DOLPHIN THERAPY FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN: EDUCATIONAL EFFECTS
|
|
- Lorena Cole
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DOLPHIN THERAPY FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN: EDUCATIONAL EFFECTS Mindaugas Rugevičius, Algimantas Kirkutis, Aldona Žakaitienė, Nijolė Šostakienė, Ieva Kir kuty tė Klaipeda university, Klaipeda Seamen's hospital, Klaipėda Children's Hospital, Lithuania Abstract The article deals with the impact of Dolphin Therapy (DT) on children with autistic syndrome. It introduces the initial results of the research that is being carried out in the Klaipėda Sea Museum. The research reveals that the occurrence of certain behaviours, which are characteristic of autistic children performing educational tasks, decreased after 10 DT sessions. During the tenth session the children were more attentive, did their tasks more willingly, were more interested in the session and got involved in it more easily, they had to be encouraged to continue and finish their task less often. The parents of the children noticed positive changes in their children's behaviour after two months when the DT was finished. The possibilities to apply DT for educational purposes are discussed in the result analysis. KEY WORDS: Dolphin therapy, autistic children, educational outcomes. 1. Introduction Abnormal brain functions cause development of mental disability. It is difficult to find some morphological symptoms of brain damage among various mental health disorders, especially among as autism, depression, antisocial behaviour and others. Nevertheless, it is very complicated for children affected with the above mentioned disabilities to have productive contacts, to learn and master new experiences, and to increase the socialization level. That's why it is very important to study every possible opportunity to help these people. There are several theories which allege that different animal therapies can be useful for a great number of special mental disabilities (Gudonis, 2005). One of these says that dolphins can be helpful and functional for mentally retarded children, including autistics. These animals are very inquisitive and can keep playing with a child longer than other animals which have been used in therapy. Dolphins live in communities. They have a developed feeling of socialization, are very attached to each other, and have a stereotype of "always smiling". Because dolphins in the Dolphinariums are trained, the mammals are easy-going, creative and patient. They seek for a child's attention. In addition, they spread high frequency ultrasounds. One research hypothesis is that these sounds can positively affect autistic children. Based on these characteristics, today in some countries there is a new therapy called Dolphin Therapy (DT). In the late 1980s Dr. David Nathanson started to work with brain damaged and mentally handicapped children using contact with dolphins as a reward. Various experiments showed that dolphin-assisted therapy achieves positive results in learning, relaxation, and quicker concentration (Nathanson et al., 1989; 1997; 1998). During the last fifteen years many research programs were established in the USA, Israel, the Ukraine, and Germany. Researchers noticed that DT is associated with significant increase in language, speech, and gross and fine motor functions for children with severe disabilities (Lukina, 1999). Some reports were publicized during the last year, the aim of which was to evaluate the precision of the results reported by various previous experiments on dolphin therapy (Marino & Lilienfeld, 1998; Humphries, 2003). Research and other related studies reported positive outcomes of the therapies and showed improvements in language, behaviour, cognitive processes, attention, motivation to learn, and certain medical conditions. Regardless of the positive results, the authors of these articles report some threats to the accuracy of the outcomes. The first of the major threats is related to research design. This shows that some of the investigators used one-group pre-test / posttest design and had no comparison to the other groups of children. Since the experiments had no control group, there is a possibility that the post-test improvement could be the result of the child's maturation or other uncontrolled factors. Other possible threats to the reliability and validity of the studies could be the lack of a standardized testing instrument, and subjective investigators' and parents' reports, based on their expectations. Tracy L. Humphries concludes that Dolphin therapy seems to be effective; however, to prove it better-designed and better-controlled research is needed (Humphries, 2003). Today there are three different theories, which represent the key approaches to Dolphin Therapy in the world. The first one is reinforcement theory, which was founded in USA. The interaction with the dolphin is a reward for learning new behaviour. Free interaction theory is another keystone of DT and came from Israel. The exponents of this approach claim that free interaction with the dolphins in and out of the water has a therapeutic effect on a child. The third group of scientists refers to DT as an organized activity, which develops advertency, and self-sufficiency, as well as learning skills. In 1999, German scientists from the Niirnberg Dolphinarium and the University of Wurzburg started to study this theory and began to run a project. In this project the DT included three important components: a) the interaction with the dolphin, b) some sort of vacation feeling (including leisure activities), and c) a social-pedagogic care of the complete family during the therapy. With reference to the last theory and its experience, in 2003, the Lithuanian Sea Museum, in close collaboration with Klaipėda Seamen's Hospital and Klaipėda University, started a pilot study, the aim of which was to evaluate the effectiveness of DT on autistic children's behaviour, cognitive, and social - emotional state. 100
