Key words: carcass, fertility, genotype-by-environment, liver fluke, milk, reaction norm

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Key words: carcass, fertility, genotype-by-environment, liver fluke, milk, reaction norm"

Transcription

1 Lttle genetc varablty n reslence among cattle exsts for a range of performance trats across herds n Ireland dfferng n Fascola hepatca prevalence 1 Alan J. Twomey, *, Davd A. Graham, Mchael L. Doherty, Astrd Blom, and Donagh P. Berry*,2 *Anmal and Grassland Research and Innovaton Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; School of Veternary Medcne, Unversty College Dubln, Belfeld, Dubln 4, Ireland; Anmal Health Ireland, Carrck on Shannon, Co. Letrm, Ireland; Irsh Cattle Breedng Federaton, Hghfeld House, Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland ABSTRACT: It s antcpated that n the future, lvestock wll be exposed to a greater rsk of nfecton from parastc dseases. Therefore, future breedng strateges for lvestock, whch are generally long-term strateges for change, should target anmals adaptable to envronments wth a hgh parastc load. Covarance components were estmated n the present study for a selecton of dary and beef performance trats over herd-years dfferng n Fascola hepatca load usng random regresson sre models. Herdyear prevalence of F. hepatca was determned by usng F. hepatca-damaged lver phenotypes whch were recorded n abattors natonally. The data analyzed conssted up to 83,821 lactaton records from dary cows for a range of mlk producton and fertlty trats, as well as 105,054 young anmals wth carcass-related nformaton obtaned at slaughter. Reacton norms for ndvdual sres were derved from the random regresson coeffcents. The hertablty and addtve genetc standard devatons for all trats analyzed remaned relatvely constant as herd-year F. hepatca prevalence gradent ncreased up to a prevalence level of 0.7; although there was a large ncrease n hertablty and addtve genetc standard devaton for mlk and fertlty trats n the observed F. hepatca prevalence levels >0.7, only 5% of the data exsted n herd-year prevalence levels >0.7. Very lttle rescalng, therefore, exsts across dfferng herd-year F. hepatca prevalence levels. Wthn-trat genetc correlatons among the performance trats across dfferent herd-year F. hepatca prevalence levels were less than unty for all trats. Nevertheless, wthn-trat genetc correlatons for mlk producton and carcass trats were all >0.8 for F. hepatca prevalence levels between 0.2 and 0.8. The lowest estmate of wthn-trat genetc correlatons for the dfferent fertlty trats ranged from 0.03 (SE = 1.09) n age of frst calvng to 0.54 (SE = 0.22) for calvng to frst servce nterval. Therefore, there was rerankng of sres for fertlty trats across dfferent F. hepatca prevalence levels. In concluson, there was lttle or no genetc varablty n senstvty to F. hepatca prevalence levels among cattle for mlk producton and carcass trats. But, some genetc varablty n senstvty among dary cows dd exst for fertlty trats measured across herds dfferng n F. hepatca prevalence. Key words: carcass, fertlty, genotype-by-envronment, lver fluke, mlk, reacton norm The Author(s) Publshed by Oxford Unversty Press on behalf of the Amercan Socety of Anmal Scence. All rghts reserved. For permssons, please e-mal: journals.permssons@oup.com. J. Anm. Sc : do: /jas/sky108 1 Fundng from the Irsh Department of Agrculture, Food and the Marne STIMULUS research grants HEALTHYGENES and FLUKELESS s greatly apprecated. 2 Correspondng author: donagh.berry@teagasc.e Receved February 6, Accepted March 16, INTRODUCTION Interest s ntensfyng n breedng strateges for anmal robustness because of the expected greater frequency and ntensty of envronmental perturbatons n the future (Frggens et al., 2099

2 2100 Twomey et al. 2017). Classcal breedng approaches to acheve anmal robustness are through crossbreedng complemented wth the ncluson of functonal trats n multple-trat breedng objectves (Amer, 2011); these strateges have mproved anmal ftness and survval n dary cattle (Berry et al., 2016). However, these strateges do not necessarly consder envronmental varablty and ts mpact on the expresson of genetc potental. The use of reacton norms across a gven (envronmental) gradent can be used to depct anmal robustness or reslence (Mulder, 2016). A reacton norm, frst desgnated n German as Reaktonsnorm (Woltereck, 1909), descrbes the phenotypc expresson of a genotype across a range of envronments. A covarance functon ftted across a gradent of an envronmental condton (e.g., average det nutrent densty) provdes estmates of genetc mert for an ndvdual at each pont on the contnuum; such covarance functons can be readly estmated usng random regresson methodology (Kolmodn et al., 2002). The estmated anmal-specfc random regresson coeffcents can subsequently be used to derve the reacton norm of that ndvdual. In fact, Nguyen et al. (2016) proposed usng such random regresson methodology to generate estmates of the senstvty of ndvdual dary cows to heat tolerance n Australa. The objectve of the present study was to quantfy the nter-anmal genetc varablty n the slope of reacton norms for a selecton of performance trats n cattle across envronments dfferng n Fascola hepatca load; ths was undertaken n an attempt to quantfy the extent of genetc varaton n reslence to F. hepatca. Results wll be useful to determne f breedng programs could be feasbly modfed to select for more reslent anmals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data used n the present study orgnated from the Irsh natonal database managed by the Irsh Cattle Breedng Federaton. Data avalable from the natonal database ncluded ndvdual anmal pedgree and breed composton, all nterherd anmal movements, 305-d mlk producton records (dary cows only), and reproductve records (.e., servce dates, pregnancy dagnoses, and calvng dates). Carcass data (.e., carcass weght, conformaton, and fat score) and F. hepatca-lver damage data were also avalable for slaughtered anmals. Data Mlk producton. Indvdual lactaton records for 305-d mlk yeld (kg), fat yeld (kg), proten yeld (kg), fat content (%), proten content (%), fat-toproten rato, and somatc cell count (SCC) from 2,194,761 lactatons on 1,067,397 dary cows, calvng between the years of 2012 to 2015, nclusve, were avalable. Somatc cell count was normalzed to somatc cell score by takng the natural logarthm of SCC/1,000. Lactaton records were dscarded f the 305-d mlk yeld, fat yeld, proten yeld or SCC was >4 SDs from the respectve party mean. Fertlty data. Data were avalable, between the years of 2012 and 2016, nclusve, on 3,778,592 artfcal and 317,270 natural servce records as well as 5,265,360 calvng records from 2,447,324 dary cows. Where the same cow had 2 servce records wthn 5 d of each other, the earler of the 2 servce records was dscarded. Servce records from herdyears where >80% of cows were recorded as havng only 1 servce were not consdered further, as these herds were lkely to have only recorded the last servce. Fertlty phenotypes were derved smlar to outlned n detal by Berry et al. (2013) for dary cows. Age at frst calvng was defned as the age, n days, when the hefer calved for the frst tme; only records between 660 and 1,400 d of age were retaned. Calvng to frst servce nterval (CFS) was defned as the number of days from calvng to frst servce; CFS records were dscarded f <20 or >250 d. Calvng nterval (CIV) was defned as the number of days between consecutve calvng events. Only CIV records >300 d were retaned; CIV records >600 d were dscarded unless the CFS record for that lactaton was <150 d n whch case only CIV records >800 d were dscarded (Berry et al., 2013). The bnary trat of survval was defned as whether or not a cow successfully reached the next lactaton. A cow was deemed to have survved lactaton n f she had a subsequent calvng date for lactaton n + 1 wthn 600 d of the cow s calvng date for lactaton n. A cow that dd not have a calvng date for lactaton n + 1 and was ether slaughtered or there was >200 d between her last mlk recordng date and the last mlk recordng date of the herd the cow was resdng n, was deemed to not to have survved lactaton n. Survval was only defned for lactatons 5. Carcass data. Slaughter nformaton consstng of carcass weght (kg), conformaton score (1 to 15), fat score (1 to 15) were avalable from 3,971,427 young anmals (.e., males and females <1,096 d of age that were not a regstered sre or had no recorded calvng event) between the years of 2012 and As descrbed by Pabou et al. (2011), carcass weght was measured, on average, 2 h after slaughter followng the removal of the head, legs,

3 Genetc reslence to Fascola hepatca 2101 thoracc and abdomnal organs, and nternal fats and hde. Usng vdeo mage analyss, carcass conformaton and fat scores were graded under the European Unon beef carcass classfcaton system (EUROP). Carcass conformaton and fat score were both scored on a scale of 1 to 15 as descrbed by Englshby et al. (2016). Records from anmals wth a carcass weght <180 and >550 kg were not consdered further. F. hepatca Envronment For all cattle slaughtered n Ireland, lver damage caused by F. hepatca s dagnosed by veternarans on the kll-lne as ether lve F. hepatca observed n the lver at the tme of slaughter or the lver exhbts F. hepatca damage wthout the dentfable presence of lve F. hepatca (Twomey et al., 2016). Records of lvers deemed unaffected by F. hepatca are not recorded n the Irsh Cattle Breedng Federaton database. Lver damage records were avalable from 7 abattors on 835 dates between the years of 2012 and 2015, nclusve; anmals slaughtered n those abattors on those dates wthout any record of lver damage were therefore assumed to have no F. hepatca-damaged lver (Twomey et al., 2016). The F. hepatca-damaged lver data set contaned 121,287 dary cows (.e., females that had at least 1 recorded calvng event) and 755,294 young anmals (.e., males and females <1,096 d of age that were not a regstered sre or had no recorded cavng event). Usng the 2 recorded F. hepatca-damaged lver phenotypes, 2 separate herd-level envronmental phenotypes were derved to reflect the gradent of F. hepatca exposure: 1) the herd-year prevalence of lve F. hepatca n cows, and 2) the herd-year prevalence of F. hepatca n young anmals. In both nstances, only herd-years wth 12 anmals wth a F. hepatca-damaged lver phenotype (.e., absent or present) were retaned. Followng these edts, 1,877 and 12,730 herd-years of cows and young anmals remaned, respectvely. The prevalence of lve F. hepatca n cows was defned as the number of cows that had a recorded lve F. hepatca as a proporton of the total number of cows that had a F. hepatca-damaged lver phenotype (.e., absent or present) n that herd n that year. The herdyear prevalence of F. hepatca n young anmals was defned as the number of young anmals that had recorded postve for lver damage caused by F. hepatca dagnosed (.e., ether lve F. hepatca present n the lver or had no lve F. hepatca present but had damage caused by F. hepatca) as a proporton of the total number of young anmals that had recorded postve or negatve for F. hepatca-damaged lver (.e., absent or present) n that herd n that year. Data Edts Anmals that had an nter-herd movement after 90 d of age were not consdered further. Only ndvdual anmal data from herd-years that had an assocated herd-year F. hepatca prevalence, as descrbed above, were retaned. Anmals wth an unknown sre were subsequently dscarded. General heteross and recombnaton loss coeffcents for n each anmal were calculated as 1 sre dam = n + and 1 sre dam, respectvely, where sre = 1 2 and dam are the proporton of breed n the sre and dam, respectvely. Cow partes >10 were dscarded and were categorzed as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7+. Cow age at calvng relatve to the medan age at calvng of the respectve party was calculated. For carcass trats, young cattle were parttoned nto an age group at slaughter of ether between 366 and 730 d, or between 731 and 1,096 d (Twomey et al., 2016); young anmals were dscarded f they were not assgned ether age group. Anmal age at slaughter relatve to the medan age of the age group was also calculated for young cattle. Contemporary groups for cows were defned as herd-year-season of calvng. For young anmals, contemporary groups were defned as herd-yearseason of brth. All herd-year-season contemporary groups were generated for each trat separately usng an algorthm descrbed n detal by Berry and Evans (2014). The algorthm grouped cows, wthn a gven herd, that calved around the same perod of the year. For the young cattle, the algorthm clustered anmals together that were born n the same herd around the same perod of the year. Contemporary groups wth <5 anmals were dscarded from all data sets. Only contemporary groups wth >1 sre present n the contemporary group were retaned for all data sets n the study. For the fnal analyss, 82,844 and 83,821 lactaton records remaned n the mlk producton data set and fertlty data set, respectvely, whle data from 105,054 young anmal records remaned n the carcass data set (Fg. 1). Statstcal Analyses Components of covarances for mlk producton trats, fertlty trats, and carcass trats were

