Your DNA extractions! 10 kb
|
|
- Gordon Jefferson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Your DNA extractions! 10 kb
2 Quantitative characters: polygenes and environment Most ecologically important quantitative traits (QTs) vary. Distributions are often unimodal and approximately normal. Offspring and parents are correlated. What s the explanation? Independent contributions by genotypes at many loci, and by random environmental influences. Biol 2005, 6 October 2014
3 The simplest QT model: independent loci with + and - alleles Assume each individual s trait value is the sum of its + alleles at all loci. That is, a + allele at locus A has the same effect as a + at locus B. Then with random mating, we get quasi-binomial distributions of the number of +. As the number of loci increases, these distributions become smooth and normal. aa aa AA aabb aabb + aabb aabb + AAbB AABB aabb AAbb aabb
4 Also, as the number of loci affecting the trait increases 6 loci 25 loci short tall short tall And the sum of effects (e.g., on height) becomes very 100 loci close to normally distributed, even if 400 the loci individual effects are very non- normal (e.g., + and - with different effect sizes and allele frequencies). short tall short its variance relative to the potential range decreases. As a result, quantitative traits can easily evolve to new mean values far outside their old range, if they re controlled by many loci, each of which has an individually small effect on the trait value. tall
5 The simplest model: genomic and environmental causes add up Mom makes a genomic contribution X m. Its variance (over moms) is V(X m ). The environment makes a contribution ε. Its variance (over offspring) is V(ε). Dad makes a genomic contribution X p Its variance (over dads) is V(X p ) For any given offspring, its phenotype (quantitative character state) is the sum of these three contributions. And over the population as a whole, the variance of the phenotypic values is the sum of the variances of the three contributions: V(P) = V(X m ) + V(X p ) + V(ε) = V G + V E (This assumes that the parents are uncorrelated with each other, and with the environment.)
6 QTs are normally distributed because each of the three contributions is itself the sum of many independent genetic or environmental causes. Offspring are correlated with their parents (and siblings) because their genes are half identical to those of each parent.
7 V E is the phenotypic variation induced by environmental factors Even clones and identical twins differ from each other! Homozygous (inbred) shortflowered parents Homozygous (inbred) tallflowered parents From tree #1 From tree #2 Heterozygous but genetically uniform F1 offspring Clones (cuttings) of Achillea grown at three different elevations where the species normally occurs in California. Edward East s Nicotiana plants growing in the same garden plots. Leaves from a natural clone of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) growing at the top of Millcreek Canyon.
8 October 5, 2014
9 October 6, 2013
10 September 29, 2014
11 September 29, 2013
12 How the components of the phenotypic variance add 1. Genetic variance is the variance among phenotypes caused by genotypic differences among individuals (holding their environments constant). 2. Environmental variance is the variance among phenotypes caused by differences in the experiences of individuals (holding genotypes constant). Example: Suppose the average trait values of AA, Aa and aa individuals are -1, 0, and +1 units, and p = q = 0.5. Then the genetic variance (average squared deviation from the population mean) is 0.5. But suppose 25% of each genotype deviates one unit above or below its average trait value, because of the environment. Then the environmental variance is also 0.5. The resulting phenotypic variance is = 1.0. V P = V G + V E [= (V A + V D ) + (V E )] AA Aa aa AA AA AA V G V E V P Broad-sense heritability: H 2 = V G /V P. Narrow-sense heritability: h 2 = V A /V P AA AA AA Aa Aa Aa aa aa aa
13 h 2 is the regression (slope) of offspring on parents offspring h 2 0 offspring h 2 ½ offspring h 2 1 parents parents parents Definition of the regression coefficient (slope): b yx = cov(x,y)/var(x) Here x is the midparent value (parental mean), y is the offspring value. The higher the slope, the better offspring resemble their parents. In other words, the higher the heritability, the better offspring trait values are predicted by parental trait values (because genotypic effects are large, and predominantly additive).
14 How to estimate the variance components (classical approach) 1. Measure phenotypes (trait values) in a large random sample of the population. 2. Calculate the mean and variance: the variance is V P. 3. Estimate the heritability by regressing offspring on midparent values. 4. The additive variance (V A ) is the heritable fraction of the total: V A = h 2 V P. 5. The remainder is environmental (V E ) and dominance variance (and other minor stuff). 6. If we can clone or closely inbreed members of the species, or find identical twins, then we can directly estimate the environmental variance (V E ).