2 The first results of the research are introduced in this article. The effect of DT on the symptoms of autistic behaviour is analyzed by comparing the results with the behaviour changes of children who were treated by traditional methods during the research period. 2. Methods 2.1. Participants Forty-two 5 to 10 year old children, diagnosed with autistic syndrome, participated in the research. The children were grouped at random into two groups. The first, the experimental group, consisted of 22 children (14 boys and 8 girls), who participated in the dolphin therapy programme. The control group consisted of the same number of 5 to 10 year-old children (19 boys and 3 girls), who were treated using usual therapy methods. The proportion of boys and girls in the analysed group is adequate to the autism disability distribution according to sex in the population DT procedure The purpose of DT is to develop the child's sensomotoric, verbal, and communicative skills. We used a learningfrom-the-model method during the research. Pursuant to this method, children who participated in the session had to observe a therapist's (social pedagogue) behaviour. After that they were 4 asked to imitate the therapist's behaviour. The children were rewarded with an encounter with dolphins for correctly accomplished tasks. Encounter and contact with the dolphin were used as means of reward promoting the child's positive behaviour. The overall duration of DT was 12 days. It consisted of 10 sessions. One session lasted for 30 minutes. There was a two days break after the 5 th session. The behaviour of the children in the control group was also recorded for 12 days with two days break Measures With the authors' permission, we modified and used several questionnaires that are being used in a project (Fersen, 2005) in Niirnberg Dolphinarium (Germany). We made an analysis of the indicators that allow the evaluation of the changes in behaviour while performing the tasks given in the course of DT. We evaluated each child's behaviour during DT, and parents' view about the changes in the child's behaviour that they noticed during the research. Also, a special medical test was carried out on each child, but we are not analyzing the outcomes of that test in this article. A Questionnaire on the Child's Behaviour during the DT Session was filled in after each DT session. According to the task accomplishment during each DT session, 17 behaviour characteristics were evaluated with the help of the questionnaire, e.g. completing tasks independently (without assistance); putting in order the instruments used in the session, etc. A five-point Likert type scale was used for the responses, from always (1) to never (5). When the results were analyzed, the evaluation of each characteristic and the average evaluation of all behaviour characteristics during the session were calculated. Higher evaluations show behaviour features that are more characteristic of autistic children. Only the experimental group was evaluated according to that questionnaire. We interviewed the parents with another Questionnaire twice: before DT and in two months after the DT, in both the experimental and control groups. The parents were asked about their children's behaviour in 7 fields: sensomotoric, communication, social-emotional, learning-playing, nutrition, sleep, independent behaviour. The parents' answers were put in the following codes: 0-behaviour characteristic of autistic children are absent; 1 partially manifested; 2-clearly manifested. The intensity of autism symptoms was calculated in each field separately, and an overall score of autism symptoms was also calculated. Higher evaluations reveal a higher in tensity of autism symptoms observed by the parents. 3. Results The Questionnaire on the Child's Behaviour during the DT Session was filled in after each session. We compared the evaluations of the 1 st and 10 th sessions in order to evaluate the changes in behaviour during the dolphin therapy. The results are presented in Table 1. All the evaluated behaviour characteristics during the tenth DT session were better, i.e. autism symptoms were less manifest in a child's behaviour. The differences in the results of twelve behaviour characteristics were statistically significant. During the tenth session the children were more attentive, they were more interested in the activity and got involved in it more easily, they had to be encouraged to continue and complete the tasks more rarely (p < 0.001). Also, significant differences were found in the evaluations of children's activeness, independent fulfilment of tasks, how they put in order the used instruments (p < 0.01). The children were more interested in the content of the tasks, they needed less assistance and continued their work after they encountered some difficulty (p < 0.05). As it has been stated above, while analyzing the results, we have calculated an average evaluation of all behaviour features during the session. The comparison of the first and the tenth sessions according to this index also revealed a significant decrease in the intensity of autistic symptoms (p < 0.001). The intensity of autistic symptoms during the research was also evaluated by the parents. The parents in the experimental and control groups were interviewed twice. Figure 1 shows the results of the interview before DT. 101
