28 Days TOBI regimen n=258 Placebo regimen n=262 TOBI 300 mg BID no drug TOBI 300 mg BID no drug TOBI 300 mg BID no drug placebo BID no drug Placebo BID no drug placebo BID no drug All patients received either TOBI or placebo (saline with 1.25 mg quinine for flavoring) in addition to standard treatment recommended for cystic fibrosis patients, which included oral and parenteral anti-pseudomonal therapy, 2 -agonists, cromolyn, inhaled steroids, and airway clearance techniques. In addition, approximately 77% of patients were concurrently treated with dornase alfa (PULMOZYME ). In each study, TOBI-treated patients experienced significant improvement in pulmonary function. Improvement was demonstrated in the TOBI group in Study 1 by an average increase in FEV 1 % predicted of about 11% relative to baseline (Week 0) during 24 weeks compared to no average change in placebo patients. In Study 2, TOBI treated patients had an average increase of about 7% compared to an average decrease of about 1% in placebo patients. Figure 1 shows the average relative change in FEV 1 % predicted over 24 weeks for both studies. Figure 1: Mean Relative Change From Baseline in FEV 1 % Predicted 3

4 Average Relative Change in % Predicted 1FEV Study 1: TOBI (n=109*) Study 2: TOBI (n=149*) on drug on drug on drug Study 1: Placebo (n=114*) Study 2: Placebo (n=148*) *number at baseline Week In each study, TOBI therapy resulted in a significant reduction of approximately 1 log in the number of P. aeruginosa colony forming units (CFUs) in sputum during the on-drug periods. Sputum bacterial density returned to baseline during the off-drug periods. Reductions in sputum bacterial density were smaller in each successive cycle (see Figure 2). Figure 2: Mean Absolute Change From Baseline in Log 10 CFUs Average Change of Log 10 CFUs Study 2: Placebo Study 1: Placebo Study 2: TOBI Study 1: TOBI -2.2 On drug On drug On drug Week Patients treated with TOBI were hospitalized for an average 5.1 days compared to 8.1 days for placebo patients. Patients treated with TOBI required an average of 9.6 days of parenteral anti-pseudomonal antibiotic treatment compared to 14.1 days for placebo patients. During the six months of treatment, 40% of TOBI patients and 53% of placebo patients were treated with parenteral anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. Treatment with TOBI for three cycles was associated with a decline in the in vitro susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates to tobramycin compared to placebo. The percentage of patients with P. aeruginosa isolates with tobramycin MICs 16 g/ml was 13% at the beginning, and 23% at the end of six months of the TOBI regimen, compared to 10% and 8% in the placebo group. 4

5 The relationship between in vitro susceptibility test results and clinical outcome with TOBI therapy is not clear. However, four TOBI patients who began the clinical study with P. aeruginosa isolates having MIC values 128 g/ml did not experience an improvement in FEV 1 or a decrease in sputum bacterial density. Over three cycles of therapy with TOBI, the prevalence of S. aureus in sputum tended to decline while that of Aspergillus sp. and C. albicans increased. INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USE TOBI (Tobramycin Solution for Inhalation) is indicated for the management of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infections. Demonstration of safety and efficacy of TOBI is limited to clinical trial data obtained over 3 cycles (6 months) of therapy for efficacy and up to 6 cycles (12 months) of therapy for safety. Safety and efficacy have not been demonstrated in patients under the age of 6 years, patients with Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) <25% or >75% predicted, or patients colonized with Burkholderia cepacia. Culture and sensitivity testing performed periodically will provide information on changing microbial flora and the possible emergence of bacterial resistance. (See Action and Clinical Pharmacology Section: Clinical Studies and Microbiology Section.) CONTRAINDICATION TOBI is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to any aminoglycoside. WARNINGS Caution should be exercised when prescribing TOBI to patients with known or suspected renal, auditory, vestibular, or neuromuscular dysfunction. Patients receiving concomitant parenteral aminoglycoside therapy should be monitored as clinically appropriate. Aminoglycosides can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Aminoglycosides cross the placenta, and streptomycin has been associated with several reports of total, irreversible, bilateral congenital deafness in pediatric patients exposed in utero. Patients who use TOBI during pregnancy, or become pregnant while taking TOBI should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Ototoxicity Ototoxicity, manifested as both auditory and vestibular toxicity, has been reported with aminoglycosides. Vestibular toxicity may be manifested by vertigo, ataxia or dizziness. Tinnitus is a sentinel symptom of ototoxicity, and therefore the onset of this symptom warrants caution. 5