4 2102 Twomey et al. Fgure 1. Hertablty estmates for 305-d (a) mlk yeld (dotted lne; SE ranged from to 0.105), proten yeld (sold gray lne; SE ranged from to 0.102), proten percentage (thn sold black lne; SE ranged from to 0.086), and somatc cell score (sold black lne; SE ranged from to 0.101) and (b) fat yeld (sold black lne; SE ranged from to 0.115), fat percentage (sold gray lne; SE ranged from to 0.098), fat-to-proten rato (dotted lne; SE ranged from to 0.104) across herd-year prevalence of lve F. hepatca. quantfed usng random regresson sre models ftted across herd-year F. hepatca prevalence levels n ASReml (Glmour et al., 2009). To facltate the estmaton of resdual varances for each trat across envronments, the herd-year prevalence of lve F. hepatca n cows was dvded nto 9 groups as <0.05, 0.05 to <0.15, 0.65 to <0.75, and Snce <2% of herd-years had a herd-year prevalence of F. hepatca n young anmals 0.75, the herdyear prevalence of F. hepatca n young anmals was nstead dvded nto 8 groups as <0.05, 0.05 to <0.15, 0.55 to <0.65, and Resdual varances were assumed homogenous wthn each group but heterogeneous between groups. The random regresson sre models ftted were as follows: V = CG + Het + Re c + age _ calve + party n + β Pfluke + Sre Pfluke + PE + e = 1 n = 1 X = CG + Het + Re c+ sex + factory _ date + age _ slaughter + age _ group + n = 1 β P fluke+ SreP fluke+ e n = 1 where V s the observed mlk or fertlty trat; X s the observed carcass weght, fat score, and conformaton score; CG s the fxed effect of contemporary group; Het s the fxed effect of a general heteross coeffcent (0, >0 to <0.1, 0.1 to < to <1, 1); Rec s the fxed effect of a general recombnaton loss coeffcent (0, >0 to <0.05, 0.05 to <0.1, 0.45 to <0.5, 0.50, >0.50); age_calve s the fxed effect of age at calvng n months relatve to the medan age of the party; party s the fxed effect of party; sex s the fxed effect of gender; factory_date s the fxed effect of the date and abattor of the slaughtered anmal; age_group s the fxed effect of age group at slaughter; age_slaughter s the fxed effect of age at slaughter n months relatve to the medan age of the age group; β s fxed regresson coeffcent on F. hepatca prevalence; sre s the random regresson coeffcent on F. hepatca prevalence assocated wth the addtve genetc effect of sre; P n s nth order Legendre polynomal of F. hepatca prevalence (ncludng the ntercept); fluke s the F. hepatca prevalence; PE s the random permanent envronmental effect; e s the random resdual effect. The pedgree of each anmal was traced back to the founder populaton whch was allocated to 11 genetc groups based on breed. To determne the most parsmonous fxed effect Legendre polynomal regresson, a vsual comparson of the resultng profle for the dfferent polynomal orders was undertaken. The quadratc fxed effect polynomal was the most approprate for all trats consdered. The most parsmonous order of the random Legendre polynomal regresson on sre was determned from the Akake nformaton crteron and the egenvalues of the estmated covarance matrx. The genetc covarance functon was estmated as δ 2 = Φ KΦ where δ 2 s the covarance matrx for F. hepatca prevalence, Φ s the matrx of Legendre polynomal F. hepatca prevalence regresson coeffcents, and K s the estmated varance covarance matrx of the random polynomal coeffcents whch was

5 Genetc reslence to Fascola hepatca 2103 multpled by 4 to transform from a sre varance to a genetc varance. Usng the generated breedng values for all performance trats, reacton norms were also estmated for a random selecton of sres that dffered n there reslence to F. hepatca that had >30 progeny from >5 contemporary groups. RESULTS The frequency dstrbuton of the number of records n the dfferent herd-year prevalence levels of F. hepatca s n Supplementary Fg. S1. The mean herd-year prevalence level of lve F. hepatca n dary cows was 23% to 25% dependng on the trat analyzed; 5% of herd-years had a herd-year prevalence >70%. Average herd-year prevalence of F. hepatca-damaged lvers of young anmals was 16%; 3% of herd-years had a herd-year prevalence >70%. The Akake nformaton crteron mproved wth each order n the random sre polynomal regresson up to at least the thrd order (.e., ntercept term, lnear term, and a quadratc term). However, the fourth egenvalue of the cubc random regresson for each trat only accounted for <1% of the genetc varaton. Therefore, a quadratc Legendre polynomal random regresson model was chosen as the most parsmonous model for all trats n the present study. Estmated resdual varances for all trats were relatvely smlar across the dfferent strata of herd-year prevalence of F. hepatca (Supplementary Fgs. S2 and S3). The genetc varance explaned by the frst egenvalue of the ftted random regresson models ranged from 89% (fat yeld) to 99% (proten percentage) for the mlk trats, from 65% (age of frst calvng) to 96% (calvng to frst servce) for the fertlty trats, and 89% (carcass fat) to 97% (carcass weght) for the carcass trats. Reslence n Mlk Producton Usng a random regresson model wth just an ntercept term on sre, the hertablty estmates for the mlk yeld trats and the rato trats ranged from 0.27 (proten yeld) to 0.30 (mlk yeld) and from 0.34 (fat-to-proten rato) to 0.43 (fat percentage), respectvely; the hertablty estmate of somatc cell score was 0.13 (Supplementary Table S1). Usng a quadratc Legendre polynomal random regresson model, hertablty estmates for the mlk producton trats, ncludng somatc cell, across F. hepatca prevalence levels vared between 0.0 and 0.7 were largely smlar to the hertablty estmates usng the ntercept model. However, there was a small ncrease n hertablty estmates for all mlk trats once herd-year F. hepatca prevalence levels exceeded 0.7 (Fg. 1). The addtve genetc standard devaton wthn each of the mlk producton yeld trats was smlar across the F. hepatca prevalence levels between 0.0 and 0.7 (mlk yeld ranged from 503 to 564 kg; Fg. 2). However, the addtve genetc standard devaton for the yeld trats notably ncreased once F. hepatca prevalence levels exceeded 0.7 (ncreased up to 650 kg for mlk yeld; Fg. 2). Smlarly, usng a quadratc Legendre polynomal random regresson model, the addtve genetc standard devaton for each of the rato trats was smlar across all herd-year prevalence levels of lve F. hepatca (proten percentage ranged from 0.15 to 0.16 unts; Fg. 2). Nevertheless, the addtve genetc standard devaton for somatc cell score dd ncrease gradually wth ncreasng F. hepatca prevalence (rangng from unts at a prevalence level of 0.15, to unts at a prevalence level of 1.00; Fg. 2). For the mlk producton trats, the wthn-trat genetc correlatons among the dfferent F. hepatca prevalence levels were less than unty (Supplementary Fg. S4); genetc correlaton between fat yeld at a prevalence level of 0.33 and fat yeld at a prevalence level of 1.00 was as low as 0.49 (SE = 0.066). However, genetc correlatons between the same trat at dfferent F. hepatca prevalence levels between 0.2 and 0.8 were >0.83 for all of the mlk producton trats (Table 1). Genetc correlatons for somatc cell score at F. hepatca prevalence level 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 wth somatc cell score at all other F. hepatca prevalence levels were >0.58 (Fg. 3). Although the majorty of estmated breedng values of sres for mlk yeld trats ncreased as the F. hepatca prevalence ncreased, there were some sres that had a lower estmated breedng value for mlk trats as the F. hepatca prevalence ncreased (Fg. 4). Reslence n Fertlty The hertablty estmates for the 4 dfferent fertlty trats ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 when estmated just usng an ntercept random regresson model (Supplementary Table S1). Usng a quadratc Legendre polynomal random regresson model, the hertablty estmates across the dfferent F. hepatca prevalence levels ranged from 0.01 to 0.06, from 0.01 to 0.60, from to 0.19, and from 0.01 to 0.06 for age of frst calvng, calvng to frst servce nterval, calvng nterval, and survval, respectvely (Fg. 5). The addtve genetc standard

6 2104 Twomey et al. Fgure 2. Addtve genetc standard devaton estmates for 305-d (a) mlk yeld (dotted black lne; kg; secondary axs), fat yeld (thck sold black lne; kg; prmary axs), proten yeld (dashed black lne; kg; prmary axs) and (b) proten percentage (dashed lne; %), fat percentage (thck sold black lne; %), fat-to-proten rato (thn sold black lne; %), and somatc cell score (dotted black lne; log e unts) across herd-year prevalence of lve F. hepatca. Table 1. The smallest wthn-trat genetc correlaton (SE n parenthess) for mlk producton, fertlty trats, and carcass trats across herd-year prevalence levels of F. hepatca, when the consdered range n F. hepatca prevalence was 0.3 to 0.7, 0.2 to 0.8, 0.1 to 0.9, or 0.0 to 1.0 Prevalence range Trat 0.3 to to to to 1.0 Mlk producton trats Mlk yeld 0.97 (0.004) 0.92 (0.010) 0.84 (0.022) 0.73 (0.037) Fat yeld 0.93 (0.008) 0.83 (0.021) 0.67 (0.043) 0.49 (0.066) Proten yeld 0.96 (0.004) 0.90 (0.014) 0.78 (0.031) 0.63 (0.053) Fat percentage 0.97 (0.002) 0.94 (0.003) 0.88 (0.010) 0.82 (0.020) Proten percentage 0.99 (0.001) 0.98 (0.001) 0.97 (0.003) 0.95 (0.005) Fat-to-proten rato 0.96 (0.004) 0.90 (0.012) 0.78 (0.027) 0.63 (0.048) Somatc cell score 0.95 (0.008) 0.87 (0.026) 0.74 (0.055) 0.59 (0.086) Fertlty trats Age of frst calvng 0.69 (0.435) 0.40 (0.747) 0.15 (1.010) 0.03 (1.089) Calvng nterval 0.94 (0.026) 0.88 (0.049) 0.83 (0.074) 0.79 (0.099) Calvng to frst servce 0.76 (0.143) 0.70 (0.173) 0.65 (0.197) 0.54 (0.224) Survval 0.88 (0.082) 0.73 (0.208) 0.52 (0.365) 0.33 (0.483) Carcass trats Carcass weght 0.99 (0.001) 0.97 (0.003) 0.92 (0.007) 0.83 (0.015) Carcass conformaton 0.97 (0.002) 0.93 (0.006) 0.87 (0.014) 0.77 (0.038) Carcass fat 0.94 (0.007) 0.85 (0.021) 0.68 (0.051) 0.44 (0.089)