15 Leaf shape within and among six quaking aspen clones mean variance East Canyon Upper Millcreek Clone 1 Clone 2 Clone 3 Clone 1 Clone 2 Clone All
16 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) East Canyon Upper Millcreek Clone 1 Clone 2 Clone 3 Clone 1 Clone 2 Clone 3 All mean variance R.A. Fisher literally invented ANOVA in his 1918 paper on The resemblance between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Variance among clones = var(0.902, 0.992,, 0.918) = Variance within clones = mean( ,, ) = Total variance = = Fraction explained by clones = / = 0.57 = H 2
17 This analysis focuses on the variation of individual leaves, not on the variation of individual trees (i.e., their mean leaf shapes). mean variance East Canyon Upper Millcreek Clone 1 Clone 2 Clone 3 Clone 1 Clone 2 Clone All
18 For the seven clones with more than two sampled trees, clone membership explains 75% of the variation in the trees mean W/L ratios. Within clones, mean W/L increases going west (i.e., trees with larger west longitudes tend to have broader leaves, on average).
19 The east-west distance between longitudinal lines (e.g., and ) is roughly 300 feet (the length of a football field)
20 The relationships among genotypes often differ among environments Clausen, Keck & Heisey grew the same genotypes of Achillea at different elevations in California. Plant height was highly variable and heritable in each environment, and all genotypes were shorter at high elevation (Mather). However, some plants that were relatively tall in one environment were relatively short in the other. Thus the genetic variance depends on the population s environment! And the environmental variance depends on the population s genes! This situation-dependence of the variance components is called genotype by environment (G x E) interaction.
21 Upshot: the heritability of a trait can be defined only for a given population (gene pool) in a given environment. In C, K & H s experiment with Achillea, height was highly heritable within each environment. But height in each environment was a poor predictor of height in the others, in two ways: (1) Relative heights differed between the environments, and (2) All genotypes grew taller at Stanford. Differences within populations were largely determined by genes, but with different outcomes in each environment. And the large average difference between populations was entirely non- genetic!
22 Summary The narrow-sense heritability of a trait is the fraction of the total phenotypic variance that is caused by the additive effects of genes. There can be much non- additive genetic variance caused by dominance (V D ) and epistasis (V I ), but this does not contribute to the resemblance between parents and offspring, or to the response to selection. (But the dominance variance increases the resemblance of full siblings.) There can also be a lot of environmental variance (that is, variance of the trait values that is caused by effects of the environment). These three components of the phenotypic variance literally add up to the total: V P = [V A + (V D + V I )] + [V E ] = [V G ] + [V E ] The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was invented by R.A. Fisher to allow these components to be estimated separately! High heritability within local populations does not imply that average differences between populations are genetic!
Discontinuous Traits. Chapter 22. Quantitative Traits. Types of Quantitative Traits. Few, distinct phenotypes. Also called discrete characters
Discontinuous Traits Few, distinct phenotypes Chapter 22 Also called discrete characters Quantitative Genetics Examples: Pea shape, eye color in Drosophila, Flower color Quantitative Traits Phenotype is
More informationC. Incorrect! Resemblance is not described by heritability. Heritability is a concept that is easily confused, so memorize the definition.
Genetics - Problem Drill 09: Genetics and Environment No. 1 of 10 1. Heritability is. (A) The fraction of a population's phenotype, which is strictly due to genetic factors. (B) The fraction of a population's
More informationIntroduction to Genetics and Heredity
Introduction to Genetics and Heredity Although these dogs have similar characteristics they are each unique! I. Early Ideas About Heredity A. The Theory of Blending Inheritance Each parent contributes
More informationAn Introduction to Quantitative Genetics I. Heather A Lawson Advanced Genetics Spring2018
An Introduction to Quantitative Genetics I Heather A Lawson Advanced Genetics Spring2018 Outline What is Quantitative Genetics? Genotypic Values and Genetic Effects Heritability Linkage Disequilibrium
More informationHERITABILITY INTRODUCTION. Objectives
36 HERITABILITY In collaboration with Mary Puterbaugh and Larry Lawson Objectives Understand the concept of heritability. Differentiate between broad-sense heritability and narrowsense heritability. Learn
More informationAn Introduction to Quantitative Genetics
An Introduction to Quantitative Genetics Mohammad Keramatipour MD, PhD Keramatipour@tums.ac.ir ac ir 1 Mendel s work Laws of inheritance Basic Concepts Applications Predicting outcome of crosses Phenotype
More informationFundamentals of Genetics
Fundamentals of Genetics For thousands of years people have known that living things somehow pass on some type of information to their offspring. This was very clear in things that humans selected to breed
More informationNOTES: Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics!