3 Table 1. Evaluations of the children's behaviour according to the questionnaire (means and standard deviations) before and after DT Behaviour features Before DT After DT z P (M ± SD) (M ± SD) Interest in activity 3.68 ± ± Activeness during the therapy session ± Willingness to accomplish tasks 4.09 ± ± Interest in the task contents 4.13 ± ± Attentiveness 4.00 ± ± Impulsive movements ± Insignif. Independent fulfilment of tasks ± Fulfilment of tasks only after encouragement 4.41 ± ± Independence during the activity ± Necessity of assistance Coping with difficulties (obstacles) 4.13 ± ± Independent behaviour in case of difficulties 4.40 ± ± Asking for assistance 3.59 ± ± Insignif. Satisfaction in the completed tasks 3.90 ± ± Insignif. Manifestation of activity results 4.27 ± ± Insignif. Search for evaluation (encouragement) 4.13 ± ± Insignif. Putting in order the used instruments 4.45 ± ± Average evaluation 3.84 ± ± Experimental Control Figure 1. Results of interview with the parents before dolphin therapy. As it can be seen in the chart, the main problems mentioned by the parents in both the experimental and the control groups, concern the independent work. Nutrition and sleep problems are the least manifest. Although the scores of nutrition and sleep problems in the experimental and control group are a little bit different, the differences are not statistically significant. Thus, according to the parental interview results before DT, the experimental and the control groups did not differ according to the intensity of the autistic symptoms, as well as according to the evaluations in each of 7 behaviour and ability fields. Figures 2 and 3 reveal the comparison of the parental interview results before DT and in 2 months after DT. A decrease in autistic symptoms intensity in nutrition was found during the second interview in the control group (p< 0.05). In the experimental group the results of the first and the second interview differ more significantly. Statistically significant differences were obtained in sensomotoric, social-emotional skills and independent activity fields. 102
4 An overall intensity of autistic symptoms is also different (p<0.05). The parents observed reduced expressions of these behaviours in their child: reduced aggression and self-aggression, oversensitivity to touch, seizing forbidden things. In the parent's opinion, a child needed less assistance, and he/she could stay alone for a longer period of time. Before therapy In 2 months Figure 2. Changes in the parental interview results in the experimental group. Before therapy In 2 months Figure 3. Changes in the parental interview results in the control group. Thus both DT specialists and the parents noticed positive changes in the children's behaviour after DT. We tried to assess whether the effectiveness of DT is related to the intensity of the autistic symptoms observed by the parents. We calculated the correlations between parental interview results and the effectiveness of DT. We considered the criterion of DT effectiveness to be the difference in behaviour between the sessions 10 to 1. The correlations are shown in the figure 4. It were found the negative correlations between the autistic symptoms noticed by the parents and the dynamics of behaviour established by DT specialists, namely, the more manifested the autistic symptoms arc, the less effective DT is. The strongest relationship was found between the effectiveness of DT and the overall 103
5 intensity of autistic symptoms, as well as the intensity of autistic symptoms in the social-emotional field (respectively, r = , and r = ; p < 0.05). Figure 4. Correlations between autistic symptoms observed by the parents and the effectiveness of DT. 4. Discussion The effectiveness of DT is still under discussion. Authors with a skeptic point of view declare that the existing proof of the effectiveness of DT is not sufficient (Marino & Lilienfeld, 1998; Humphries, 2003). In their opinion, the healing effect of DT may exist, not because of dolphins, but because of the change of environment and being in the water. Some say that interaction with other animals can have a similar effect on the children. It is often stated that even though a positive change may occur, it is not clear how long it can be effective. It has to be admitted that it is very complicated to find sound arguments against such remarks and to prove the healing effect of DT with the help of traditional clinical methods. In our opinion, a more prospective trend is to consider the application of DT for educational purposes, not for treatment. The supporters of this trend make a hypothesis that