7 Genetc reslence to Fascola hepatca 2105 Fgure 3. Genetc correlatons for somatc cell score at F. hepatca prevalence level 0.0 (dotted black lne; SE ranged from to 0.168), 0.5 (sold black lne; SE ranged from to 0.143), or 1.0 (dashed black lne; SE ranged from to 0.114) wth somatc cell score at all other F. hepatca-prevalence levels. devaton for age of frst calvng vared from 6.6 to 8.1 d between F. hepatca prevalence levels of 0.0 to 0.7; the addtve genetc standard devaton was 16.2 d where the F. hepatca prevalence level was 1.0 (Fg. 6). The addtve genetc standard devaton for calvng to frst servce nterval was lowest (1.88 d) at prevalence level 0.22 but hgher at both extreme prevalence levels (Fg. 6). For calvng nterval, the addtve genetc standard devaton ncreased from 5.75 d at a F. hepatca prevalence level of 0.0 to at a F. hepatca prevalence level of 1.0. For survval, the addtve genetc standard devaton ncreased as F. hepatca prevalence ncreased (rangng from unts at a prevalence level of 0.0 to unts at a prevalence level of 1.0; Fg. 6). Genetc correlatons wthn each fertlty trat were weak between extreme F. hepatca prevalence levels (Table 1; Fg. 7; Supplementary Fg. S5). Between F. hepatca prevalence level of 0.3 and 0.7, genetc correlatons wthn age of frst calvng, calvng to frst servce, calvng nterval, and survval were 0.69 (SE = 0.435), 0.76 (0.143), 0.94 (0.026), and 0.88 (0.082), respectvely (Table 1). Reacton norms for each fertlty trat for a sample of 6 sres wth >30 progeny from >5 contemporary groups are presented n Fg. 8. There s varaton n the slopes of the reacton norms for the fertlty trats across the F. hepatca prevalence levels, wth some sres beng more reslent to F. hepatca prevalence compare to other sres; Fg. 8). Reslence n Carcass Trats Usng just an ntercept sre random regresson model, the hertablty estmate for carcass weght was 0.59, carcass conformaton was 0.86, and carcass fat was 0.44; the respectve addtve genetc standard devaton estmates were 24.5 kg, 1.14 unts, and 0.99 unts. The hertablty (Fg. 9) and addtve genetc standard devaton (Fg. 10) estmates from a quadratc Legendre polynomal random regresson model were smlar to the estmates from just the ntercept model; across the dfferent F. hepatca prevalence levels, the addtve genetc standard devaton for carcass weght vared from 25.4 to 13.1 kg. The hertablty estmates for carcass fat ncreased wth ncreasng herd-year prevalence of F. hepatca (hertablty ncreased from 0.40 to 0.72), but conversely, the hertablty of carcass weght (hertablty reduced Fgure 4. Estmated breedng values (EBV) for mlk yeld of 6 sres wth >30 progeny from >5 contemporary groups, over the range of herd-year prevalence levels of lve F. hepatca usng a quadratc random regresson model.

8 2106 Twomey et al. Fgure 5. Hertablty estmates for age of frst calvng (dotted black lne; SE ranged from to 0.178; prmary axs), calvng to frst servce (thn sold black lne; SE ranged from to 0.200; secondary axs), calvng nterval (dashed black lne; SE ranged from to 0.096; prmary axs), and survval (thck sold black lne; SE ranged from to 0.200; prmary axs) across herd-year prevalence levels of lve F. hepatca. from 0.67 to 0.17) and carcass conformaton (hertablty reduced from 0.98 to 0.44) decreased wth ncreasng prevalence of F. hepatca (Fg. 9). The weakest wthn-trat genetc correlaton for carcass weght was 0.83 (SE = 0.015) between prevalence level 0.00 and 0.61, carcass conformaton was 0.77 (SE = 0.038) between prevalence level 0.35 and 1.00, and carcass fat was 0.44 (SE = 0.089) between a prevalence level of 0.34 and 1.00, across the herd-year F. hepatca prevalence levels (Table 1; Supplementary Fg. S6). Between F. hepatca prevalence levels of 0.2 and 0.8, the wthn-trat genetc correlatons were all >0.85. DISCUSSION Clmate change wll have a sgnfcant effect on future lvestock producton systems, by ncreasng socetal pressure to adopt agrcultural mtgaton strateges, partcularly n rumnant producton systems, as well as by exposure to a greater pathogen load or novel pathogens (Thornton et al., 2009; Rojas-Downng et al., 2017) ncludng parastes (van Djk et al., 2009). For example, clmate change may contrbute to an ncrease n the proporton of European herds exposed to F. hepatca (currently rangng from 6% n Sweden to 86% n Wales; Sekya et al., 2013). Fox et al. (2011) reported an ncrease n prevalence and spatotemporal varaton of F. hepatca n the Unted Kngdom over the prevous 4 decades, and they attrbuted that to clmate change. Therefore, not only do future lvestock breedng programs need to breed anmals resstant to both the dversty and pressures of pathogens, but also genetcally select anmals reslent to envronments wth hgh pathogen load (.e., ablty to mantan performance n envronments of hgh pathogen load; Bshop, 2012). Many studes n cattle have attempted to quantfy the extent of genotype envronment (G E) nteractons, but the envronmental gradent n these studes have generally been confned to dfferences n herd nutrton (Pryce et al., 1999; Berry et al., 2003; Ouweltjes et al., 2007), herd mean performance (Kolmodn et al., 2002; Wndg et al., 2005; Strandberg et al., 2009), or herd temperature-humdty ndex (Bryant et al., 2007). There s a dearth of nformaton on the extent of G E nteractons or reslence among cattle across envronments dfferng n dsease pathogen load. To our knowledge, herd somatc cell score remans the only health-related trat used n defnng the Fgure 6. Addtve genetc standard devaton estmates for age of frst calvng (dotted black lne; prmary axs), calvng to frst servce (thn sold black lne; prmary axs), calvng nterval (dashed black lne; prmary axs), and survval (thck sold black lne; secondary axs) across herd-year prevalence levels of lve F. hepatca.

9 Genetc reslence to Fascola hepatca 2107 Fgure 7. The genetc correlatons wthn trat between F. hepatca prevalence level 0.0 (dotted black lne), 0.5 (flled sold black lne), and 1.0 (dashed black lne) and the rest of the F. hepatca prevalence levels for (a) age of frst calvng (not sgnfcantly dfferent from one; SE ranged from 0 to 1.21), (b) calvng to frst servce (SE ranged from 0.00 to 0.22), (c) calvng nterval (SE ranged from 0.00 to 0.13), and (d) survval (SE ranged from 0.00 to 0.57). Fgure 8. Estmated breedng values (EBV) for 6 sres wth >30 progeny from >5 contemporary groups, over the range of herd-year prevalence levels of F. hepatca for (a) age of frst calvng, (b) calvng to frst servce, (c) calvng nterval, and (d) survval usng a quadratc random regresson model.

10 2108 Twomey et al. Fgure 9. Hertablty estmates for carcass weght (dotted black lne; SE ranged from to 0.171), carcass conformaton score (dashed black lne; SE ranged from to 0.169), and carcass fat score (sold black lne; SE ranged from to 0.211) across herd-year prevalence levels of F. hepatca. envronmental gradent when nvestgatng G E nteractons or reslence for performance trats n dary cattle, and even at that, the number of studes are few (Calus and Veerkamp, 2003; Stret et al., 2012). The present study, therefore, attempted to quantfy the mpact of ncreasng envronmental parastc load (F. hepatca) on ndvdual anmal performance for a range of dfferent performance trats. Reslence to Paraste Dseases In the present study, reslence was defned as the productvty of an anmal n the face of nfecton smlar to that proposed by Bshop (2012). Reslence to paraste dseases has prevously been documented n sheep by Albers et al. (1987) who compared the phenotype of reslence by measurng the growth rate of ndvdual sheep n a controlled expermental model of Haemonchus contortus nfecton. Alternatvely, Morrs et al. (2010) used age of frst anthelmntc treatment or the number of anthelmntc treatments requred when lambs were selectvely treated based on weght and dag score (measure of fecal solng around the tal) to measure reslence. Morrs et al. (2010) reported a hertablty estmate for the age of frst treatment (.e., anthelmnthc) of 0.13 (SE = 0.02) and a close to zero genetc correlaton ( 0.1; SE = 0.02) between resstance (.e., fecal egg count) and reslence (.e., age at frst treatment). However, these phenotypes of reslence are not sutable for genetc selecton as the underlyng genetc varaton s confounded wth genetc varaton for growth (Bsset and Morrs, 1996). Mulder (2016) suggested that G E nteractons usng envronmental pathogen (.e., paraste) load as the envronmental gradent would n fact be a better ndcaton of the extent of genetc varablty of reslence to dseases. The exstence of G E nteractons (and reslence) s determned by 1) the change n genetc varaton across the envronmental gradent (.e., scalng effect) and 2) the genetc correlaton between the same trat n dfferent envronments beng less than unty (.e., rerankng; Falconer, 1952; Falconer and Mackay, 1996). Scalng Effect Results from the present study ndcate lttle or no genetc varablty n reslence among cattle to F. hepatca for a wde range of performance ndcators. The wthn-trat estmated genetc varances for mlk and fertlty trats were smlar across the majorty of F. hepatca prevalence levels wth the excepton of prevalence levels >0.7 (.e., 305-d mlk yeld ranged from 503 to 564 kg). However, the ncrease n genetc varance n prevalence levels >0.7 for some trats could smply be a functon of Fgure 10. Addtve genetc standard devaton estmates for carcass weght (dotted black lne; secondary axs), carcass confrmaton score (dashed black lne; prmary axs), and carcass fat score (sold black lne; prmary axs) across herd-year prevalence levels of F. hepatca.