NOTES: 11.3 Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics! Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles OR multiple genes.
More informationHERITABILITY AND ITS GENETIC WORTH FOR PLANT BREEDING
HERITABILITY AND ITS GENETIC WORTH FOR PLANT BREEDING Author: Prasanta Kumar Majhi M. Sc. (Agri.), Junior Research Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad,
More informationUnit 1 Review. 3. If the male parent had the following genotypes, what alleles would his gametes (sperm) contain? A. AABB B. AaBb C. aabb D.
Unit 1 Review 1. Define the following terms: a. Genotype b. Phenotype c. Dominant allele d. Recessive allele e. Homozygous f. Heterozygous g. Parental generation h. F1 generation i. Test cross j. Punnett
More informationCh 8 Practice Questions
Ch 8 Practice Questions Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What fraction of offspring of the cross Aa Aa is homozygous for the dominant allele?
More informationMendelian Genetics. Gregor Mendel. Father of modern genetics
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Objectives I can compare and contrast mitosis & meiosis. I can properly use the genetic vocabulary presented. I can differentiate and gather data
More information(b) What is the allele frequency of the b allele in the new merged population on the island?
2005 7.03 Problem Set 6 KEY Due before 5 PM on WEDNESDAY, November 23, 2005. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Two populations (Population One
More informationInteraction of Genes and the Environment
Some Traits Are Controlled by Two or More Genes! Phenotypes can be discontinuous or continuous Interaction of Genes and the Environment Chapter 5! Discontinuous variation Phenotypes that fall into two
More informationBIOL 364 Population Biology Fairly testing the theory of evolution by natural selection with playing cards
BIOL 364 Population Biology Fairly testing the theory of evolution by natural selection with playing cards Game I: The Basics Scenario: Our classroom is now a closed population (no immigration or emigration)
More informationadditive genetic component [d] = rded
Heredity (1976), 36 (1), 31-40 EFFECT OF GENE DISPERSION ON ESTIMATES OF COMPONENTS OF GENERATION MEANS AND VARIANCES N. E. M. JAYASEKARA* and J. L. JINKS Department of Genetics, University of Birmingham,
More informationMendel: Understanding Inheritance. 7 th Grade Science Unit 4 NCFE Review
7 th Grade Science Unit 4 NCFE Review - The DNA Connection Review Inside your cells, you have chromosomes (23 pairs!). Chromosomes are made of long strands of DNA. DNA has a double helix shape (twisted
More informationUnit 7 Section 2 and 3
Unit 7 Section 2 and 3 Evidence 12: Do you think food preferences are passed down from Parents to children, or does the environment play a role? Explain your answer. One of the most important outcomes
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics Remember DNA RNA Protein Traits DNA contains the code for proteins (protein synthesis remember?) Proteins determine our traits Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Father of Genetics Studied
More informationPunnett Squares. Dihybrid Cross
Punnett Squares Dihybrid Cross 6F: Students will predict possible outcomes of genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-mendelian inheritance TEKS Each parent has TWO traits
More informationGenetics- The field of biology that studies how characteristics are passed from one generation to another.
Genetics- The field of biology that studies how characteristics are passed from one generation to another. Heredity- The passage of traits from one generation to the next. Characteristics- a quality of
More informationGregor Mendel. What is Genetics? the study of heredity
Gregor Mendel What is Genetics? the study of heredity Gregor Mendel s Peas Pollen: plant s sperm Egg Cells: plants reproductive cells Fertilization: joining of pollen + egg cells develops into embryo in
More informationIntroduction to Quantitative Genetics
Introduction to Quantitative Genetics 1 / 17 Historical Background Quantitative genetics is the study of continuous or quantitative traits and their underlying mechanisms. The main principals of quantitative
More informationInteraction of Genes and the Environment
Some Traits Are Controlled by Two or More Genes! Phenotypes can be discontinuous or continuous Interaction of Genes and the Environment Chapter 5! Discontinuous variation Phenotypes that fall into two
More information11-1: Introduction to Genetics
11-1: Introduction to Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genetics Vocabulary Genetics The study of heredity. Heredity The passing of physical characteristics from parents
More informationRoadmap. Inbreeding How inbred is a population? What are the consequences of inbreeding?