6 In clinical studies, transient tinnitus occurred in eight TOBI treated patients versus no placebo patients. In post marketing experience, severe hearing loss has been reported in some patients who received TOBI therapy in association with either previous or concomitant parenteral aminoglycoside use. If ototoxicity occurs in a patient receiving TOBI, tobramycin therapy should be discontinued until serum concentrations fall below 2 g/ml. (see Precautions Laboratory tests Serum concentrations, Adverse Reactions) Nephrotoxicity Nephrotoxicity was not seen during 4-6 cycles of TOBI therapy in clinical studies but has been associated with aminoglycosides as a class. If nephrotoxicity occurs in a patient receiving TOBI, tobramycin therapy should be discontinued until serum concentrations fall below 2 g/ml. Muscular Disorders TOBI should be used cautiously in patients with neuromuscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis or Parkinson s disease, since aminoglycosides may aggravate muscle weakness because of a potential curare-like effect on neuromuscular function. Bronchospasm Bronchospasm can occur with inhalation of TOBI. In clinical studies of 3 cycles of TOBI therapy, acute changes in FEV 1 % predicted, measured 30 minutes after the inhaled dose, documented decreases of 20% FEV 1 % predicted in 12 TOBI patients (4.7%) and 2 placebo patients (0.8%). Bronchospasm should be treated as medically appropriate (See ADVERSE REACTIONS). PRECAUTIONS Laboratory Tests Audiograms: Physicians should consider an audiogram for patients with known or suspected auditory dysfunction, or who are at increased risk for auditory dysfunction. Tinnitus may be a sentinel symptom of ototoxicity and therefore the onset of this symptom warrants caution. Clinical studies of 4-6 cycles duration of TOBI therapy did not identify hearing loss using audiometric tests which used as criteria a bilateral, high frequency decrease of 15 db at two consecutive frequencies, evaluating frequencies up to 8000 Hz. However, tinnitus was documented in a small number of TOBI patients, and there have been occasional reports of severe hearing loss in post marketing experience where patients received TOBI in association with previous or concomitant parenteral aminoglycoside use (see Warnings, Adverse Reactions). Serum Concentrations: In patients with normal renal function treated with TOBI, serum tobramycin concentrations are approximately 1 g/ml one hour after dose administration and do not require routine monitoring. Serum concentrations of tobramycin in patients 6

7 with known or suspected auditory or renal dysfunction or patients treated with concomitant parenteral tobramycin should be monitored. The serum concentration of tobramycin should only be monitored through venipuncture and not finger prick blood sampling. Contamination of the skin of the fingers with tobramycin may lead to falsely increased measurements of serum levels of the drug. This contamination cannot be completely avoided by hand washing before testing. Renal Function: The clinical studies of TOBI did not reveal any imbalance in the percentage of patients in the TOBI and placebo groups who experienced at least a 50% rise in serum creatinine from baseline through 3 cycles of therapy (see Adverse Reactions). Laboratory tests of urine and renal function should be conducted at the discretion of the treating physician. Drug Interactions No clinical drug interaction studies have been performed with TOBI. In clinical studies of TOBI, patients taking TOBI concomitantly with dornase alfa (PULMOZYME ), - agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, other anti-pseudomonal antibiotics, or parenteral aminoglycosides demonstrated adverse experience profiles similar to the study population as a whole. In post marketing experience, some patients receiving TOBI with previous or concomitant parenteral aminoglycosides have reported severe hearing loss. Concurrent and/or sequential use of TOBI with other drugs with neurotoxic, nephrotoxic or ototoxic potential should be avoided. Some diuretics can enhance aminoglycoside toxicity by altering antibiotic concentrations in serum and tissue. TOBI should not be administered concomitantly with ethacrynic acid, furosemide, urea, or intravenous mannitol. Use in Pregnancy No reproduction toxicology studies have been conducted with TOBI. However, subcutaneous administration of tobramycin at doses of 100 or 20 mg/kg/day during organogenesis was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits, respectively. Doses of tobramycin 40 mg/kg/day were severely maternally toxic to rabbits and precluded the evaluation of teratogenicity. Aminoglycosides can cause fetal harm (e.g., congenital deafness) when administered to a pregnant woman. Ototoxicity was not evaluated in offspring during nonclinical reproduction toxicity studies with tobramycin. Treatment with TOBI during pregnancy should be undertaken only if the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the fetus or baby. If TOBI is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking TOBI, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Nursing Mothers It is not known if TOBI will reach sufficient concentrations after administration by inhalation to be excreted in human breast milk. Because of the potential for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in infants, a decision should be made whether to terminate nursing or discontinue TOBI. Pediatric Use 7

8 The safety and efficacy of TOBI has not been studied in pediatric patients under 6 years of age. Elderly Patients ( 65 years) Use of TOBI has not been studied in elderly patients. ADVERSE REACTIONS TOBI (Tobramycin Solution for Inhalation) was generally well tolerated during two clinical studies in 258 cystic fibrosis patients ranging in age from 6 to 48 years. Patients received TOBI in alternating periods of 28 days on and 28 days off drug in addition to their standard cystic fibrosis therapy for a total of 24 weeks. Voice alteration and tinnitus were the only adverse experiences reported by significantly more TOBI-treated patients. Thirty-three patients (13%) treated with TOBI complained of voice alteration (dysphonia) compared to 17 (7%) placebo patients. Voice alteration (dysphonia) was more common in the on-drug periods. Episodes were transient and resolved during the off-drug period. Eight patients from the TOBI group (3%) reported tinnitus compared to no placebo patients. All episodes were transient, resolved without discontinuation of the TOBI treatment regimen, and were not associated with loss of hearing in scheduled audiograms. (The audiogram schedule did not necessarily coincide with the tinnitus episode.) Tinnitus is one of the sentinel symptoms of cochlear toxicity, and patients with this symptom should be carefully monitored for high frequency hearing loss (see Warnings and Precautions). The numbers of patients reporting vestibular adverse experiences such as dizziness were similar in the TOBI and placebo groups. Nine (3%) patients in the TOBI group and nine (3%) patients in the placebo group had increases in serum creatinine of at least 50% over baseline. In all nine patients in the TOBI group, creatinine decreased at the next visit. Tabulated summary of adverse drug reactions from clinical trials Table 2 compares the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse drug reactions reported with an incidence of >1% in patients receiving TOBI. Table 2: MedDRA System Organ Class Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders Incidence of Treatment-emergent Adverse Drug Reactions Reported With an Incidence of >1% in Patients Receiving TOBI * TOBI Placebo-controlled parallel group studies (PC-TNDS-002 / PC-TNDS-003) Adverse drug reaction 8 TOBI (n=258) % of patients Placebo (n=262) % of patients Cough 23.6% 21.0% Pharyngitis 12.0% 12.2% Rhinitis 10.5% 6.5% Hemoptysis 6.6% 7.6%