11 Genetc reslence to Fascola hepatca 2109 the mathematcal propertes of random regressons, whch are heavly levered by data at the boundares of the parametrc space (Meyer, 1998). Ths may have been a contrbutng factor n the present study snce only 5% of the fertlty and mlk data were represented n the prevalence levels >0.7. Hgher estmates for genetc varance at the extremtes of the parameter space have also been documented n other studes that used random regresson models (Berry et al., 2003; Hurley et al., 2017; Vsentn et al., 2017). Furthermore, n a supplementary analyss, the genetc varaton for each performance trat n each of the 9 F. hepatca prevalence strata (used to estmate the resdual varance components) was estmated usng tradtonal unvarate models wth just a random sre effect; no large ncrease n genetc varaton was detected for any trat n the hgh prevalence category. Ths further supports the vew that the observed exaggerated ncrease n genetc varaton n F. hepatca prevalence levels >0.7 n the present study when estmated usng the random regresson model, s due to the mathematcal propertes of the random regressons themselves. Addtonally, the egenfuncton assocated wth the largest egenvalue of the estmated covarance matrx for each trat dd not fluctuate across the F. hepatca prevalence levels, and the largest egenvalue accounted for >89% of the genetc varaton for all the trats, wth the excepton of age of frst calvng and survval; the largest egenvalue for age at frst calvng and survval explaned 65% and 83% of the respectve genetc varance. Therefore, gnorng F. hepatca prevalence levels >0.7 (.e., 5% of the data), only a bologcally small scalng effect was detected for any trat. In other words, most sres are expected to have smlar breedng values n the low F. hepatca envronments as n hgh F. hepatca envronments. Although only 6% of the carcass data was n F. hepatca prevalence levels >0.5, the wthn-trat estmated genetc varances for carcass trats were smlar for all F. hepatca prevalence levels, Corroboratng the lack of a change n genetc varance over an envronmental trajectory as observed n the present study, Stret et al. (2012) also documented a relatvely constant genetc varaton for mlk trats across a herd mean somatc cell score trajectory n German Holsten cows. Based on an analyss on 151,696 frst lactaton dary cows, Calus and Veerkamp (2003) reported that the addtve genetc standard devatons for somatc cell score only slghtly ncreased from 0.94 (herd-year somatc cell score n the 10th percentle) to 1.07 (herd-year somatc cell score n the 90th percentle) log 10 unts when usng herd-year somatc cell score as the envronmental descrptor. Furthermore, genetc parameter estmates for carcass weght n 16,867 Scottsh Blackface lambs were smlar n 2 dfferent smlarly managed research flocks managed smlarly yet sgnfcantly dfferent n mean temperature and ranfall (ranfall dffered by 1,500 mm annually between the 2 flocks; McLaren et al., 2012). Although F. hepatca envronmental load was not recorded by McLaren et al. (2012), t was lkely that a dfference n F. hepatca (and possbly other parastes) envronmental load exsted between the 2 farms, snce areas wth hgher temperature and/or ranfall have more F. hepatca present (Selemetas and de Waal, 2015). In concluson, wthn the ranges of envronments commonly observed on farms n Ireland, there appears to be lttle evdence of genetc varaton n reacton norms for tradtonal performance trats across herd-years dfferng n F. hepatca prevalence. Rerankng Although some genetc correlatons estmated n the present study wthn the same trat n dfferent F. hepatca prevalence levels were as low as 0.03 (age of frst calvng) for F. hepatca prevalence levels between 0 and 0.8, lttle exstence of rerankng for mlk producton and carcass trats were evdent; all genetc correlatons were n fact >0.8. Robertson (1959) suggested that trats wth a genetc correlaton >0.8 should be treated as beng the same trat. Thus, there s no need for genetc evaluatons to consder mlk and carcass performance n envronments dfferng n F. hepatca prevalence to be dfferent trats. The same s true for consderaton of separate breedng programs dependng on the envronment n whch the anmals wll be producng. Ths concluson s substantated by a smulaton descrbed by Mulder et al. (2006) who reported that maxmum genetc gan can be acheved by usng only 1 breedng program f genetc correlatons between envronments were >0.6. The mnmal extent of rerankng n the present study for mlk producton and carcass trats n envronments dfferng n F. hepatca prevalence was somewhat expected as mlk producton and carcass trats are only weakly genetcally (May et al., 2017; Twomey et al., 2018) and phenotypcally (Mezo et al., 2011; Sanchez-Vazquez and Lews, 2013) assocated wth phenotypes reflectng F. hepatca nfecton. Nonetheless, a notceable weakenng of the wthn-trat genetc correlatons between mlk productons trats n F. hepatca prevalence levels >0.8 and the rest of the F. hepatca prevalence levels, however,

12 2110 Twomey et al. these were assocated to larger standard errors. For example, the genetc correlaton between mlk yeld at F. hepatca prevalence level 0.1 and 0.5 was 0.97, whereas the genetc correlaton between mlk yeld at F. hepatca prevalence level 0.5 and 0.9 was 0.87, and the respectve standard errors were and Although no prevous study has attempted to quantfy the extent of G E nteracton n dary cows across envronments dfferng n parastc load, lttle rerankng for mlk producton trats has been documented when comparng the contrastng mlk producton systems of grazng and confnement envronments (genetc correlatons ranged from 0.89 to 0.91; Kearney et al., 2004). Stret et al. (2012) also concluded that there was almost no rerankng for mlk trats n German Fresan cows across envronments dfferng n herd mean somatc cell score (genetc correlatons were >0.90). Despte the lack of wdespread rerankng for mlk producton and carcass trats n the present study, consderable rerankng of sres was expected for the fertlty trats across the dfferent F. hepatca prevalence levels; nonetheless, the estmated genetc correlatons were assocated wth large samplng varablty attrbutable manly to the low hertablty of the fertlty trats and also a paucty of data at the extremes. The presence of the G E nteracton for fertlty trats n envronments dfferng n F. hepatca prevalence was not unexpected gven the known genetc assocaton that exsts between fertlty trats and F. hepatca-phenotypes (Twomey et al., 2018). The larger extent of rerankng for fertlty trats n the present study suggests that sres that descended n rank as F. hepatca prevalence ncreased were not reslent to the envronmental load of F. hepatca. CONCLUSION The lack of any major change n genetc varance of the performance trats across the majorty of F. hepatca prevalence levels suggests mnmal rescalng. More mportantly, however the strong postve genetc correlatons wthn all trats across the dfferent envronments for F. hepatca prevalence n the present study, suggests that there s mnmal rerankng of sres for mlk producton and carcass trats. Therefore, lttle or no genetc varaton for reslence to F. hepatca was observed n the present study when mlk producton and carcass trats were used as performance ndcators. Consderable rerankng was evdent, however, for fertlty n envronments dfferng n F. hepatca prevalence, although the estmated genetc correlatons were assocated wth relatvely large standard errors. Thus, genetc evaluatons for fertlty trats should deally take cognzant of the F. hepatca envronmental load; moreover, further quantfcaton of the extent of G E for fertlty trats across herds dfferng n mean health status s warranted. Nonetheless, as the majorty of herds n the present study currently do not have an extremely hgh envronmental load for F. hepatca, t would not probably be economcally feasble to mplement a natonal breedng goal whch consders reslence to F. hepatca. However, the mpact of clmate change on forecasted F. hepatca prevalence may suggest consderaton may be merted n the future. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary data are avalable at Journal of Anmal Scence onlne. LITERATURE CITED Albers, G. A., G. D. Gray, L. R. Pper, J. S. Barker, L. F. Le Jambre, and I. A. Barger The genetcs of resstance and reslence to haemonchus contortus nfecton n young merno sheep. Int. J. Parastol. 17: do: / (87) Amer, P. R Turnng scence on robust cattle nto mproved genetc selecton decsons. Anmal 6: do: /s Berry, D. P., F. Buckley, P. Dllon, R. D. Evans, M. Rath, and R. F. Veerkamp Estmaton of genotype envronment nteractons, n a grass-based system, for mlk yeld, body condton score, and body weght usng random regresson models. Lvest. Prod. Sc. 83: do: / S (03) Berry, D. P., and R. D. Evans Genetcs of reproductve performance n seasonal calvng beef cows and ts assocaton wth performance trats. J. Anm. Sc. 92: do: /jas Berry, D. P., N. C. Frggens, M. Lucy, and J. R. Roche Mlk producton and fertlty n cattle. Annu. Rev. Anm. Bosc. 4: do: / annurev-anmal Berry, D. P., J. Kearney, K. Twomey, and R. Evans Genetcs of reproductve performance n seasonal calvng dary cattle producton systems. Ir. J. Agrc. Food Res. 52:1 16. Bshop, S. C A consderaton of resstance and tolerance for rumnant nematode nfectons. Front. Genet. 3:168. do: /fgene Bsset, S. A., and C. A. Morrs Feasblty and mplcatons of breedng sheep for reslence to nematode challenge. Int. J. Parastol. 26: do: / S (96) Bryant, J. R., N. López Vllalobos, J. E. Pryce, C. W. Holmes, and D. L. Johnson Quantfyng the effect of thermal envronment on producton trats n three breeds of dary cattle n New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Agr. Res. 50: do: / Calus, M. P. L., and R. F. Veerkamp Estmaton of envronmental senstvty of genetc mert for mlk producton

13 Genetc reslence to Fascola hepatca 2111 trats usng a random regresson model. J. Dary Sc. 86: do: /jds.s (03) Englshby, T. M., G. Banos, K. L. Moore, M. P. Coffey, R. D. Evans, and D. P. Berry Genetc analyss of carcass trats n beef cattle usng random regresson models. J. Anm. Sc. 94: do: /jas Falconer, D. S The problem of envronment and selecton. Am. Nat. 86: do: / Falconer, D. S., and T. F. C. Mackay Introducton to quanttatve genetcs. 4 ed. Longmans Green, Harlow, Essex, UK. Fox, N. J., P. C. Whte, C. J. McClean, G. Maron, A. Evans, and M. R. Hutchngs Predctng mpacts of clmate change on fascola hepatca rsk. PLoS One 6:e do: /journal.pone Frggens, N. C., F. Blanc, D. P. Berry, and L. Pullet Revew: decpherng anmal robustness. A synthess to facltate ts use n lvestock breedng and management. Anmal 11: do: /s x Glmour, A. R., B. J. Gogel, B. R. Culls, and R. Thompson ASReml user gude release 3.0. VSN Internatonal Ltd, Hemel Hempstead. Hurley, A. M., N. López-Vllalobos, S. McParland, E. Lews, E. Kennedy, M. O Donovan, J. L. Burke, and D. P. Berry Genetcs of alternatve defntons of feed effcency n grazng lactatng dary cows. J. Dary Sc. 100: do: /jds Kearney, J. F., M. M. Schutz, P. J. Boettcher, and K. A. Wegel Genotype envronment nteracton for grazng versus confnement. I. Producton Trats. J. Dary Sc. 87: do: /jds.s (04) Kolmodn, R., E. Strandberg, P. Madsen, J. Jensen, and H. Jorjan Genotype by envronment nteracton n Nordc dary cattle studed usng reacton norms. Acta Agrc. Scand. A Anm. Sc. 52: do: / May, K., K. Brügemann, T. Yn, C. Scheper, C. Strube, and S. Köng Genetc lne comparsons and genetc parameters for endoparaste nfectons and test-day mlk producton trats. J. Dary Sc. 100: do: /jds McLaren, A., N. R. Lambe, S. Brotherstone, J. Conngton, R. Mrode, and L. Bünger Investgaton nto the presence of genotype by envronment nteractons (G E) n Scottsh Blackface lamb trats. Small Rumn. Res. 105: do: /j.smallrumres Meyer, K Estmatng covarance functons for longtudnal data usng a random regresson model. Genet. Sel. Evol. 30:221. do: / Mezo, M., M. González-Warleta, J. A. Castro-Hermda, L. Muño, and F. M. Ubera Assocaton between ant-f. Hepatca antbody levels n mlk and producton losses n dary cows. Vet. Parastol. 180: do: /j.vetpar Morrs, C. A., S. A. Bsset, A. Vlassoff, M. Wheeler, C. J. West, B. P. Devanter, and A. D. Mackay Selectng for reslence n Romney sheep under nematode paraste challenge, New Zeal. J. Agr. Res. 53: do: / Mulder, H. A Genomc selecton mproves response to selecton n reslence by explotng genotype by envronment nteractons. Front. Genet. 7:178. do: / fgene Mulder, H. A., R. F. Veerkamp, B. J. Ducro, J. A. M. van Arendonk, and P. Bjma Optmzaton of dary cattle breedng programs for dfferent envronments wth genotype by envronment nteracton. J. Dary Sc. 89: do: /jds.s (06) Nguyen, T. T. T., P. J. Bowman, M. Hale-Maram, J. E. Pryce, and B. J. Hayes Genomc selecton for tolerance to heat stress n australan dary cattle. J. Dary Sc. 99: do: /jds Ouweltjes, W., B. Beerda, J. J. Wndg, M. P. L. Calus, and R. F. Veerkamp Effects of management and genetcs on udder health and mlk composton n dary cows. J. Dary Sc. 90: do: /jds.s (07) Pabou, T., W. F. Fkse, A. R. Crome, M. G. Keane, A. Näsholm, and D. P. Berry Use of dgtal mages to predct carcass cut yelds n cattle. Lvest. Sc. 137: do: /j.lvsc Pryce, J. E., B. L. Nelsen, R. F. Veerkamp, and G. Smm Genotype and feedng system effects and nteractons for health and fertlty trats n dary cattle. Lvest. Prod. Sc. 57: do: /s (98) Robertson, A The samplng varance of the genetc correlaton coeffcent. Bometrcs 15: do: / Rojas-Downng, M. M., A. P. Nejadhashem, T. Harrgan, and S. A. Woznck Clmate change and lvestock: mpacts, adaptaton, and mtgaton. Clm Rsk Manag. 16: do: /j.crm Sanchez-Vazquez, M. J., and F. I. Lews Investgatng the mpact of fascoloss on cattle carcase performance. Vet. Parastol. 193: do: /j. vetpar Sekya, M., A. Zntl, and M. L. Doherty Bulk mlk ELISA and the dagnoss of paraste nfectons n dary herds: a revew. Ir. Vet. J. 66:14. do: / Selemetas, N., and T. de Waal Detecton of major clmatc and envronmental predctors of lver fluke exposure rsk n reland usng spatal cluster analyss. Vet. Parastol. 209: do: /j.vetpar Strandberg, E., S. Brotherstone, E. Wall, and M. P. Coffey Genotype by envronment nteracton for frst-lactaton female fertlty trats n UK dary cattle. J. Dary Sc. 92: do: /jds Stret, M., F. Renhardt, G. Thaller, and J. Bennewtz Reacton norms and genotype-by-envronment nteracton n the german holsten dary cattle. J. Anm. Breed. Genet. 129: do: /j x Thornton, P. K., J. van de Steeg, A. Notenbaert, and M. Herrero The mpacts of clmate change on lvestock and lvestock systems n developng countres: a revew of what we know and what we need to know. Agrc Syst. 101: do: /j. agsy Twomey, A. J., R. I. Carroll, M. L. Doherty, N. Byrne, D. A. Graham, R. G. Sayers, A. Blom, and D. P. Berry Genetc correlatons between endo-paraste phenotypes and economcally mportant trats n dary and beef cattle. J. Anm. Sc. 96: do: /jas/sky008 Twomey, A. J., R. G. Sayers, R. I. Carroll, N. Byrne, E. O. Bren, M. L. Doherty, J. C. McClure, D. A. Graham, and D. P. Berry Genetc parameters for both a lver damage phenotype caused by Fascola hepatca and antbody