reward with the dolphins increases the sensory sensitivity (attentiveness) of autistic children to outside stimuli, and that is why, when applying training elements, DT helps in developing a child's sensomotoric, verbal and communication skills, i.e. skills that are necessary for learning (Nathanson, 1997; Fersen, 2005). The results of our research approved this hypothesis. The evaluations of the features that are necessary for learning, such as activeness, attentiveness and independent activity, improved during DT. Other learning behaviour indicators also improved: skill to follow the teacher's instructions, to complete started tasks, to put work instruments in order. The literature that deals with the effectiveness of DT often depicts the dolphin as kind of an icebreaker (Fersen, 2005). It is obvious that ten DT sessions cannot have a long-term effect. DT gives a stimulus to the forming of new skills and behaviour stereotypes, further development of which has to be continued in the usual educational environment for the children with special needs. The reliability of changes in behaviour has to be discussed separately. In our research, a child's behaviour was evaluated by social pedagogues and psychologists who participated in DT. The same is done in most of the researches. The fact that the estimators know the purpose of the research increases the threat that they can "improve" the results subconsciously, i.e. result expectancy effect can become manifest. The parents of the children who participate in DT can also "improve" the results due to unjustified expectations. This is the reason why the relation between the parents' and DT specialists' evaluations does not increase the reliability of the evaluations. In this respect, the negative correlation between the intensity of autistic symptoms and the effectiveness of DT described by the parents is much more informative. It appeared that the more autistic symptoms the parents noticed in their child's behaviour, the less improvement in the child's behaviour are noticed by the specialists during the DT sessions. This statistically significant and logically explained relation between parent and specialist evaluations confirms indirectly the validity of both the evaluations. As some authors state, DT can also be effective as a means of psychotherapy for a family with a child with special needs (Donio, 2005). The results of our research show that it is not only a means of help to a family. DT can 104
6 stimulate the dynamics in the behaviour of a child with autistic symptoms that are important for the learning process. 5. Conclusions 1. The occurance of autistic behaviour when accomplishing educational tasks significantly decreased in children with autistic symptoms after ten DT sessions. 2. The intensity of autistic symptoms changed statistically significantly during the dolphin therapy: the evaluations of sensomotorics, social-emotional skills, independent activity and overall score of autistic symptoms improved. 3. The results of the research showed that dolphin therapy can stimulate the changes in the behaviour of a child with autistic symptoms that are important in the learning process. References 1. Donio, S. (2005). Supporting Experience with the Aid of Dolphins. In: Dolphin - Human Interaction: the Nature Treasure of the XXI" Century (pp ). Klaipeda: Klaipeda University. 2. Gudonis, V. (2005). Zoo therapy: reality and perspectives. In: Dolphin - Human Interaction: the Nature Treasure of the XXf Century (pp ). Klaipeda: Klaipeda University. 3. Humphries, T. L. (2003). Effectiveness of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy as a Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Disabilities. Bridges, 1 (6), Fersen, L. (2005). Evaluation of Dolphin Assisted Therapy: a Research Project at the Dolphinarium Numberg. In: Dolphin - Human Interaction: the Nature Treasure of the XXI я Century, (pp ). Klaipeda: Klaipeda University. 5. Lukina, L.N. (1999). Influence of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy Sessions on the Functional State of Children with Psychoneurological Symptoms of Diseases. Human Physiology, 25, Marino, L., Lilienfeld, S.O. (1998). Dolphin-assisted therapy: Flawed date, flawed conclusions. Anthrozoos, 11, Nathanson, D.E., Sherri de F. (1997). Cognitive Improvement of Children in Water with and Without Dolphins. Anthrozoos, 6, Nathanson, D.E. et al. (1998). Long-Term Effectiveness of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy for Children with Severe Disabilities. Anthrozoos, 11, Nathanson, D.E. (1989). Using Atlantis Bottlenose Dolphins to Increase Cognition of Mentally Retarded Children. In: P. Lovibond & P. Wilson (Eds), Clinical and Abnormal Psychology (pp ). North Holland: Elsevier. 105
Dolphin Assisted Therapy
Arumsari 1 Name : Novita Arumsari NIM : 14304244007 Class : International Biology Education 2014 Dolphin Assisted Therapy Aquatic therapy has long understood that being in the water has a therapeutic effect
More informationFACT SHEET - KINDERGARTEN
Fragile X Second edition 2013 Fragile X is the single most common inherited cause of intellectual impairment. There appears to be some discrepancy in the frequency of Fragile X as large scale population
More informationQ: What can you tell us about the work you do and your involvement with children with autism?