9 Gastrointestinal disorders General disorders and administration site conditions Metabolism and nutrition disorders Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Nervous system disorders Ear and labyrinth disorders Investigations Productive cough 6.6% 8.8% Dysphonia 5.8% 3.1% Lung Disorder 5.0% 4.6% Asthma 4.7% 6.9% Dyspnea 4.3% 8.8% Sputum discolored 1.9% 0.8% Bronchospasm 1.6% 1.9% Laryngitis 1.2% 0.0% Abdominal pain 3.5% 3.4% Vomiting 2.7% 2.7% Nausea 1.6% 2.7% Chest pain 7.0% 6.9% Asthenia 5.0% 5.0% Pyrexia 2.3% 2.7% Malaise 1.6% 0.8% Pain 1.2% 1.9% Anorexia 1.6% 3.1% Back pain 1.2% 0.0% Myalgia 1.2% 0.0% Dysgeusia 6.2% 6.1% Headache 4.3% 5.7% Dizziness 1.6% 1.5% Tinnitus 1.2% 0.0% Pulmonary function test decreased 6.2% 5.0% * Adverse drug reactions from clinical trials are listed according to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Table 3 lists the percent of patients with treatment-emergent adverse experiences (spontaneously reported and solicited) that occurred in > 5% of TOBI patients during the two Phase III studies, where patients received up to 3 cycles of therapy. (See Action and Clinical Pharmacology Section: Clinical Studies.) Table 3: Percent of Patients With Treatment Emergent Adverse 9

10 Experiences Occurring in > 5% of TOBI Patients During Phase III Studies (Up to 6 Months of Therapy)* TOBI (n=258) % Placebo (n=262) % Adverse Event Body as a Whole Asthenia Fever Headache Chest pain Abdominal pain Pain Back pain Malaise Digestive System Anorexia Vomiting Nausea Diarrhea Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders Weight loss Nervous System Dizziness Respiratory System Cough increased Pharyngitis Sputum increased Rhinitis Dyspnea Lung disorder Sputum discoloration Hemoptysis Lung Function decreased Asthma Voice alteration Sinusitis Epistaxis Lower Resp. Tract Infection Hyperventilation Special Senses Ear pain Taste perversion Skin and Appendages Rash Includes subjective complaints of fever. 2 Includes reported decreases in pulmonary function tests or decreased lung volume on chest radiograph associated with intercurrent illness or study drug administration. * Adverse drug reactions from clinical trials are listed according to Coding Symbols for a Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms (COSTART) In a follow-on study of TOBI, the following adverse experiences were observed at a 10

11 higher frequency in patients who received 4 to 6 cycles (over 6 to 12 months) of TOBI therapy than that seen in patients who received 3 cycles (up to 6 months). (See Table 4) The role of chronic progression of disease on the increasing frequency of adverse experiences should be considered in the interpretation of these data. Table 4: Treatment Emergent Adverse Experiences 1 Occurring at Higher Frequency During 6 to 12 Months of TOBI Therapy* Adverse Event 4-6 Cycles (n = 192) % 11 3 Cycles (n = 204) % Body as a Whole Asthenia Chest pain Back Pain Lymphadenopathy Chills Sweating Digestive System Anorexia Diarrhea Oral monoliasis Dyspepsia Musculoskeletal System Myalgia Respiratory System Cough increased Pharyngitis Sputum increased Dyspnea Rhinitis Hemoptysis Lung function decreased Asthma Sputum discoloration Upper respiratory infection Voice alteration Hyperventilation Laryngitis Special Senses Otitis media Includes Adverse Experiences that were observed in >5% of patients in the 4-6 Cycles group and at a higher frequency than in the 3 Cycles group. (The 3 Cycles group received placebo during Phase III studies.) * Adverse drug reactions from clinical trials are listed according to Coding Symbols for a Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms (COSTART) In open label follow-on clinical trials, the following additional adverse events have been reported infrequently in patients receiving TOBI concurrently with other medications: Fungal infection, hypoxia, mouth ulcerations and photosensitivity reaction.