14 2112 Twomey et al. response to Fascola hepatca phenotype n dary and beef cattle. J. Anm. Sc. 94: do: /jas van Djk, J., N. D. Sargson, F. Kenyon, and P. J. Skuce Clmate change and nfectous dsease: helmnthologcal challenges to farmed rumnants n temperate regons. Anmal 4: do: /s Vsentn, G., S. McParland, M. De March, A. McDermott, M. A. Fenelon, M. Penasa, and D. P. Berry Processng characterstcs of dary cow mlk are moderately hertable. J. Dary Sc. 100: do: /jds Wndg, J. J., M. P. Calus, and R. F. Veerkamp Influence of herd envronment on health and fertlty and ther relatonshp wth mlk producton. J. Dary Sc. 88: do: /jds.s (05)72693-x Woltereck, R Wetere expermenelle untersuchungen uber artveranderung, spezell uber des wesen quanttatver artunterschede be daphnden ( Further nvestgatons of type varaton, specfcally concernng the nature of quanttatve dfferences between varetes of Daphna ). Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 19:

15 Reproduced wth permsson of copyrght owner. Further reproducton prohbted wthout permsson.

Parameter Estimates of a Random Regression Test Day Model for First Three Lactation Somatic Cell Scores

Parameter Estimates of a Random Regression Test Day Model for First Three Lactation Somatic Cell Scores Parameter Estmates of a Random Regresson Test Day Model for Frst Three actaton Somatc Cell Scores Z. u, F. Renhardt and R. Reents Unted Datasystems for Anmal Producton (VIT), Hedeweg 1, D-27280 Verden,

More information

Joint Modelling Approaches in diabetes research. Francisco Gude Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago

Joint Modelling Approaches in diabetes research. Francisco Gude Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago Jont Modellng Approaches n dabetes research Clncal Epdemology Unt, Hosptal Clínco Unverstaro de Santago Outlne 1 Dabetes 2 Our research 3 Some applcatons Dabetes melltus Is a serous lfe-long health condton

More information

Copy Number Variation Methods and Data

Copy Number Variation Methods and Data Copy Number Varaton Methods and Data Copy number varaton (CNV) Reference Sequence ACCTGCAATGAT TAAGCCCGGG TTGCAACGTTAGGCA Populaton ACCTGCAATGAT TAAGCCCGGG TTGCAACGTTAGGCA ACCTGCAATGAT TTGCAACGTTAGGCA

More information

International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS)

International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS) Internatonal Assocaton of Scentfc Innovaton and Research (IASIR (An Assocaton Unfyng the Scences, Engneerng, and Appled Research Internatonal Journal of Emergng Technologes n Computatonal and Appled Scences

More information

GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING PROGRAMS: A REVIEW

GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING PROGRAMS: A REVIEW GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING PROGRAMS: A REVIEW HUGO H. MONTALDO n a smple genetc model for a quanttatve trat, the phenotype s consdered as the sum of ndependent genetc and

More information

I I I I I I I I I I I I 60

I I I I I I I I I I I I 60 EFFECT OF AGE, STAGE OF LACTATON, MLK YELD AND HEALTH EVENTS ON LENGTH OF PRODUCTVE LFE N SWEDSH DARY CATTLE ASSESSED BY SURVVAL ANALYSS. P.A. Oltenacu l, J. Carvalhera, U. Emanuelson 2 and V. Ducrocq

More information

310 Int'l Conf. Par. and Dist. Proc. Tech. and Appl. PDPTA'16

310 Int'l Conf. Par. and Dist. Proc. Tech. and Appl. PDPTA'16 310 Int'l Conf. Par. and Dst. Proc. Tech. and Appl. PDPTA'16 Akra Sasatan and Hrosh Ish Graduate School of Informaton and Telecommuncaton Engneerng, Toka Unversty, Mnato, Tokyo, Japan Abstract The end-to-end

More information

Using the Perpendicular Distance to the Nearest Fracture as a Proxy for Conventional Fracture Spacing Measures

Using the Perpendicular Distance to the Nearest Fracture as a Proxy for Conventional Fracture Spacing Measures Usng the Perpendcular Dstance to the Nearest Fracture as a Proxy for Conventonal Fracture Spacng Measures Erc B. Nven and Clayton V. Deutsch Dscrete fracture network smulaton ams to reproduce dstrbutons

More information

Modeling the Survival of Retrospective Clinical Data from Prostate Cancer Patients in Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana

Modeling the Survival of Retrospective Clinical Data from Prostate Cancer Patients in Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana Internatonal Journal of Appled Scence and Technology Vol. 5, No. 6; December 2015 Modelng the Survval of Retrospectve Clncal Data from Prostate Cancer Patents n Komfo Anokye Teachng Hosptal, Ghana Asedu-Addo,

More information

Physical Model for the Evolution of the Genetic Code

Physical Model for the Evolution of the Genetic Code Physcal Model for the Evoluton of the Genetc Code Tatsuro Yamashta Osamu Narkyo Department of Physcs, Kyushu Unversty, Fukuoka 8-856, Japan Abstract We propose a physcal model to descrbe the mechansms

More information

NHS Outcomes Framework

NHS Outcomes Framework NHS Outcomes Framework Doman 1 Preventng people from dyng prematurely Indcator Specfcatons Verson: 1.21 Date: May 2018 Author: Clncal Indcators Team NHS Outcomes Framework: Doman 1 Preventng people from

More information

Economic crisis and follow-up of the conditions that define metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Catalonia,

Economic crisis and follow-up of the conditions that define metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Catalonia, Economc crss and follow-up of the condtons that defne metabolc syndrome n a cohort of Catalona, 2005-2012 Laa Maynou 1,2,3, Joan Gl 4, Gabrel Coll-de-Tuero 5,2, Ton Mora 6, Carme Saurna 1,2, Anton Scras

More information

Estimating the distribution of the window period for recent HIV infections: A comparison of statistical methods

Estimating the distribution of the window period for recent HIV infections: A comparison of statistical methods Research Artcle Receved 30 September 2009, Accepted 15 March 2010 Publshed onlne n Wley Onlne Lbrary (wleyonlnelbrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/sm.3941 Estmatng the dstrbuton of the wndow perod for recent HIV

More information

Study and Comparison of Various Techniques of Image Edge Detection

Study and Comparison of Various Techniques of Image Edge Detection Gureet Sngh et al Int. Journal of Engneerng Research Applcatons RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Study Comparson of Varous Technques of Image Edge Detecton Gureet Sngh*, Er. Harnder sngh** *(Department of

More information

Maize Varieties Combination Model of Multi-factor. and Implement

Maize Varieties Combination Model of Multi-factor. and Implement Maze Varetes Combnaton Model of Mult-factor and Implement LIN YANG,XIAODONG ZHANG,SHAOMING LI Department of Geographc Informaton Scence Chna Agrcultural Unversty No. 17 Tsnghua East Road, Bejng 100083

More information

Statistical Analysis on Infectious Diseases in Dubai, UAE

Statistical Analysis on Infectious Diseases in Dubai, UAE Internatonal Journal of Preventve Medcne Research Vol. 1, No. 4, 015, pp. 60-66 http://www.ascence.org/journal/jpmr Statstcal Analyss on Infectous Dseases 1995-013 n Duba, UAE Khams F. G. 1, Hussan H.

More information

WHO S ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE: RATING THE RANKINGS

WHO S ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE: RATING THE RANKINGS WHO S ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE: RATING THE RANKINGS ELLIOTT PARKER and JEANNE WENDEL * Department of Economcs, Unversty of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA SUMMARY Ths paper examnes the econometrc

More information

ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS FOR SELECTING STABLE AND ADAPTED SPRING BREAD WHEAT GENOTYPES IN MULTI - ENVIRONMENTS ABSTRACT

ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS FOR SELECTING STABLE AND ADAPTED SPRING BREAD WHEAT GENOTYPES IN MULTI - ENVIRONMENTS ABSTRACT Hasan Kılıç The Journal of Anmal & Plant Scences, : 01, Page: J. 390-398 Anm. Plant Sc. :01 ISSN: 1018-7081 ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS FOR SELECTING STABLE AND ADAPTED SPRING BREAD

More information

Price linkages in value chains: methodology

Price linkages in value chains: methodology Prce lnkages n value chans: methodology Prof. Trond Bjorndal, CEMARE. Unversty of Portsmouth, UK. and Prof. José Fernández-Polanco Unversty of Cantabra, Span. FAO INFOSAMAK Tangers, Morocco 14 March 2012

More information

INITIAL ANALYSIS OF AWS-OBSERVED TEMPERATURE

INITIAL ANALYSIS OF AWS-OBSERVED TEMPERATURE INITIAL ANALYSIS OF AWS-OBSERVED TEMPERATURE Wang Yng, Lu Xaonng, Ren Zhhua, Natonal Meteorologcal Informaton Center, Bejng, Chna Tel.:+86 684755, E-mal:cdcsjk@cma.gov.cn Abstract From, n Chna meteorologcal

More information

The Limits of Individual Identification from Sample Allele Frequencies: Theory and Statistical Analysis

The Limits of Individual Identification from Sample Allele Frequencies: Theory and Statistical Analysis The Lmts of Indvdual Identfcaton from Sample Allele Frequences: Theory and Statstcal Analyss Peter M. Vsscher 1 *, Wllam G. Hll 2 1 Queensland Insttute of Medcal Research, Brsbane, Australa, 2 Insttute

More information

Modeling Multi Layer Feed-forward Neural. Network Model on the Influence of Hypertension. and Diabetes Mellitus on Family History of