If you know one person with autism, you know one person with autism April is Autism Awareness & Acceptance month and in an attempt to further educate the public about autism, Catriona Monthy, a registered
More informationCase Presentation. David Malone. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga SOCW 411. Mrs. Kathy Purnell, MSW
Case Presentation 1 Running head: CASE PRESENTATION Case Presentation David Malone University of Tennessee at Chattanooga SOCW 411 Mrs. Kathy Purnell, MSW February 20, 2008 Case Presentation 2 Case Presentation
More informationWhat is Autism? -Those with the most severe disability need a lot of help with their daily lives whereas those that are least affected may not.
Autism Summary Autism What is Autism? The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that can have significant implications on a child's ability to function and interface with the world
More informationComparison of Direct and Indirect Reinforcement Contingencies on Task Acquisition. A Thesis Presented. Robert Mark Grant
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Reinforcement Contingencies on Task Acquisition A Thesis Presented By Robert Mark Grant In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
More informationThinking Out of the Box 1
Thinking Out of the Box 1 Thinking Out of the Box A Review of Strategies used in the Academic Curriculum for Deaf Students Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders Jennifer S. Lang University of North
More informationContents. copyrighted material by PRO-ED, Inc.
Introduction xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Autism 1 What Is Autism? 1 Characteristics 3 Communication and Language Deficits 3 Cognitive Deficits 4 Social Deficits 6 Sensory Processing Deficits 7 Stereotypic
More informationInclusive Education. De-mystifying Intellectual Disabilities and investigating best practice.
Inclusive Education De-mystifying Intellectual Disabilities and investigating best practice. Aims for this session: To understand what the term Intellectual Defiency means To understand the broad spectrum
More informationTeaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Settings: Exceptional Learners Chapter 9: Autism Spectrum Disorders
Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Settings: Exceptional Learners Chapter 9: Autism Spectrum Disorders Background Autistic is a broad term coined in the twentieth century by Bleuler that
More informationCOMPARING THE EFFECTS OF ECHOIC PROMPTS AND ECHOIC PROMPTS PLUS MODELED PROMPTS ON INTRAVERBAL BEHAVIOR AMBER L. VALENTINO
JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2012, 45, 431 435 NUMBER 2(SUMMER 2012) COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF ECHOIC PROMPTS AND ECHOIC PROMPTS PLUS MODELED PROMPTS ON INTRAVERBAL BEHAVIOR AMBER L. VALENTINO MARCUS
More informationBASIC VOLUME. Elements of Drug Dependence Treatment
BASIC VOLUME Elements of Drug Dependence Treatment BASIC VOLUME MODULE 1 Drug dependence concept and principles of drug treatment MODULE 2 Motivating clients for treatment and addressing resistance MODULE
More informationThe Benefits of Aquatic Therapy for Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder(s)
The Benefits of Aquatic Therapy for Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder(s) Understand Autism Autism Terminology Myths & Facts around Autism Perceptions of Autism Symptoms and Characteristics
More informationAutism & intellectual disabilities. How to deal with confusing concepts
Autism & intellectual disabilities How to deal with confusing concepts dr. Gerard J. Nijhof Orthopedagogue / GZ-psychologist PhD, Free University Amsterdam Private practice contact@gerardnijhof.nl +31
More informationEffectiveness of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy as a Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Disabilities
Volume 1, Number 1 May 2003 Effectiveness of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy as a Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Disabilities Tracy L. Humphries This research synthesis focuses on the effectiveness
More informationEffectiveness of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy as a Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Disabilities
Effectiveness of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy as a Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Disabilities Tracy L. Humphries, Ph.D. Bridges Volume 1, Number 6, May 2003 Bridges is a publication of the
More informationWho Exactly Is This Book For?