12 Post-Marketing Adverse Drug Reactions The following adverse drug reactions have been derived from post marketing experience with TOBI via spontaneous case reports and literature cases. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency which is therefore categorized as not known. Ear and labyrinth disorders Hearing loss Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Hypersensitivity, pruritus, urticaria, rash Nervous system disorders Aphonia, dysgeusia Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders Bronchospasm, oropharyngeal pain, sputum increased, chest pain General disorders and administration site conditions Decreased appetite DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Dosage The recommended dosage for both adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older is one single-use ampoule (300 mg) administered twice a day (BID) for 28 days. The doses should be taken as close to 12 hours apart as possible; they should not be taken less than six hours apart. TOBI is administered BID in alternating periods of 28 days. After 28 days of therapy, patients should stop TOBI therapy for the next 28 days, and then resume therapy for the next 28 day on / 28 day off cycle. Dosage is not adjusted by weight. All patients should be administered 300 mg BID. Administration TOBI is supplied as a single-use ampoule and is administered by inhalation. TOBI is not for subcutaneous, intravenous or intrathecal administration. TOBI is administered using a hand-held PARI LC PLUS TM reusable nebulizer with a DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide compressor over a 15 minute period on average. TOBI is inhaled while the patient is sitting or standing upright and breathing normally through the mouthpiece of the nebulizer. Nose clips may help the patient breathe through the mouth. TOBI should not be diluted or mixed with dornase alfa (PULMOZYME ) in the nebulizer. 12

13 TOBI must be kept out of the sight and reach of children other than when administered therapeutically under appropriate adult supervision. During clinical studies, patients on multiple therapies were instructed to take them first, followed by TOBI. Dosing in special populations Patients with renal impairment Tobramycin is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine and renal function is expected to affect the exposure to tobramycin. A dosing recommendation can not be supported (see the Warnings and Precautions section: Nephrotoxicity). Patients with hepatic impairment Use of TOBI has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. Patients after organ transplantation Use of TOBI has not been studied in patients after organ transplantation. OVERDOSAGE For management of a suspected drug overdose, contact your regional Poison Control Centre. Signs and symptoms of acute toxicity from overdosage of IV tobramycin might include dizziness, tinnitus, vertigo, loss of high-tone hearing acuity, respiratory failure, neuromuscular blockade and renal impairment. Administration by inhalation results in low systemic bioavailability of tobramycin. Tobramycin is not significantly absorbed following oral administration. Tobramycin serum concentrations may be helpful in monitoring overdose. Acute toxicity should be treated with immediate withdrawal of TOBI, and baseline tests of renal function should be undertaken. In all cases of suspected overdosage, physicians should contact the Regional Poison Control Center for information about effective treatment. In the case of any overdosage, the possibility of drug interactions with alterations in drug disposition should be considered. Hemodialysis may be helpful in removing tobramycin from the body. 13

14 PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION Drug Substance The USAN name for the drug substance in TOBI is tobramycin. The chemical formula for tobramycin is C 18 H 37 N 5 O 9 and the molecular weight is Tobramycin is O-3- amino-3-deoxy- -D-glucopyranosyl-(1 4)-O-[2,6-diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy- -D-ribohexopyranosyl-(1 6)]-2-deoxy-L-streptamine. The structural formula for tobramycin is: HO CH 2 OH O H 2 N OH HO CH 2 NH 2 O O NH 2 O HO NH 2 NH 2 Tobramycin is a white to off-white crystalline powder, soluble in 1.5 parts water, very slightly soluble in 95% ethanol, and practically insoluble in chloroform and ether. The ph of a 1 in 10 solution is The melting point of tobramycin is 217 o C. Composition TOBI is a tobramycin solution for inhalation. It is a sterile, clear, slightly yellow, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solution with the ph and salinity adjusted specifically for administration by a compressed air driven reusable nebulizer. Each single-use 5 ml ampoule contains 300 mg tobramycin and mg sodium chloride in sterile water for injection. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide are added to adjust the ph to 6.0, forming the sulfate salt of tobramycin in solution. Nitrogen is used for sparging. All ingredients meet USP requirements. The formulation contains no preservatives. Stability and Storage TOBI should be stored under refrigeration at 2-8 C/36-46 F. Upon removal from the refrigerator, or if refrigeration is unavailable, TOBI pouches (opened or unopened) may be stored at room temperature (up to 25 C/77 F) for up to 28 days. TOBI should not be used beyond the expiration date stamped on the ampoule when stored under refrigeration (2-8ºC/36-46ºF) or beyond 28 days when stored at room temperature (25ºC/77ºF). TOBI ampoules should not be exposed to intense light. The solution in the ampoule is slightly yellow, but may darken with age if not stored in the refrigerator; however, the color change does not indicate any change in the quality of the product as long as it is stored within the recommended storage conditions. 14