Modeling Multi Layer Feed-forward Neural. Network Model on the Influence of Hypertension. and Diabetes Mellitus on Family History of Appled Mathematcal Scences, Vol. 7, 2013, no. 41, 2047-2053 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hkar.com Modelng Mult Layer Feed-forward Neural Network Model on the Influence of Hypertenson and Dabetes Melltus on Famly

More information

Using Past Queries for Resource Selection in Distributed Information Retrieval

Using Past Queries for Resource Selection in Distributed Information Retrieval Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs Department of Computer Scence Techncal Reports Department of Computer Scence 2011 Usng Past Queres for Resource Selecton n Dstrbuted Informaton Retreval Sulleyman Cetntas

More information

A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Education on Social Capital

A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Education on Social Capital A Meta-Analyss of the Effect of Educaton on Socal Captal Huang Jan ** "Scholar" Research Center for Educaton and Labor Market Department of Economcs, Unversty of Amsterdam and Tnbergen Insttute by Henrëtte

More information

Prediction of Total Pressure Drop in Stenotic Coronary Arteries with Their Geometric Parameters

Prediction of Total Pressure Drop in Stenotic Coronary Arteries with Their Geometric Parameters Tenth Internatonal Conference on Computatonal Flud Dynamcs (ICCFD10), Barcelona, Span, July 9-13, 2018 ICCFD10-227 Predcton of Total Pressure Drop n Stenotc Coronary Arteres wth Ther Geometrc Parameters

More information

CONSTRAINTS LIMITING THE EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF CATTLE IN BANGLADESH

CONSTRAINTS LIMITING THE EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF CATTLE IN BANGLADESH XA00320 CONSTRAINTS LIMITING THE EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF CATTLE IN BANGLADESH M. SHAMSUDDIN, M.M.U. BHUIYAN, T.K. SIKDER, A.H. SUGULLE, P.K. CHANDA, M.G.S. ALAM Department of Surgery and

More information

Are National School Lunch Program Participants More Likely to be Obese? Dealing with Identification

Are National School Lunch Program Participants More Likely to be Obese? Dealing with Identification Are Natonal School Lunch Program Partcpants More Lkely to be Obese? Dealng wth Identfcaton Janet G. Peckham Graduate Student, Clemson Unversty (jgemml@clemson.edu) Jaclyn D. Kropp Assstant Professor, Clemson

More information

What Determines Attitude Improvements? Does Religiosity Help?

What Determines Attitude Improvements? Does Religiosity Help? Internatonal Journal of Busness and Socal Scence Vol. 4 No. 9; August 2013 What Determnes Atttude Improvements? Does Relgosty Help? Madhu S. Mohanty Calforna State Unversty-Los Angeles Los Angeles, 5151

More information

A MIXTURE OF EXPERTS FOR CATARACT DIAGNOSIS IN HOSPITAL SCREENING DATA

A MIXTURE OF EXPERTS FOR CATARACT DIAGNOSIS IN HOSPITAL SCREENING DATA Journal of Theoretcal and Appled Informaton Technology 2005 ongong JATIT & LLS ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatt.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 A MIXTURE OF EXPERTS FOR CATARACT DIAGNOSIS IN HOSPITAL SCREENING DATA 1 SUNGMIN

More information

Fitsum Zewdu, Junior Research Fellow. Working Paper No 3/ 2010

Fitsum Zewdu, Junior Research Fellow. Working Paper No 3/ 2010 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY IN ETHIOPIA: EVIDENCE FROM DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY Ftsum Zewdu, Junor Research Fellow Workng Paper No 3/ 2010 Ethopan Economcs Assocaton / Ethopan

More information

The Effect of Fish Farmers Association on Technical Efficiency: An Application of Propensity Score Matching Analysis

The Effect of Fish Farmers Association on Technical Efficiency: An Application of Propensity Score Matching Analysis The Effect of Fsh Farmers Assocaton on Techncal Effcency: An Applcaton of Propensty Score Matchng Analyss Onumah E. E, Esslfe F. L, and Asumng-Brempong, S 15 th July, 2016 Background and Motvaton Outlne

More information

A comparison of statistical methods in interrupted time series analysis to estimate an intervention effect

A comparison of statistical methods in interrupted time series analysis to estimate an intervention effect Peer revew stream A comparson of statstcal methods n nterrupted tme seres analyss to estmate an nterventon effect a,b, J.J.J., Walter c, S., Grzebeta a, R. & Olver b, J. a Transport and Road Safety, Unversty

More information

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND Z-SCORES COMMON CORE ALGEBRA II

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND Z-SCORES COMMON CORE ALGEBRA II Name: Date: THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND Z-SCORES COMMON CORE ALGEBRA II The normal dstrbuton can be used n ncrements other than half-standard devatons. In fact, we can use ether our calculators or tables

More information

Saeed Ghanbari, Seyyed Mohammad Taghi Ayatollahi*, Najaf Zare

Saeed Ghanbari, Seyyed Mohammad Taghi Ayatollahi*, Najaf Zare DOI:http://dx.do.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.14.5655 and Anthracyclne- Breast Cancer Treatment and Survval n the Eastern Medterranean and Asa: a Meta-analyss RESEARCH ARTICLE Comparng Role of Two Chemotherapy

More information

NUMERICAL COMPARISONS OF BIOASSAY METHODS IN ESTIMATING LC50 TIANHONG ZHOU

NUMERICAL COMPARISONS OF BIOASSAY METHODS IN ESTIMATING LC50 TIANHONG ZHOU NUMERICAL COMPARISONS OF BIOASSAY METHODS IN ESTIMATING LC50 by TIANHONG ZHOU B.S., Chna Agrcultural Unversty, 2003 M.S., Chna Agrcultural Unversty, 2006 A THESIS submtted n partal fulfllment of the requrements

More information

A GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LEUKEMIA DEATHS RELATING TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. Whitney Thompson, Sarah McGinnis, Darius McDaniel,

A GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LEUKEMIA DEATHS RELATING TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. Whitney Thompson, Sarah McGinnis, Darius McDaniel, A GEOGRAPHICAL AD STATISTICAL AALYSIS OF LEUKEMIA DEATHS RELATIG TO UCLEAR POWER PLATS Whtney Thompson, Sarah McGnns, Darus McDanel, Jean Sexton, Rebecca Pettt, Sarah Anderson, Monca Jackson ABSTRACT:

More information

Appendix for. Institutions and Behavior: Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Democracy

Appendix for. Institutions and Behavior: Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Democracy Appendx for Insttutons and Behavor: Expermental Evdence on the Effects of Democrac 1. Instructons 1.1 Orgnal sessons Welcome You are about to partcpate n a stud on decson-makng, and ou wll be pad for our

More information

ADDITIVE MAIN EFFECTS AND MULTIPLICATIVE INTERACTION (AMMI) ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD STABILITY IN EARLY DURATION RICE ABSTRACT

ADDITIVE MAIN EFFECTS AND MULTIPLICATIVE INTERACTION (AMMI) ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD STABILITY IN EARLY DURATION RICE ABSTRACT Bose et al., The Journal of Anmal & Plant Scences, 4(6): 014, Page: J. 1885-1897 Anm. Plant Sc. 4(6):014 ISSN: 1018-7081 ADDITIVE MAIN EFFECTS AND MULTIPLICATIVE INTERACTION (AMMI) ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD

More information

Normal variation in the length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: identification of the short luteal phase

Normal variation in the length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: identification of the short luteal phase Brtsh Journal of Obstetrcs and Gvnaecologjl July 1984, Vol. 9 1, pp. 685-689 Normal varaton n the length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: dentfcaton of the short luteal phase ELIZABETH A. LENTON,

More information

Validation of the Gravity Model in Predicting the Global Spread of Influenza

Validation of the Gravity Model in Predicting the Global Spread of Influenza Int. J. Envron. Res. Publc Health 2011, 8, 3134-3143; do:10.3390/jerph8083134 OPEN ACCESS Internatonal Journal of Envronmental Research and Publc Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdp.com/journal/jerph Artcle

More information

CONSTRUCTION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR TIME TO DENGUE VIRUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION

CONSTRUCTION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR TIME TO DENGUE VIRUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION Internatonal Journal of Pure and Appled Mathematcal Scences. ISSN 97-988 Volume, Number (7), pp. 3- Research Inda Publcatons http://www.rpublcaton.com ONSTRUTION OF STOHASTI MODEL FOR TIME TO DENGUE VIRUS

More information

BIOSTATISTICS. Lecture 1 Data Presentation and Descriptive Statistics. dr. Petr Nazarov

BIOSTATISTICS. Lecture 1 Data Presentation and Descriptive Statistics. dr. Petr Nazarov Genomcs Research Unt BIOSTATISTICS Lecture 1 Data Presentaton and Descrptve Statstcs dr. Petr Nazarov 3-03-2017 petr.nazarov@lh.lu COURSE OVERVIEW Organzaton: 60h = 12 days Theoretcal course (30h) Theory

More information

ARTICLE IN PRESS Neuropsychologia xxx (2010) xxx xxx

ARTICLE IN PRESS Neuropsychologia xxx (2010) xxx xxx Neuropsychologa xxx (200) xxx xxx Contents lsts avalable at ScenceDrect Neuropsychologa journal homepage: www.elsever.com/locate/neuropsychologa Storage and bndng of object features n vsual workng memory

More information

Integration of sensory information within touch and across modalities

Integration of sensory information within touch and across modalities Integraton of sensory nformaton wthn touch and across modaltes Marc O. Ernst, Jean-Perre Brescan, Knut Drewng & Henrch H. Bülthoff Max Planck Insttute for Bologcal Cybernetcs 72076 Tübngen, Germany marc.ernst@tuebngen.mpg.de

More information

Incorrect Beliefs. Overconfidence. Types of Overconfidence. Outline. Overprecision 4/22/2015. Econ 1820: Behavioral Economics Mark Dean Spring 2015

Incorrect Beliefs. Overconfidence. Types of Overconfidence. Outline. Overprecision 4/22/2015. Econ 1820: Behavioral Economics Mark Dean Spring 2015 Incorrect Belefs Overconfdence Econ 1820: Behavoral Economcs Mark Dean Sprng 2015 In objectve EU we assumed that everyone agreed on what the probabltes of dfferent events were In subjectve expected utlty

More information

Concentration of teicoplanin in the serum of adults with end stage chronic renal failure undergoing treatment for infection

Concentration of teicoplanin in the serum of adults with end stage chronic renal failure undergoing treatment for infection Journal of Antmcrobal Chemotherapy (1996) 37, 117-121 Concentraton of tecoplann n the serum of adults wth end stage chronc renal falure undergong treatment for nfecton A. MercateUo'*, K. Jaber*, D. Hfflare-Buys*,

More information

Two dimensions of measurement error: Classical and Berkson error in residential radon exposure assessment

Two dimensions of measurement error: Classical and Berkson error in residential radon exposure assessment Journal of Exposure Analyss and Envronmental Epdemology (2004)14, 365 377 r 2004 Nature ublshng Group All rghts reserved 1053-4245/04/$30.00 www.nature.com/jea Two dmensons of measurement error: Classcal

More information

Insights in Genetics and Genomics

Insights in Genetics and Genomics Insghts n Genetcs and Genomcs Research Artcle Open Access New Score Tests for Equalty of Varances n the Applcaton of DNA Methylaton Data Analyss [Verson ] Welang Qu Xuan L Jarrett Morrow Dawn L DeMeo Scott

More information

Project title: Mathematical Models of Fish Populations in Marine Reserves

Project title: Mathematical Models of Fish Populations in Marine Reserves Applcaton for Fundng (Malaspna Research Fund) Date: November 0, 2005 Project ttle: Mathematcal Models of Fsh Populatons n Marne Reserves Dr. Lev V. Idels Unversty College Professor Mathematcs Department