This is a chapter excerpt from Guilford Publications. Getting the Best for Your Child with Autism: An Expert's Guide to Treatment by Bryna Siegel. Copyright 2008 Introduction This is a book for parents
More informationAutism. Laura Schreibman HDP1 11/29/07 MAIN DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF AUTISTIC DISORDER. Deficits in social attachment and behavior
Autism Laura Schreibman HDP1 11/29/07 MAIN DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF AUTISTIC DISORDER Deficits in social attachment and behavior Deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication Presence of perseverative,
More informationAutism Spectrum Condition (ASC) Policy
Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) Policy Person Responsible for the ASC Audit and Action Plan and for the development of specialist provision for pupils with ASC: Dawn Brown This policy should be read in
More informationMassage in the Classroom Setting
Originally published in Massage & Bodywork magazine, February/March 2003. Copyright 2003. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals. All rights reserved. By Shirley Vanderbilt Autism is on the rise,
More informationDSM 5 Criteria to Diagnose Autism
DSM 5 Criteria to Diagnose Autism Patient Name Patient Date of Birth Patient Health Plan Provider Name and Credential Date of Exam Only a doctoral level clinician (MD, PhD, and/or PsyD) can complete this
More informationDevelopmental Disabilities: Diagnosis and Treatment. Sara Sanders, Psy.D. 03/05/15
Developmental Disabilities: Diagnosis and Treatment Sara Sanders, Psy.D. 03/05/15 1 Developmental Disability A severe and chronic disability that is attributable to a mental or physical impairment that
More informationJournal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences
JCBPS; Section B; May 2017 July 2017, Vol. 7, No. 3; 889-894. E- ISSN: 2249 1929 [DOI: 10.24214/jcbps.B.7.3.88994] Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences An International Peer Review E-3
More informationThe Parent's Perspectives on Autism Spectrum Disorder
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/autism-spectrum/the-parents-perspectives-on-autism-spectrumdisorder/6809/
More informationEligibility Criteria for Children with ASD
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SERIES Eligibility Criteria for Children with ASD Review the Characteristics of Children with ASD* The following are the most common signs and symptoms of a child with ASD: The
More informationDialectical Behaviour Therapy in Secure Services Calverton Hill & Priory Hospital East Midlands Priory Group
Context Our Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) team is a large multi-site team offering a standard DBT programme to patients who present with complex, severe, and enduring mental illness, personality
More informationExposures, Flooding, & Desensitization. Anxiety Disorders. History 12/2/2009
Exposures, Flooding, & Desensitization Anxiety Disorders Major advances in treating a wide spectrum of anxiety problems over last 20 years Common thread in effective treatments is hierarchy-based exposure
More informationStability or Change?
Stability or Change? The Dynamics of Intelligence Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007 Extremes of Intelligence A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded
More informationAutistic Spectrum Disorder
Autistic Spectrum Disorder Information and advice Springhallow School What are your expectations from today s session? The aim of today s session is to provide an overview of how autism may affect your
More informationMotivation and Emotion. Unit 2: Biopsychology
Motivation and Emotion Unit 2: Biopsychology Theories of Motivation Motivation: an internal state that activates behaviour and directs it towards a goal. Motivation cannot be observed directly so psychologists
More information8 th Grade Novel Study: Touching Spirit Bear
1 Opening Routine: 8 th Grade Novel Study: Touching Spirit Bear (Ben Mikaelsen) Celebrating Community: Learning About Ourselves and Others (Day 15 (Chapter 24) 1. The teacher will: Read Aloud Article on
More informationDevelopmental Disorders also known as Autism Spectrum Disorders. Dr. Deborah Marks
Pervasive Developmental Disorders also known as Autism Spectrum Disorders Dr. Deborah Marks Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autistic Disorder ( Autism) - Kanner Asperger Syndrome Pervasive Developmental
More informationDSM V Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
And Autism What is Autism? Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social skills and communication as well as stereotypical, repetitive behaviours. By definition, the symptoms must
More informationBehavior in Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) Syndrome
Behavior in Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) Syndrome What is CFC? How does it affect a person? CFC is a rare genetic syndrome that typically affects a person's heart (cardio ), facial features (facio ), and