15 AVAILABILITY OF DOSAGE FORMS TOBI is supplied in single-use, low-density polyethylene plastic 5 ml ampoules. TOBI is packaged in boxes of 56 ampoules (14 flexible, laminated foil over-pouches, each containing 4 ampoules). INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS Safety Information TOBI is in a class of antibiotics that have caused hearing loss, dizziness, kidney damage, and harm to a fetus. Ringing in the ears and hoarseness were two symptoms that were seen in more patients taking TOBI than placebo in research studies. Loss of voice (aphonia) has also been observed. Patients with cystic fibrosis can have many symptoms. Some of these symptoms may be related to your medications. If you have new or worsening symptoms, you should tell your doctor. Tell your doctor before using TOBI if you have: Unusual difficulty in breathing with wheezing or coughing or chest tightness Blood in your sputum (the substance you cough up) Muscle weakness that lasts or becomes worse with time, a symptom mostly related to conditions such as myasthenia or Parkinson s disease. Hearing: You should tell your doctor if you have ringing in the ears, dizziness, or any changes in hearing. Kidney Damage: Inform your doctor if you have any history of kidney problems. Pregnancy: If you want to become pregnant or are pregnant while on TOBI, you should talk with your doctor about the possibility of TOBI causing any harm. Treatment with TOBI during pregnancy should be undertaken only if the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the fetus or baby. Nursing Mothers: If you are nursing a baby, you should talk with your doctor before using TOBI. Drug Interactions You should not take the following medicines while you are taking TOBI: Furosemide or ethacrynic acid, a diuretic ( water tablet ) Urea or intravenous mannitol Other medicines which may harm your kidneys or hearing The following medicines can increase the chances of harmful effects occuring if they are given to you while receiving infusions of tobramycin or other aminoglycoside antibiotic and you should talk to your doctor if you are taking these medications: 15

16 Amphotericin C, cefalotin, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, polymixins: these medicines may harm your kidneys. Platinum compounds (such as carboplastin and cisplatin): these medicines may harm your kidneys or hearing. Anticholinesterases (such as neostigmine and pyridostigmine) or botulinum toxin: these medicines may cause muscle weakness to appear or become worse. Tell your doctor about all medicines you are taking, including those without prescription. TOBI Packaging TOBI comes in a single dose, ready-to-use ampoule containing 300 mg tobramycin. Each box of TOBI contains a 28-day supply - 56 ampoules packaged in 14 foil pouches. Each foil pouch contains four ampoules, for two days of TOBI therapy. Dosage The 300 mg dose of TOBI is the same for patients regardless of age or weight. Take TOBI twice daily. Doses should be inhaled as close to 12 hours apart as possible and not less than six hours apart. TOBI has not been studied in patients less than six years old. You should not mix TOBI with dornase alfa (PULMOZYME ) in the nebulizer. Keep TOBI out of the sight and reach of children. If you are taking several medications the recommended order is as follows: bronchodilator first, followed by chest physiotherapy, then other inhaled medications and, finally, TOBI. Overdose In case of a drug overdose, particularly accidental oral ingestion, contact a healthcare professional, hospital emergency department or regional poison control centre, even if there are no symptoms. Treatment Schedule You should take TOBI in repeated cycles of 28 days on drug followed by 28 days off drug. You should take TOBI twice a day during the 28-day period on drug. How To Administer TOBI THIS INFORMATION IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE CONSULTATION WITH 16

17 YOUR PHYSICIAN AND CF CARE TEAM ABOUT PROPERLY TAKING MEDICATION OR USING INHALATION EQUIPMENT. TOBI is specifically formulated for inhalation using a PARI LC PLUS reusable nebulizer and a DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide air compressor. TOBI can be taken at home, school, or at work. The following are instructions on how to use the DeVilbiss Pulmo- Aide Compressor and PARI LC PLUS TM reusable nebulizer to administer TOBI. You will need the following supplies: TOBI plastic ampoule (vial) DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide Compressor PARI LC PLUS TM Reusable Nebulizer Tubing to connect the nebulizer and compressor Clean paper or cloth towels Nose clips (optional) It is important that your nebulizer and compressor function properly before starting your TOBI therapy. Note: Please refer to the manufacturers care and use instructions for important information. Preparing Your TOBI For Inhalation 1. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. 2a. TOBI is packaged with four ampoules per foil pouch. 2b. Seperate one ampoule by gently pulling apart at the bottom tabs. Store all remaining ampoules in the refrigerator as directed. 3. Lay out the contents of a PARI LC PLUS TM Reusable Nebulizer package on a clean, dry paper or cloth towel. You should have the following parts: Nebulizer Top and Bottom (Nebulizer Cup) Assembly Inspiratory Valve Cap Mouthpiece with Valve Tubing 4. Remove the Nebulizer Top from the Nebulizer Cup by twisting the Nebulizer Top counter-clockwise, and then lifting off. Place the Nebulizer Top on the clean paper or cloth towel. Stand the Nebulizer Cup upright on the towel. 5. Connect one end of the tubing to the compressor air outlet. The tubing should fit snugly. Plug in your compressor to an electrical outlet. 6. Open the TOBI ampoule by holding the bottom tab with one hand and twisting off the top of the ampoule with the other hand. Be careful not to squeeze the ampoule until you are ready to empty its contents into the Nebulizer Cup. 7. Squeeze all the contents of the ampoule into the Nebulizer Cup. 17