More information

A New Machine Learning Algorithm for Breast and Pectoral Muscle Segmentation

A New Machine Learning Algorithm for Breast and Pectoral Muscle Segmentation Avalable onlne www.ejaet.com European Journal of Advances n Engneerng and Technology, 2015, 2(1): 21-29 Research Artcle ISSN: 2394-658X A New Machne Learnng Algorthm for Breast and Pectoral Muscle Segmentaton

More information

Rainbow trout survival and capture probabilities in the upper Rangitikei River, New Zealand

Rainbow trout survival and capture probabilities in the upper Rangitikei River, New Zealand Ranbow trout survval and capture probabltes n the upper Rangtke Rver, New Zealand Rchard J Barker Department of Mathematcs and Statstcs Unversty of Otago P.O. Box 56 Dunedn, New Zealand Peter H Taylor

More information

Estimation of Relative Survival Based on Cancer Registry Data

Estimation of Relative Survival Based on Cancer Registry Data Revew of Bonformatcs and Bometrcs (RBB) Volume 2 Issue 4, December 203 www.sepub.org/rbb Estmaton of Relatve Based on Cancer Regstry Data Olaf Schoffer *, Ante Nedostate 2, Stefane J. Klug,2 Cancer Epdemology,

More information

EXAMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF SEMEN AND ANALYSIS OF SPERM CELL MOVEMENT. 1. INTRODUCTION

EXAMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF SEMEN AND ANALYSIS OF SPERM CELL MOVEMENT. 1. INTRODUCTION JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS & TECHNOLOGIES Vol.3/00, ISSN 64-6037 Łukasz WITKOWSKI * mage enhancement, mage analyss, semen, sperm cell, cell moblty EXAMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF SEMEN AND ANALYSIS OF

More information

Non-linear Multiple-Cue Judgment Tasks

Non-linear Multiple-Cue Judgment Tasks Non-lnear Multple-Cue Tasks Anna-Carn Olsson (anna-carn.olsson@psy.umu.se) Department of Psychology, Umeå Unversty SE-09 87, Umeå, Sweden Tommy Enqvst (tommy.enqvst@psyk.uu.se) Department of Psychology,

More information

ISOBARIC VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE BINARY MIXTURE OF ETHANOL (1) + 1-HEXANOL (2) AT 100 kpa

ISOBARIC VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE BINARY MIXTURE OF ETHANOL (1) + 1-HEXANOL (2) AT 100 kpa ISOBARIC VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE BINARY MIXTURE OF ETHANOL (1) + 1-HEXANOL (2) AT 100 Pa Dhon Hartanto 1), Asall Mustan 2), Bayu Trwbowo 1), Aula Septan Muta 1) 1) Department of Chemcal Engneerng,

More information

STAGE-STRUCTURED POPULATION DYNAMICS OF AEDES AEGYPTI

STAGE-STRUCTURED POPULATION DYNAMICS OF AEDES AEGYPTI Internatonal Conference Mathematcal and Computatonal Bology 211 Internatonal Journal of Modern Physcs: Conference Seres Vol. 9 (212) 364 372 World Scentfc Publshng Company DOI: 1.1142/S21194512543 STAGE-STRUCTURED

More information

Investigation of zinc oxide thin film by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Investigation of zinc oxide thin film by spectroscopic ellipsometry VNU Journal of Scence, Mathematcs - Physcs 24 (2008) 16-23 Investgaton of znc oxde thn flm by spectroscopc ellpsometry Nguyen Nang Dnh 1, Tran Quang Trung 2, Le Khac Bnh 2, Nguyen Dang Khoa 2, Vo Th Ma

More information

An Introduction to Modern Measurement Theory

An Introduction to Modern Measurement Theory An Introducton to Modern Measurement Theory Ths tutoral was wrtten as an ntroducton to the bascs of tem response theory (IRT) modelng and ts applcatons to health outcomes measurement for the Natonal Cancer

More information

Optimization of Neem Seed Oil Extraction Process Using Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of Neem Seed Oil Extraction Process Using Response Surface Methodology ISSN 4-186 (Paper) ISSN 5-091 (Onlne) Vol., No.6, 01 Optmzaton of Neem Seed Ol Extracton Process Usng Response Surface Methodology Tunmse Latfat Adewoye 1 and Oladpupo Olaosebkan Ogunleye 1 Department

More information

(From the Gastroenterology Division, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021)

(From the Gastroenterology Division, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021) ROLE OF HEPATIC ANION-BINDING PROTEIN IN BROMSULPHTHALEIN CONJUGATION* BY N. KAPLOWITZ, I. W. PERC -ROBB,~ ANn N. B. JAVITT (From the Gastroenterology Dvson, Cornell Unversty Medcal College, New York 10021)

More information

4.2 Scheduling to Minimize Maximum Lateness

4.2 Scheduling to Minimize Maximum Lateness 4. Schedulng to Mnmze Maxmum Lateness Schedulng to Mnmzng Maxmum Lateness Mnmzng lateness problem. Sngle resource processes one ob at a tme. Job requres t unts of processng tme and s due at tme d. If starts

More information

FAST DETECTION OF MASSES IN MAMMOGRAMS WITH DIFFICULT CASE EXCLUSION

FAST DETECTION OF MASSES IN MAMMOGRAMS WITH DIFFICULT CASE EXCLUSION computng@tanet.edu.te.ua www.tanet.edu.te.ua/computng ISSN 727-6209 Internatonal Scentfc Journal of Computng FAST DETECTION OF MASSES IN MAMMOGRAMS WITH DIFFICULT CASE EXCLUSION Gábor Takács ), Béla Patak

More information

BIOSTATISTICS. Lecture 1 Data Presentation and Descriptive Statistics. dr. Petr Nazarov

BIOSTATISTICS. Lecture 1 Data Presentation and Descriptive Statistics. dr. Petr Nazarov Mcroarray Center BIOSTATISTICS Lecture 1 Data Presentaton and Descrptve Statstcs dr. Petr Nazarov 22-02-2012 petr.nazarov@crp-sante.lu COURSE OVERVIEW Organzaton Theoretcal course (30h) Theory Explanatons

More information

Desperation or Desire? The Role of Risk Aversion in Marriage. Christy Spivey, Ph.D. * forthcoming, Economic Inquiry. Abstract

Desperation or Desire? The Role of Risk Aversion in Marriage. Christy Spivey, Ph.D. * forthcoming, Economic Inquiry. Abstract Desperaton or Desre? The Role of Rsk Averson n Marrage Chrsty Spvey, Ph.D. * forthcomng, Economc Inury Abstract Because of the uncertanty nherent n searchng for a spouse and the uncertanty of the future

More information

Gurprit Grover and Dulumoni Das* Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

Gurprit Grover and Dulumoni Das* Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India. Journal of AIDS and HIV Research Vol. 3(), pp. -9, January 20 Avalable onlne http:// academcjournals.org/jahr ISSN 24-2359 20 Academc Journals Full Length Research Paper Decrement table and the estmaton

More information

Optimal Planning of Charging Station for Phased Electric Vehicle *

Optimal Planning of Charging Station for Phased Electric Vehicle * Energy and Power Engneerng, 2013, 5, 1393-1397 do:10.4236/epe.2013.54b264 Publshed Onlne July 2013 (http://www.scrp.org/ournal/epe) Optmal Plannng of Chargng Staton for Phased Electrc Vehcle * Yang Gao,

More information

The effect of salvage therapy on survival in a longitudinal study with treatment by indication

The effect of salvage therapy on survival in a longitudinal study with treatment by indication Research Artcle Receved 28 October 2009, Accepted 8 June 2010 Publshed onlne 30 August 2010 n Wley Onlne Lbrary (wleyonlnelbrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/sm.4017 The effect of salvage therapy on survval n a longtudnal

More information

Richard Williams Notre Dame Sociology Meetings of the European Survey Research Association Ljubljana,

Richard Williams Notre Dame Sociology   Meetings of the European Survey Research Association Ljubljana, Rchard Wllams Notre Dame Socology rwllam@nd.edu http://www.nd.edu/~rwllam Meetngs of the European Survey Research Assocaton Ljubljana, Slovena July 19, 2013 Comparng Logt and Probt Coeffcents across groups

More information

Birol, Ekin; Asare-Marfo, Dorene; Ayele, Gezahegn; Mensa-Bonsu, Akwasi; Ndirangu, Lydia; Okpukpara, Benjamin; Roy, Devesh; and Yakhshilikov, Yorbol

Birol, Ekin; Asare-Marfo, Dorene; Ayele, Gezahegn; Mensa-Bonsu, Akwasi; Ndirangu, Lydia; Okpukpara, Benjamin; Roy, Devesh; and Yakhshilikov, Yorbol Investgatng the Role of Poultry n Lvelhoods and the Impact of HPAI on Lvelhoods Outcomes n Afrca: Evdence from Ethopa, Ghana, Kenya and Ngera By Brol, Ekn; Asare-Marfo, Dorene; Ayele, Gezahegn; Mensa-Bonsu,

More information

Does reporting heterogeneity bias the measurement of health disparities?

Does reporting heterogeneity bias the measurement of health disparities? HEDG Workng Paper 06/03 Does reportng heterogenety bas the measurement of health dspartes? Teresa Bago d Uva Eddy Van Doorslaer Maarten Lndeboom Owen O Donnell Somnath Chatterj March 2006 ISSN 1751-1976

More information

HYPEIIGLTCAEMIA AS A MENDELIAN P~ECESSIVE CHAI~ACTEP~ IN MICE.

HYPEIIGLTCAEMIA AS A MENDELIAN P~ECESSIVE CHAI~ACTEP~ IN MICE. HYPEGLTCAEMA AS A MENDELAN P~ECESSVE CHA~ACTEP~ N MCE. BY P. J. CAM~CDGE, M.D. (LEND.), 32 Nottngham Place, Ma~'y~ebone, London, W, 1, AND H. A. H. {OWAZD, B.So. (Lol, m.). h'~ the course of an nvestgaton

More information

Survival Rate of Patients of Ovarian Cancer: Rough Set Approach

Survival Rate of Patients of Ovarian Cancer: Rough Set Approach Internatonal OEN ACCESS Journal Of Modern Engneerng esearch (IJME) Survval ate of atents of Ovaran Cancer: ough Set Approach Kamn Agrawal 1, ragat Jan 1 Department of Appled Mathematcs, IET, Indore, Inda

More information

Cancer morbidity in ulcerative colitis

Cancer morbidity in ulcerative colitis Gut, 982, 2, 49-497 Cancer morbdty n ulceratve colts P PRIOR, S N GYDE, J C ACARNEY, H HOPSON, J A H WAERHOUSE, and R N ALLAN rom the Gastroenterology Unt, General Hosptal, Brmngham, and Cancer Epdemology

More information

THIS IS AN OFFICIAL NH DHHS HEALTH ALERT

THIS IS AN OFFICIAL NH DHHS HEALTH ALERT THIS IS AN OFFICIAL NH DHHS HEALTH ALERT Dstrbuted by the NH Health Alert Network Health.Alert@dhhs.nh.gov August 26, 2016 1430 EDT (2:30 PM EDT) NH-HAN 20160826 Recommendatons for Accurate Dagnoss of

More information

Title. Author(s)Tamate, T.; Maekawa, K. CitationEurasian Journal of Forest Research, 1: Issue Date Doc URL. Type.