1 Roadmap Quantitative traits What kinds of variation can selection work on? How much will a population respond to selection? Heritability How can response be restored? Inbreeding How inbred is a population?
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics 11.1 Gregor Mendel Genetics is the scientific study of heredity How traits are passed from one generation to the next Mendel Austrian monk (1822) Used Pea Plants (crossed
More informationMultifactorial Inheritance. Prof. Dr. Nedime Serakinci
Multifactorial Inheritance Prof. Dr. Nedime Serakinci GENETICS I. Importance of genetics. Genetic terminology. I. Mendelian Genetics, Mendel s Laws (Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment).
More informationDan Koller, Ph.D. Medical and Molecular Genetics
Design of Genetic Studies Dan Koller, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor Medical and Molecular Genetics Genetics and Medicine Over the past decade, advances from genetics have permeated medicine Identification
More informationMULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES. MG L-10 July 7 th 2014
MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES MG L-10 July 7 th 2014 Genetic Diseases Unifactorial Chromosomal Multifactorial AD Numerical AR Structural X-linked Microdeletions Mitochondrial Spectrum of Alterations in DNA Sequence
More informationBiology. Chapter 13. Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 13 Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Cengage Learning 2015 Cengage Learning 2015 After completing today s activities, students should
More informationChapter 5 INTERACTIONS OF GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 5 INTERACTIONS OF GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT Chapter Summary Up to this point, the traits you have been studying have all been controlled by one pair of genes. However, many traits, including some
More informationEstimating genetic variation within families
Estimating genetic variation within families Peter M. Visscher Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane, Australia peter.visscher@qimr.edu.au 1 Overview Estimation of genetic parameters Variation
More informationMendelian Genetics. You are who you are due to the interaction of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism.
Heredity Chapter 3 3:1 Genetics Mendelian Genetics You are who you are due to the interaction of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT: all outside forces that act on an organism. HEREDITY: traits that
More informationComplex Traits Activity INSTRUCTION MANUAL. ANT 2110 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Professor Julie J. Lesnik
Complex Traits Activity INSTRUCTION MANUAL ANT 2110 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Professor Julie J. Lesnik Introduction Human variation is complex. The simplest form of variation in a population
More informationSemester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance
Semester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance heredity -characteristics passed from parent to offspring genetics -the scientific study of heredity trait - a specific characteristic of an individual genes -factors passed
More informationWelcome Back! 2/6/18. A. GGSS B. ggss C. ggss D. GgSs E. Ggss. 1. A species of mice can have gray or black fur
Welcome Back! 2/6/18 1. A species of mice can have gray or black fur and long or short tails. A cross between blackfurred, long-tailed mice and gray-furred, shorttailed mice produce all black-furred, long-tailed
More informationTopics. Introduction to Genetics and heredity Genetic terminology (glossary) Gregor Mendel a brief bio Monohybrid crosses
Did you know that Before heredity was understood - people use to think: That a giraffe came from the mating of a camel and a leopard? That an ostrich came from the mating of a camel and a sparrow? Topics
More informationMENDELIAN GENETICS. Punnet Squares and Pea Plants
MENDELIAN GENETICS Punnet Squares and Pea Plants Introduction Mendelian laws of inheritance are statements about the way certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another in an organism.
More informationNotes: Mendelian Genetics
Notes: Mendelian Genetics Heredity is passing characteristics from one generation to the next. Genetics is the study of heredity. Who was Gregor Mendel? Gregor Mendel is the Father of Modern Genetics.
More informationGenetics PPT Part 1 Biology-Mrs. Flannery
Genetics PPT Part Biology-Mrs. Flannery In an Abbey Garden Mendel studied garden peas because they were easy to grow, came in many readily distinguishable varieties, had easily visible traits are easily
More informationGenetics. The study of heredity. Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works
Genetics The study of heredity Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel original pea plant (input) offspring
More informationPedigree Construction Notes
Name Date Pedigree Construction Notes GO TO à Mendelian Inheritance (http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson3.html) When human geneticists first began to publish family studies, they used a variety
More informationGregor Mendel Father of Genetics
Genetics and Mendel Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel First person to trace characteristics of living things Augustinian Monk Lived and worked in an Austrian monastery in the mid-1800s Parents
More informationHEREDITY = The passing of traits from parents to offspring. Transmitted by means of information stored in molecules of DNA.