More informationLearning Theories Reviewed
Learning Theories Reviewed Applications and Challenges Howie Fine 1 Applications of Classical Conditioning 1 Watson (1921) - Little Albert - demonstrated that classical conditioning accounts for some cases
More informationFocus of Today s Presentation. Partners in Healing Model. Partners in Healing: Background. Data Collection Tools. Research Design
Exploring the Impact of Delivering Mental Health Services in NYC After-School Programs Gerald Landsberg, DSW, MPA Stephanie-Smith Waterman, MSW, MS Ana Maria Pinter, M.A. Focus of Today s Presentation
More informationAP Psychology. Course Audit
Ledyard High School 24 Gallup Hill Road Ledyard CT. 06339 AP Psychology Course Audit Daniel Mello Eric Van Frachen 1 AP Psychology Syllabus: The purpose of AP Psychology is to introduce students to the
More informationAutism. Autism and autistic spectrum
Autism Autism is a disorder that affects the way a person communicates with and relates to other people. Most (but not all) people with autism also have a learning disability. People with autism need specialist
More informationREFLEX INTEGRATION PROGRAM IS SUCCESSFUL AT SCHOOL. Case History by Kim Willkom, Occupational Therapist. and MNRI Core Specialist, Stevens Point, WI
1. Background Information REFLEX INTEGRATION PROGRAM IS SUCCESSFUL AT SCHOOL Case History by Kim Willkom, Occupational Therapist and MNRI Core Specialist, Stevens Point, WI The reflex integration program
More informationImplementing NICE guidance
Implementing NICE guidance Penny Williams Speech and Language Therapist NICE clinical guideline 128 September 2011 What this presentation covers Background Development Scope of the Guideline Key Recommendations
More information2/23/ Transition Conference Harrisburg PA February 23, 2017
2017 Transition Conference Harrisburg PA February 23, 2017 1 ddubovksy@verizon.net 215-694-8450 2 is a spectrum of disorders There is a wide range of intellectual capabilities in individuals with an There
More informationAUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SERIES. Strategies for Social Skills for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SERIES Strategies for Social Skills for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Introduction One of the most important areas for intervention for children with autism will be in
More informationCOMBINING INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS INDIVIDUAL NEEDS OF CHILDREN WITH ASDS
Help, Hope, Solutions Helping Our Clients Make Sense of the World www.helphopesolutions.com COMBINING INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS INDIVIDUAL NEEDS OF CHILDREN WITH ASDS Cristina Busu, MS, BCBA cristina@helphopesolutions.com
More informationThis is an edited transcript of a telephone interview recorded in March 2010.
Sound Advice This is an edited transcript of a telephone interview recorded in March 2010. Dr. Patricia Manning-Courtney is a developmental pediatrician and is director of the Kelly O Leary Center for
More informationABA and DIR/Floortime: Compatible or Incompatible?
ABA and DIR/Floortime: Compatible or Incompatible? Sweden ABA Conference 2017 Robert K. Ross, Ed.D., BCBA-D Beacon ABA Services of MA & CT THANK YOU House Keeping Issues A little about my presentation
More informationThe Nuts and Bolts of Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorders In Young Children. Overview
The Nuts and Bolts of Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorders In Young Children Jessica Greenson, Ph.D. Autism Center University of Washington Overview Diagnostic Criteria Current: Diagnostic & Statistical
More informationINDICATORS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
INDICATORS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER While many of the behaviors typical of Autism Spectrum Disorder are also typical of earlier stages of normal development, it is the combination or pattern of behaviors
More informationPervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD- NOS)
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD- NOS) What is Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)? (*Please note that the criteria according to the DSM-V changed
More informationAn Introduction to Behavior Management
An Introduction to Behavior Management ABA based strategies and resources for afterschool providers Presented by Catherine Bernasconi M.S., Board Certified Behavior Analyst Inclusion for All Students More
More informationThe Core Elements of Applied Verbal Behaviour AVB. Dr. Chafica Mansour Gharbieh Education & ABA/VB Specialist
The Core Elements of Applied Verbal Behaviour AVB Dr. Chafica Mansour Gharbieh Education & ABA/VB Specialist Teaching Language to children with ASD or Other Developmental Disabilities Applied Behaviour
More informationEvaluations. Learn the Signs. Act Early. The Importance of Developmental Screening. Conflict of Interest Statement.