Title. Author(s)Tamate, T.; Maekawa, K. CitationEurasian Journal of Forest Research, 1: Issue Date Doc URL. Type. Ttle Lfe cycle of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) n Sh Author(s)Tamate, T.; Maekawa, K. CtatonEurasan Journal of Forest Research, 1: 39-42 ssue Date 2000-10 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/22122 Type

More information

Evaluation of two release operations at Bonneville Dam on the smolt-to-adult survival of Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery fall Chinook salmon

Evaluation of two release operations at Bonneville Dam on the smolt-to-adult survival of Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery fall Chinook salmon Evaluaton of two release operatons at Bonnevlle Dam on the smolt-to-adult survval of Sprng Creek Natonal Fsh Hatchery fall Chnook salmon By Steven L. Haeseker and Davd Wlls Columba Rver Fshery Program

More information

National Polyp Study data: evidence for regression of adenomas

National Polyp Study data: evidence for regression of adenomas 5 Natonal Polyp Study data: evdence for regresson of adenomas 78 Chapter 5 Abstract Objectves The data of the Natonal Polyp Study, a large longtudnal study on survellance of adenoma patents, s used for

More information

Introduction ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Introduction ORIGINAL RESEARCH ORIGINAL RESEARCH Assessng the Statstcal Sgnfcance of the Acheved Classfcaton Error of Classfers Constructed usng Serum Peptde Profles, and a Prescrpton for Random Samplng Repeated Studes for Massve Hgh-Throughput

More information

Unobserved Heterogeneity and the Statistical Analysis of Highway Accident Data

Unobserved Heterogeneity and the Statistical Analysis of Highway Accident Data Unobserved Heterogenety and the Statstcal Analyss of Hghway Accdent Data Fred L. Mannerng Professor of Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng Courtesy Department of Economcs Unversty of South Florda 4202 E. Fowler

More information

[ ] + [3] i 1 1. is the density of the vegetable oil, R is the universal gas constant, T r. is the reduced temperature, and F c

[ ] + [3] i 1 1. is the density of the vegetable oil, R is the universal gas constant, T r. is the reduced temperature, and F c Densty and Vscosty of Vegetable Ols C.M. Rodenbush a, F.H. Hseh b, and D.S. Vswanath a, * Departments of a Chemcal Engneerng and b Bologcal and Agrcultural Engneerng, Unversty of Mssour-Columba, Columba,

More information

HIV/AIDS-related Expectations and Risky Sexual Behavior in Malawi

HIV/AIDS-related Expectations and Risky Sexual Behavior in Malawi Unversty of Pennsylvana ScholarlyCommons PSC Workng Paper Seres 7-29-20 HIV/AIDS-related Expectatons and Rsky Sexual Behavor n Malaw Adelne Delavande RAND Corporaton, Nova School of Busness and Economcs

More information

A-UNIFAC Modeling of Binary and Multicomponent Phase Equilibria of Fatty Esters+Water+Methanol+Glycerol

A-UNIFAC Modeling of Binary and Multicomponent Phase Equilibria of Fatty Esters+Water+Methanol+Glycerol -UNIFC Modelng of Bnary and Multcomponent Phase Equlbra of Fatty Esters+Water+Methanol+Glycerol N. Garrdo a, O. Ferrera b, R. Lugo c, J.-C. de Hemptnne c, M. E. Macedo a, S.B. Bottn d,* a Department of

More information

Sparse Representation of HCP Grayordinate Data Reveals. Novel Functional Architecture of Cerebral Cortex

Sparse Representation of HCP Grayordinate Data Reveals. Novel Functional Architecture of Cerebral Cortex 1 Sparse Representaton of HCP Grayordnate Data Reveals Novel Functonal Archtecture of Cerebral Cortex X Jang 1, Xang L 1, Jngle Lv 2,1, Tuo Zhang 2,1, Shu Zhang 1, Le Guo 2, Tanmng Lu 1* 1 Cortcal Archtecture

More information

Effects of Estrogen Contamination on Human Cells: Modeling and Prediction Based on Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 1

Effects of Estrogen Contamination on Human Cells: Modeling and Prediction Based on Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 1 J. Water Resource and Protecton, 009,, 6- do:0.6/warp.009.500 Publshed Onlne ovember 009 (http://www.scrp.org/ournal/warp) Effects of Estrogen Contamnaton on Human Cells: Modelng and Predcton Based on

More information

THE NATURAL HISTORY AND THE EFFECT OF PIVMECILLINAM IN LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION.

THE NATURAL HISTORY AND THE EFFECT OF PIVMECILLINAM IN LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION. MET9401 SE 10May 2000 Page 13 of 154 2 SYNOPSS MET9401 SE THE NATURAL HSTORY AND THE EFFECT OF PVMECLLNAM N LOWER URNARY TRACT NFECTON. L A study of the natural hstory and the treatment effect wth pvmecllnam

More information

Recent Trends in U.S. Breast Cancer Incidence, Survival, and Mortality Rates

Recent Trends in U.S. Breast Cancer Incidence, Survival, and Mortality Rates Recent Trends n U.S. Breast Cancer Incdence, Survval, and Mortalty Rates Kenneth C. Chu, Robert E. Tarone, Larry G. Kessler, Lynn A. G. Res, Benjamn F. Hankey, Banj A. Mller, Brenda K. Edwards* Background:

More information

Encoding processes, in memory scanning tasks

Encoding processes, in memory scanning tasks vlemory & Cognton 1976,4 (5), 501 506 Encodng processes, n memory scannng tasks JEFFREY O. MILLER and ROBERT G. PACHELLA Unversty of Mchgan, Ann Arbor, Mchgan 48101, Three experments are presented that

More information

Biomarker Selection from Gene Expression Data for Tumour Categorization Using Bat Algorithm

Biomarker Selection from Gene Expression Data for Tumour Categorization Using Bat Algorithm Receved: March 20, 2017 401 Bomarker Selecton from Gene Expresson Data for Tumour Categorzaton Usng Bat Algorthm Gunavath Chellamuthu 1 *, Premalatha Kandasamy 2, Svasubramanan Kanagaraj 3 1 School of

More information

Length of Hospital Stay After Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention (MITI) Project Registry

Length of Hospital Stay After Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention (MITI) Project Registry JACC Vol. 28, No. 2 287 CLINICAL STUDIES MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Length of Hosptal Stay After Acute Myocardal Infarcton n the Myocardal Infarcton Trage and Interventon (MITI) Project Regstry NATHAN R. EVERY,

More information

EVALUATION OF BULK MODULUS AND RING DIAMETER OF SOME TELLURITE GLASS SYSTEMS

EVALUATION OF BULK MODULUS AND RING DIAMETER OF SOME TELLURITE GLASS SYSTEMS Chalcogende Letters Vol. 12, No. 2, February 2015, p. 67-74 EVALUATION OF BULK MODULUS AND RING DIAMETER OF SOME TELLURITE GLASS SYSTEMS R. EL-MALLAWANY a*, M.S. GAAFAR b, N. VEERAIAH c a Physcs Dept.,

More information

SMALL AREA CLUSTERING OF CASES OF PNEUMOCOCCAL BACTEREMIA.

SMALL AREA CLUSTERING OF CASES OF PNEUMOCOCCAL BACTEREMIA. SMALL AREA CLUSTERING OF CASES OF PNEUMOCOCCAL BACTEREMIA. JP Metlay, MD, PhD T Smth, PhD N Kozum, PhD C Branas, PhD E Lautenbach, MD NO Fshman, MD PH Edelsten, MD Center for Health Equty Research and

More information

Incorporating prior biological knowledge for network-based differential gene expression analysis using differentially weighted graphical LASSO

Incorporating prior biological knowledge for network-based differential gene expression analysis using differentially weighted graphical LASSO Zuo et al. BMC Bonformatcs (2017) 18:99 DOI 10.1186/s12859-017-1515-1 METHODOLOGY ARTICLE Open Access Incorporatng pror bologcal knowledge for network-based dfferental gene expresson analyss usng dfferentally

More information

Statistically Weighted Voting Analysis of Microarrays for Molecular Pattern Selection and Discovery Cancer Genotypes

Statistically Weighted Voting Analysis of Microarrays for Molecular Pattern Selection and Discovery Cancer Genotypes IJCSNS Internatonal Journal of Computer Scence and Network Securty, VOL.6 No.2, December 26 73 Statstcally Weghted Votng Analyss of Mcroarrays for Molecular Pattern Selecton and Dscovery Cancer Genotypes

More information

Figure S1. 1g tumors (weeks) ikras. Lean Obese. Lean Obese 25 KPC

Figure S1. 1g tumors (weeks) ikras. Lean Obese. Lean Obese 25 KPC Fgure S 5 Tme to develop g tumors (weeks) 5 5 Tme to develop g tumors (weeks) 5 5 KRS KPC Fgure S. Effect of obesty on tumor ntaton. Tme to develop tumors of about g n KPC and KRS mce fed low or hgh-fat

More information

Ependymal cells Cilia on one surface Movement of material or fluid over surface of the cell

Ependymal cells Cilia on one surface Movement of material or fluid over surface of the cell 2004 Bology GA 1: Wrtten examnaton 1 SPECIFIC INFMATION Secton A Multple-choce Ths table ndcates the approxmate percentage of students choosng each dstractor. The correct answer s the shaded alternatve.

More information

INTEGRATIVE NETWORK ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY ABERRANT PATHWAY NETWORKS IN OVARIAN CANCER

INTEGRATIVE NETWORK ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY ABERRANT PATHWAY NETWORKS IN OVARIAN CANCER INTEGRATIVE NETWORK ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY ABERRANT PATHWAY NETWORKS IN OVARIAN CANCER LI CHEN 1,2, JIANHUA XUAN 1,*, JINGHUA GU 1, YUE WANG 1, ZHEN ZHANG 2, TIAN LI WANG 2, IE MING SHIH 2 1The Bradley Department

More information

Analysis of Correlated Recurrent and Terminal Events Data in SAS Li Lu 1, Chenwei Liu 2

Analysis of Correlated Recurrent and Terminal Events Data in SAS Li Lu 1, Chenwei Liu 2 Statstcs & Analyss Analyss of Correlated Recurrent and ermnal Events Data n SAS L Lu 1, Chenwe Lu 2 1 he EMMES Corporaton, Rockvlle, MD 2 Core Genotypng Faclty, Dvson of Cancer Epdemology and Genetcs,

More information

IDENTIFICATION OF STABLE GENOTYPES OF RAPESEED USING SOME PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS

IDENTIFICATION OF STABLE GENOTYPES OF RAPESEED USING SOME PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS Internatonal Research Journal of Appled and Basc Scences 2011 Avalable onlne at www.rjabs.com ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 2 (1):73-84 Scence Explorer Publcatons IDENTIFICATION OF STABLE GENOTYPES OF RAPESEED

More information

Fast Algorithm for Vectorcardiogram and Interbeat Intervals Analysis: Application for Premature Ventricular Contractions Classification

Fast Algorithm for Vectorcardiogram and Interbeat Intervals Analysis: Application for Premature Ventricular Contractions Classification Fast Algorthm for Vectorcardogram and Interbeat Intervals Analyss: Applcaton for Premature Ventrcular Contractons Classfcaton Irena Jekova, Vessela Krasteva Centre of Bomedcal Engneerng Prof. Ivan Daskalov

More information

Reconstruction of gene regulatory network of colon cancer using information theoretic approach

Reconstruction of gene regulatory network of colon cancer using information theoretic approach Reconstructon of gene regulatory network of colon cancer usng nformaton theoretc approach Khald Raza #1, Rafat Parveen * # Department of Computer Scence Jama Mlla Islama (Central Unverst, New Delh-11005,

More information