HEREDITY = The passing of traits from parents to offspring. Transmitted by means of information stored in molecules of DNA. GENEITCS =Scientific study of heredity Based on knowledge that traits are transmitted
More informationIB BIO I Genetics Test Madden
Name Date Multiple Choice 1. What does the genotype X H X h indicate? A. A co-dominant female B. A heterozygous male C. A heterozygous female D. A co-dominant male 2. A pure breeding tall plant with smooth
More informationPsych 3102 Introduction to Behavior Genetics
Psych 3102 Introduction to Behavior Genetics Lecture 12 Quantitative analysis Covariance between relatives Sources of covariance between relatives covariance a measure of shared variance (how similar the
More informationNon-Mendelian Genetics
Non-Mendelian Genetics Complete dominance Law of segregation Law of independent assortment One gene one trait Mendelian Genetics Codominance Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Pleiotropy Epistasis Polygenic
More informationMendel and Heredity. Chapter 12
Mendel and Heredity Chapter 12 Objectives: 1.) Differentiate between genotype and phenotype 2.)Differentiate between genes and alleles. 3.) Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles. 4.) Explain
More informationBio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics and Extensions
Bio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics and Extensions Short answer (show your work or thinking to get partial credit): 1. In peas, tall is dominant over dwarf. If a plant homozygous for tall is crossed
More informationGenetics. Why do offspring resemble their parents? What role can technology play in genetics? Let s explore the answers to these questions.
In a monastery garden, a curious monk discovered some of the basic principles of genetics. The monk, Gregor Mendel (1822 1884), laid the groundwork for the study of genetics, which has advanced our understanding
More informationAnswers to Questions from old quizzes and exams Problem 1A (i). a (ii) c (iii) a (iv) d
BIOLOGY 321 SPRING 2013 ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SET #2 Answers to text questions: Chapter 2 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/iga_10e_sm_chapter_02.pdf Chapter 3 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/iga_10e_sm_chapter_03.pdf
More informationDownloaded from Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Genetics: Genetics is a branch of biology which deals with principles of inheritance and its practices. Heredity: It is transmission of traits from one
More informationMendelian Genetics. Vocabulary. M o l e c u l a r a n d M e n d e l i a n G e n e t i c s
Mendelian Genetics Vocabulary Genotype: o Capital letter = allele o Lowercase letter = allele o Ex AA, Aa, aa Phenotype: o Ex green, yellow Homozygous: o Homozygous dominant: o Homozygous recessive: Heterozygous:
More informationFundamentals of Genetics
Fundamentals of Genetics Genetics- the science of heredity. Gregor Johann Mendel- Father of Genetics 5/19/14 mendelian genetics3 1 1. Heredity -the passing of traits from parents to offspring a. Gregor
More informationMendel s Law of Heredity. Page 254
Mendel s Law of Heredity Page 254 Define pollination The transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in a plant is called pollination. Define cross pollination.
More informationLecture 13: May 24, 2004
Lecture 13: May 24, 2004 CH14: Mendel and the gene idea *particulate inheritance parents pass on discrete heritable units *gene- unit of inheritance which occupies a specific chromosomal location (locus)
More informationHe called these new plants hybrids because they received different genetic information, or different alleles, for a trait from each parent.
/6/204 in a Garden Each time Mendel studied a trait, he crossed two plants with different expressions of the trait and found that the new plants all looked like one of the two parents. He called these
More informationQuantitative Genetics. Statistics Overview: Mean. Statistics Overview: Variance. Statistics Overview: Distributions. Chapter 22
Quantitative Genetics Chapter Statistics Overview: Distributions Phenotypes on X axis, Frequencies on Y axis Statistics Overview: Mean Measure of central tendency (average) of a group of measurements X
More informationChapter 13: Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 13: Patterns of Inheritance 1 Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Between 1856 and 1863 28,000 pea plants Called the Father of Genetics" 2 Site of Gregor Mendel s experimental garden in the Czech Republic
More informationThe Association Design and a Continuous Phenotype
PSYC 5102: Association Design & Continuous Phenotypes (4/4/07) 1 The Association Design and a Continuous Phenotype The purpose of this note is to demonstrate how to perform a population-based association
More information2. By breeding the pea plants he was growing in the monastery s garden, he discovered the
Name: _ Date: Directions: Navigate to https://goo.gl/tcd8l4 to view the corresponding PowerPoint. Be sure to click PRESENT in the upper right hand corner! Answer the following questions from the PowerPoint.