18 8. Replace the Nebulizer Top. Note: In order to insert the Nebulizer Top into the Nebulizer Cup, the Semi-Circle halfway down the stem of the Nebulizer Top should face the Nebulizer Outlet (see illustration). Turn the Nebulizer Top clockwise until securely fastened to the Nebulizer Cup. 9. Attach the Mouthpiece to the Nebulizer Outlet. Then firmly push the Inspiratory Valve Cap in place on the Nebulizer Top. Note: the Inspiratory Valve Cap will fit snugly. 10. Connect the free end of the tubing from the compressor to the Air Intake on the bottom of the nebulizer, making sure to keep the nebulizer upright. Press the tubing on the Air Intake firmly. TOBI Treatment 1. Turn on the compressor. 2. Check for a steady mist from the Mouthpiece. If there is no mist, check all tubing connections and confirm that the compressor is working properly. 3. Sit or stand in an upright position that will allow you to breathe normally. 4. Place mouthpiece between your teeth and on top of your tongue and breathe normally only through your mouth. Nose clips may help you breathe through your mouth and not through your nose. Do not block airflow with your tongue. 5. Continue treatment until all of your TOBI is gone and there is no longer any mist being produced. You may hear a sputtering sound when the Nebulizer Cup is empty. The entire TOBI treatment should take approximately 15 minutes to complete. Note: if you are interrupted, need to cough or rest during your TOBI treatment, turn off the compressor to save your medication. Turn the compressor back on when you are ready to resume your therapy. 6. Follow the nebulizer cleaning and disinfecting instructions after completing therapy. Cleaning Your Nebulizer To reduce the risk of infection, illness or injury from contamination, you must thoroughly clean all parts of the nebulizer as instructed after each treatment. Never use a nebulizer with a clogged nozzle. If the nozzle is clogged, no aerosol mist is produced which will alter the effectiveness off the treatment. Replace the nebulizer if clogging occurs. 1. Remove tubing from nebulizer and disassemble nebulizer parts. 2. Wash all parts (except tubing) with warm water and liquid dish soap. 3. Rinse thoroughly with warm water and shake out water. 18

19 4. Air dry or hand dry nebulizer parts on a clean, lint-free cloth. Reassemble nebulizer when dry and store. 5. You can also wash all parts of the nebulizer in a dishwasher (except tubing). Place the nebulizer parts in a dishwasher basket, then place on the top rack of the dishwasher. Remove and dry the parts when the cycle is complete. Disinfecting Your Nebulizer Your nebulizer is for your use only - Do not share your nebulizer with other people. You must regularly disinfect the nebulizer. Failure to do so could lead to serious or fatal illness. Clean the nebulizer as described above. Every other treatment day, disinfect the nebulizer parts (except tubing) by boiling them in water for a full 10 minutes. Dry parts on a clean, lint-free cloth. Care And Use Of Your Pulmo-Aide Compressor Follow the manufacturer s instructions for care and use of your compressor. Filter Change: 1. DeVilbiss Compressor filters should be changed every six months or sooner if filter turns completely grey in colour. Compressor Cleaning: 1. With power switch in the Off position, unplug power cord from wall outlet. 2. Wipe outside of the compressor cabinet with a clean, damp cloth every few days to keep dust free. Caution: Do not submerge in water; doing so will result in compressor damage. Storage Instructions You should store TOBI ampoules in a refrigerator (2-8 C or F). However, when you don t have a refrigerator available (e.g., transporting your TOBI), you may store the foil pouches (opened or unopened) at room temperature (up to 25 C/77 F) for up to 28 days. Avoid exposing TOBI ampoules to intense light. Unrefrigerated TOBI, which is normally slightly yellow, may darken with age; however, the colour change does not indicate any change in the quality of the product. You should not use TOBI if it is cloudy, if there are particles in the solution, or if it has been stored at room temperature for more than 28 days. You should not use TOBI beyond the expiration date stamped on the ampoule. 19

20 MICROBIOLOGY Tobramycin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative organisms including P. aeruginosa. It is bactericidal at concentrations equal to or slightly greater than inhibitory concentrations. Susceptibility Testing A single sputum sample from a cystic fibrosis patient may contain multiple morphotypes of P. aeruginosa, and each morphotype may have a different level of in vitro susceptibility to tobramycin. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test methods (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1993) used for parenteral tobramycin therapy can be used to monitor the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Susceptibility breakpoints established for parenteral administration of tobramycin do not apply to aerosolized administration of TOBI. The relationship between in vitro susceptibility test results and clinical outcome with TOBI therapy is not clear. (See Action and Clinical Pharmacology Section: Clinical Studies.) As noted in Figure 3, treatment for six months (3 cycles) with TOBI in two clinical studies demonstrated a trend to decreasing in vitro susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates which was not observed in the placebo group. The clinical significance of this information has not been clearly established in the treatment of P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. (See Action and Clinical Pharmacology Section: Clincial Studies.) Similar decreases in amikacin susceptibility were noted in patients treated with TOBI for three cycles. Figure 3: Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Tobramycin MIC Values for All P. aeruginosa Isolates (3 Cycles of TOBI) 20

21 Effects on Respiratory Flora There was no indication that treatment with TOBI for up to three cycles was associated with increased superinfection with B. cepacia or A. xylosoxidans. (See Table 5.) From Visit 3 to Visit 10 (Weeks 0 and 20), the number of TOBI patients infected with H. influenzae and S. aureus decreased. There was no apparent change in the number of patients infected with S. pneumoniae. The number of patients in the TOBI group infected with either Aspergillus sp. or C. albicans increased from Visit 3 to Visit 10 (Weeks 0 and 20). The clinical relevance of this finding is not clear. (See Table 6.) Table 5: Number of Patients with Treatment Emergent Infections with Intrinsically Tobramycin Resistant Organisms in Placebo-Controlled Studies Pathogen TOBI Placebo N = 258 (%) N = 262 (%) B. cepacia 0 (0.0) 1 (0.4) S. maltophilia 6 (2.3) 10 (3.8) A. xylosoxidans 1(0.4) 3 (1.1) 21