More informationModel of an F 1 and F 2 generation
Mendelian Genetics Casual observation of a population of organisms (e.g. cats) will show variation in many visible characteristics (e.g. color of fur). While members of a species will have the same number
More informationDNA Review??? gene???
DNA Review??? gene??? Human Chromosomes Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes; 46 all together Females have 23 matched pairs; males have 22 matched and one unmatched pair Gregor Mendel Born in 1822, Austria
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel
Genetics & The Work of Mendel 2006-2007 Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas used experimental method
More informationName Lab 5-B. Phenotype refers to the expression (what you can see) of a person s genotype.
Name Lab 5-B Lab Objectives: Define the following terms: phenotype, genotype, punnet square, autosomal, dominant and recessive, sex linked, Investigate some common phenotypes and discuss the potential
More informationGenetics and Diversity Punnett Squares
Genetics and Diversity Punnett Squares 1 OUTCOME QUESTION(S): S1-1-12: How are the features of the parents inherited to create unique offspring? Vocabulary & Concepts Allele Dominant Recessive Genotype
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics Remember DNA RNA Protein Traits DNA contains the code for proteins (protein synthesis remember?) Proteins determine our traits Remember Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Father of Genetics
More informationMendelian Genetics. Ch. 2
Mendelian Genetics Ch. 2 1 The historical puzzle of inheritance! Artificial selection has been an important practice since before recorded history Selection of animals for domestication Selective breeding
More informationMeiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes
Meiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes 5.6 Explain how nondisjunction can result in whole chromosomal abnormalities. (Module 5.10) 5.7 Describe the inheritance patterns for strict dominant
More informationSemester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance
Semester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance heredity -characteristics passed from parent to offspring genetics -the scientific study of heredity trait - a specific characteristic of an individual genes -factors passed
More informationPatterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance Mendel the monk studied inheritance keys to his success: he picked pea plants he focused on easily categorized traits he used true-breeding populations parents always produced offspring
More informationChapter 12 Multiple Choice
Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What did Gregor Mendel do to study different characteristics in his genetics experiments? a.
More informationLab Activity 36. Principles of Heredity. Portland Community College BI 233
Lab Activity 36 Principles of Heredity Portland Community College BI 233 Terminology of Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes: A pair, of which you get one from mom, and one from dad. Example: the pair of
More information11.1 The Work of Mendel
11.1 The Work of Mendel Originally prepared by Kim B. Foglia Revised and adapted by Nhan A. Pham Objectives Describe Mendel s classic garden pea experiment. Summarize Mendel s conclusion about inheritance.
More informationHeritability. The concept
Heritability The concept What is the Point of Heritability? Is a trait due to nature or nurture? (Genes or environment?) You and I think this is a good point to address, but it is not addressed! What is
More informationGenetics and Heredity Notes
Genetics and Heredity Notes I. Introduction A. It was known for 1000s of years that traits were inherited but scientists were unsure about the laws that governed this inheritance. B. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
More information4. A homozygous tall plant and a heterozygous tall plant are crossed. What is the percent probability of short offspring?
LEVEL ZERO VOICE POP QUIZ (4 minutes, individual work): 1. Define gene: 2. Define phenotype: 3. A heterozygous white rabbit is crossed with a homozygous black rabbit. If they have 160 offspring, how many
More informationName Class Date. KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits.
Section 1: Chromosomes and Phenotype KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. VOCABULARY carrier sex-linked gene X chromosome inactivation MAIN IDEA:
More informationPedigree Analysis Why do Pedigrees? Goals of Pedigree Analysis Basic Symbols More Symbols Y-Linked Inheritance
Pedigree Analysis Why do Pedigrees? Punnett squares and chi-square tests work well for organisms that have large numbers of offspring and controlled mating, but humans are quite different: Small families.
More informationClass XII Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Biology
Question 1: Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel. Mendel selected pea plants to carry out his study on the inheritance of characters from parents to offspring. He selected
More informationC) Show the chromosomes, including the alleles on each, in the F1 hybrid progeny at metaphase of Meiosis 1 and mitosis.
On my honor, this is my work GENETICS 310 EXAM I all, 2017 I. Australian daises have 4 chromosomes (2 pairs). A gene on chromosome 1 affects petal color where M M is magenta, M M is pink and MM flowers
More informationTake a look at the three adult bears shown in these photographs:
Take a look at the three adult bears shown in these photographs: Which of these adult bears do you think is most likely to be the parent of the bear cubs shown in the photograph on the right? How did you
More informationUnit 5 Review Name: Period:
Unit 5 Review Name: Period: 1 4 5 6 7 & give an example of the following. Be able to apply their meanings: Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Haploid Diploid Sex chromosomes
More informationMENDELIAN GENETICS. Law of Dominance: Law of Segregation: GAMETE FORMATION Parents and Possible Gametes: Gregory Mendel:
MENDELIAN GENETICS Gregory Mendel: Heredity: Cross: X P1 Generation: F1 Generation: F2 Generation: Gametes: Dominant: Recessive: Genotype: Phenotype: Law of Dominance: Genes: Alleles: Law of Segregation:
More informationGenes and Inheritance (11-12)
Genes and Inheritance (11-12) You are a unique combination of your two parents We all have two copies of each gene (one maternal and one paternal) Gametes produced via meiosis contain only one copy of
More informationCodominance. P: H R H R (Red) x H W H W (White) H W H R H W H R H W. F1: All Roan (H R H W x H R H W ) Name: Date: Class:
Name: Date: Class: (Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics Continued) Codominance Firstly, it is important to understand that the meaning of the prefix "co is "together" (i.e. cooperate = work together, coexist
More informationChapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1
Chapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1 I. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) a. Austrian monk with a scientific background b. Conducted numerous hybridization experiments with the garden pea, Pisum sativum,
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel. AP Biology
Genetics & The Work of Mendel Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas u used experimental method u used
More informationBiology Unit 7 Genetics 7:1 Genetics
Biology Unit 7 Genetics 7:1 Genetics Gregor Mendel: Austrian monk Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants His work was not recognized until the 20 th century Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated
More informationQuantitative genetics: traits controlled by alleles at many loci
Quantitative genetics: traits controlled by alleles at many loci Human phenotypic adaptations and diseases commonly involve the effects of many genes, each will small effect Quantitative genetics allows
More informationMENDEL S LAWS AND MONOHYBRID CROSSES. Day 1 UNIT 6 : GENETICS
MENDEL S LAWS AND MONOHYBRID CROSSES Day 1 UNIT 6 : GENETICS Bell-Ringer One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this
More informationGenetics and heredity. For a long time, general ideas of inheritance were known + =
Mendelian Genetics Genetics and heredity For a long time, general ideas of inheritance were known + = + = What was really lacking was a quantitative understanding of how particular traits were passed down
More informationPrinciples of Inheritance and Variation
Principles of Inheritance and Variation Question 1: Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel. Answer Mendel selected pea plants to carry out his study on the inheritance of
More informationI. Classical Genetics. 1. What makes these parakeets so varied in color?
1. Classical Genetics a. Mendel i. Mendel s Laws ii. Advanced Genetic Principles b. Modern Genetics i. Scientists ii. Nucleic Acids DNA/RNA Function iii.replication iv.protein Synthesis v. Mutations (gene
More informationbiology Slide 1 of 32 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
biology 1 of 32 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel 2 of 32 Gregor Mendel s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. His work was important to the understanding
More informationFor a long time, people have observed that offspring look like their parents.
Chapter 10 For a long time, people have observed that offspring look like their parents. Even before we knew about genes, people were breeding livestock to get certain traits in the offspring. They knew
More informationMENDELIAN GENETIC CH Review Activity
MENDELIAN GENETIC CH. 6.3-6.5 Review Activity Question 1 Who is considered to be the father of genetics? Answer 1 Question 2 Gregor Mendel What part of DNA directs a cell to make a certain protein? 1 Answer
More informationUNIT 1-History of life on earth! Big picture biodiversity-major lineages, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes-Evolution of Meiosis
Where are we in this course??? UNIT 1-History of life on earth! Big picture biodiversity-major lineages, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes-Evolution of Meiosis Today we will start with UNIT 2 A. Mendel and the Gene
More informationWill now consider in detail the effects of relaxing the assumption of infinite-population size.
FINITE POPULATION SIZE: GENETIC DRIFT READING: Nielsen & Slatkin pp. 21-27 Will now consider in detail the effects of relaxing the assumption of infinite-population size. Start with an extreme case: a
More information