22 Table 6: Number of Patients From Whom Gram-Positive and Fungal Pathogens Were Recovered (Visits 3 and 10, Weeks 0 and 20) in Placebo- Controlled Studies TOBI Placebo Pathogen Visit 3 N = 258 (%) Visit 10 N = 234 (%) Visit 3 N = 262 (%) Visit 10 N = 234 (%) H. influenzae 11 (4.3) 0 (0.0) 12 (4.6) 7 (3.0) S. aureus 109 (42.2) 78 (33.3) 91 (34.7) 93 (39.7) S. pneumoniae 6 (2.3) 3 (1.3) 10 (3.8) 7 (3.0) Aspergillus sp. 52 (20.2) 70 (29.9) 62 (23.7) 47 (20.1) C. albicans 110 (42.6) 134 (57.3) 109 (41.6) 110 (47.0) Other fungal pathogens 14 (5.4) 12 (5.1) 8 (3.0) 5 (2.1) PHARMACOLOGY Animal Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Tobramycin Solutions: Absorption of tobramycin into the systemic circulation after the delivery of aerosolized antibiotic to the lung was analyzed in three animal inhalation studies: a 14-day rat and guinea pig study, a 14-day rat study, and a 6-month rat study (Table 7). In general, after aerosol administration peak serum tobramycin concentrations increase in an approximate linear manner with increasing estimated inhaled doses up to about 15 mg/kg. At doses above 15 mg/kg, peak serum concentrations plateau in the range of g/ml (approximately 12 to 22 times higher than the peak serum concentration of 1 g/ml following 300 mg twice daily dosing of TOBI in the two Phase III placebocontrolled studies). There was no evidence of accumulation over 14 days in rats and guinea pigs exposed daily by nose-only inhalation to aerosolized tobramycin. The mean serum concentrations also remained constant in the 6-month rat nose-only inhalation toxicity study indicating that long-term administration does not change the systemic absorption. 22

23 Table 7: Animal Pharmacokinetic Data: Inhaled Tobramycin Solutions Dose a (mg/kg/day) b [est. daily human dose] c C max ( g/ml) Rat (Sprague Dawley) Duration: 14 days Route of Administration: Nasal Inhalation 6% Solution 30 min 7.4 mg/kg/day; [6x] 60 min 14.5 mg/kg/day; [12x] 120 min 28.9 mg/kg/day; [24x] 30 min 6.0 mg/kg/day after 15 min Albuterol [5x] Day 1/Day / / / /4.8 Rat (Sprague Dawley) Duration: 14 days Route of Administration: Nasal Inhalation 6% Solution 6 hours 97 mg/kg/day [81x] 10 % Solution 6 hours 131 mg/kg/day [109x] Day 1/Day / /17.8 Guinea Pig (Hartley) Duration: 14 days Route of Administration: Nasal Inhalation 6% Solution 30 min 4.5 mg/kg/day [4x] 60 min 9.1 mg/kg/day [8x] 120 min 19.8 mg/kg/day [17x] 30 min 4.0 mg/kg/day after 15 min Albuterol [3x] Day 1/Day / / / /3.0 Rat (Sprague Dawley) Duration: 6 months Route of Administration: Nasal Inhalation 6% Solution 20 min 4.9 mg/kg/day [4x] 60 min 14.3 mg/kg/day [12x] 180 min 57.5 mg/kg/day [48x] Day 1/Week / / /13.9 Comments Serum levels of drug generally increased with increasing aerosol dose. Levels were similar within dose groups after one and fourteen days of consecutive treatments, but were below detectable limits 24 hours after the last exposure. No indication of accumulation in serum with repeated aerosol administration. Pretreatment with Albuterol-Sulfate USP aerosols had no effect on serum drug levels. Serum levels of drug generally increased with increasing aerosol dose; though not in a dose proportionate manner. Levels were similar within dose groups after one and fourteen days of consecutive treatments, but were below detectable limits 24 hours after the last exposure. No indication of accumulation in serum with repeated aerosol administration. Serum levels of drug increased between low- (4.1 mg/kg) and mid-dose (9.1 mg/kg) groups, and were similar between mid- and high-dose (19.8 mg/kg) groups. Serum drug levels were similar within dose groups after Days 1 and 14, but were below detectable limits 24 hours after the last exposure. No indication of accumulation of tobramycin in the serum with repeated aerosol administration. Pretreatment with Albuterol Sulfate USP aerosols had no effect on serum drug levels. Mean serum concentrations were proportional to the total delivered dose for the low and mid-dose groups, but less for the high-dose group, indicating a rate-limiting absorption at higher doses. No evidence of accumulation, even though mean serum tobramycin values varied over the course of the study, particularly at the highest dose level. Generally, serum tobramycin values decreased with time. At ~58 mg/kg/day there was considerable systemic exposure in this study. a Control groups not included b Estimated dose deposited in the lungs. The doses administered to animals were estimated according to the equation: Daily Dose (mg/kg) = Exposure Conc. (mg/l) x Inhaled Volume (L) x % Deposition Animal Body Weight (Kg) Where: Exposure Conc. = Analytically determined tobramycin concentration; Inhaled Volume = 250 ml/min x exposure time (min) for rats, 300 ml/min for guinea pigs; Body weights = 250 and 300 grams for female and male rats, respectively, and 500 and 600 grams for female and male guinea pigs, respectively. % Deposition = 50 % for aerosols in the 2 to 3 m MMAD range (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) c The variable dose estimates from animal treatments are expressed as multiples of the estimated daily deposited clinical dose of 2 x 5 ml doses of 6% tobramycin solution (300 mg/dose) administered using a PARI LC nebulizer with 10% efficiency, to CF patients weighing ~50 kg; (1.2 mg/kg/day) who were enrolled in pharmacokinetic trials. Note that pivotal clinical trials for TOBI used the same dose of tobramycin but with the more efficient PARI LC PLUS TM nebulizer. The PARI LC PLUS TM is estimated to deposit about twice the amount of tobramycin as the PARI LC used in animal studies. 23

24 Human Pharmacology Systemic Pharmacokinetics Following Aerosolized Administration: The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were examined in two Phase III studies and analyzed using a population modeling approach. Data from this analysis was compared to literature. These findings are summarized in Table 8. Table 8: Summary of Tobramycin Serum Pharmacokinetics Following Aerosol Administration Patient Type 1 N Dose Nebulizer Ka (hr -1 ) T 1/2 (hr) T ½ (hr) Vdss (L) Cl (L/h) Analytical Method 2 Reference CF mg Pari LC Plus TM , FPIA Novartis HV MV mg Pneumatic Nebulizer ± 2.26 HPLC/ EMIT Le Conte (1993) CF mg Ultrasonic Nebulizer 1.98 ± FPIA Touw (1997) CF= cystic fibrosis HV= healthy volunteer, MV= mechanically ventilated patients HPLC= high performance liquid chromatography; FPIA= fluorescent polarization immunoassay; EMIT= enzyme immunoassay Parameter was corrected by absolute bioavailability estimate Parameter obtained from population pharmacokinetic analysis (Harris labs) Mean ± SD The systemic pharmacokinetics of tobramycin when administered by inhalation or parenterally are comparable both in terms of clearance and volume of distribution. Estimates of the terminal elimination half-life for tobramycin in serum following aerosol administration are quite variable, ranging from 1.3 to 13 hours. The systemic pharmacokinetics of tobramycin following aerosol administration are best described by a two-compartment model with biexponential elimination. Serum and Sputum Concentrations Following Aerosolized Tobramycin: In a Phase II study and two Phase III studies, serum and sputum concentrations were measured following tobramycin administration. Serum and sputum concentrations following aerosolized administration in clinical studies as well as from the literature are presented in Table 9. 24

25 Table 9: Summary of the Serum and Bronchial Secretions/Sputum Concentrations of Tobramycin Following Aerosolized Administration Patient Type 1 CF CF N Dose/Regimen Nebulizer Serum (S) Bronchial Secretion (BS)/ Ratio Sputum (SP) S/SP 4 Sampling Conc. Sampling BS Conc. SP Conc. (%) (hr. Post) ( g/ml) 2 (hr. Post) ( g/ml) ( g/g) 300 mg/bid Pari LC Jet ± ±56 1.2± mg/bid Sidestream Jet ± ± ± mg/bid UltraNeb ± ± ± mg/bid Pari LC Plus Jet ± ± 3 cycles of 28 days Reference Novaris Novartis CF mg/kg Wisto Senior ±1.07 NR Touw (1997) RD mg/one dose Unspecified Jet 1 < ±2.26 NR Baran (1990) CF w/ mg/bid Unspecified Jet 1.0 < Gappa (1988) RD HV mg/ Atomeca ±0.15 NR Le Conte (1993) MV 5 one dose Pneumatic <0.1 LC/TS ± LC/TS ± CF w/ mg/ Medix World Mukhopadhyay RD one dose Traveler- (1994) Intersurgical CF w/ RD CF w/ RD ±195 mg/ TID mg/ once for each device UltraNeb 100 NR < immediate post aerosol Pulmo-Aide UltraNeb UltraNeb UltraNeb 2300± CF= cystic fibrosis HV= healthy volunteer, MV= mechanically ventilated patients, LC/TS= lung cancer patient with thoracic surgery, RD= respiratory disease Mean ± SD Lung Tissue concentrations following biopsy Mean ratio of individual serum/sputum results with N=56, 59, 57 for the Pari LC, Sidestream, and UltraNeb, respectively Serum concentrations from the clinical studies are comparable to those reported in the literature for cystic fibrosis patients following aerosolized administration of tobramycin, and less than those reported following therapeutic doses ( mg/kg) administered parenterally. Using the Pari LC Plus TM nebulizer, the mean sputum concentration at ten minutes after dosing in the clinical studies was approximately 1200 g/g (median = 959 g/g; range = 35 to 7417 g/g). Ninety-seven percent (97%) of patients had sputum concentrations in excess of the target 128 g/g of sputum. Effect of Gender and Age on Pharmacokinetics: No significant differences were noted between males and females for either the sputum or serum concentrations. There was a trend of increased sputum concentrations with increased age (range 6 to 48 years). However, due to the large variability within each of the stratified age groups, 6-<13 years, 13-<18 years and 18 years, these differences were not considered clinically significant. NR Smith (1989) & Weber (1989) Weber (1994) 25