Learn the Signs. Act Early. The Importance of Developmental Screening. April 19, 2012 Featured Speakers Judith Lucas, MD Pediatrician, Behavioral Health Albany Medical Center Donna M. Noyes, PhD Associate
More informationWhy do Psychologists Perform Research?
PSY 102 1 PSY 102 Understanding and Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Thinking critically about research means knowing the right questions to ask to assess the validity or accuracy of a
More informationFrom Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM IV
From Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM IV (I) A total of six (or more) items from (A), (B), and (C), with at least two from (A), and one each from (B) and (C) (A) qualitative impairment
More informationEffects of Increased Exposure to Training Trials with Children with Autism. A Thesis Presented. Melissa A. Ezold
Effects of Increased Exposure to Training Trials with Children with Autism A Thesis Presented by Melissa A. Ezold The Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology In partial fulfillment
More informationAutism 101: An Introduction for Families
Autism 101: An Introduction for Families Lindsey Miller, ARNP Rachel Montague, Ph.D. June 5, 2012 Overview of Presentation What are Autism Spectrum Disorders? Prevalence & causes Characteristics & related
More informationFall 2018 Sessions Session recordings and materials can be accessed on the WyoLearn Website.
Session Date September 18, 2018 Session Title and Description Strategies of Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) #1 The Early Start Denver Model is a comprehensive, empirically-supported approach to working
More informationAutism and self-harm: How speech and language therapy can help
Exclusively sponsored by: Autism and self-harm: How speech and language therapy can help What is self-harm? A parent recently told me that her child has been self-harming since infancy, but she had only
More informationEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE The key to harmonious relationships Lisa Tenzin-Dolma
Emotional Intelligence This hand out is for your personal use only. All content and photos are copyright to Lisa Tenzin- Dolma, (unless credited to a third party). You may not share, copy, or use the content
More informationUnderstanding Autism. Julie Smith, MA, BCBA. November 12, 2015
Understanding Autism Julie Smith, MA, BCBA November 12, 2015 2 Overview What is Autism New DSM-5; changes to diagnosis Potential causes Communication strategies Managing difficult behaviors Effective programming
More informationOVERVIEW ANXIETY AND ANGER IN ADULTS AUTISM AND MENTAL HEALTH COMORBIDITIES WHAT YOU SEE AND WHAT THEY FEEL WHAT YOU SEE AND WHAT THEY FEEL 26/09/2015
OVERVIEW ANXIETY AND ANGER IN ADULTS Autism and Mental Health Comorbidities What is anxiety? What is anger? Interaction between ASC, Anxiety and Anger Managing anxiety AUTISM AND MENTAL HEALTH COMORBIDITIES
More informationStudents with social communication difficulties may/or may not have a formal diagnosis of ASD (autistic spectrum disorder).
ASD/ social communication difficulties Introduction Students with social communication difficulties may/or may not have a formal diagnosis of ASD (autistic spectrum disorder). Students with ASD are individuals
More informationAutism Spectrum Disorders. A general overview
Autism Spectrum Disorders A general overview True or False The term autism is relatively new. Autism was first described by scientist Leo Kranner in 1943, but the earliest description of a child now known
More informationJulie Bolton M.Cl.Sc (SLP) Candidate University of Western Ontario: School of Communication Sciences and Disorders
Critical Review: In non-verbal children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is verbal output increased for those who engage in the picture exchange communication System (PECS)? Julie Bolton M.Cl.Sc (SLP)
More informationAutism Brief to the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology November 9, 2006
Autism Brief to the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology November 9, 2006 The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) is pleased to have been invited by the Standing Senate
More informationInterventions for Autism: Translating Research into Practice
Interventions for Autism: Translating Research into Practice Cindy Canceko Llego, MD, MSc Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician Clinical Epidemiologist Objectives To discuss the importance of good scientific
More informationADHD Tests and Diagnosis
ADHD Tests and Diagnosis Diagnosing Attention Deficit Disorder in Children and Adults On their own, none of the symptoms of attention deficit disorder are abnormal. Most people feel scattered, unfocused,
More informationTEACHING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN
AP/?CA c~kfl/ld 1~ f~a(t!.. ~ fja.l-mc/>/(j A/1A"d. - y~,: W~t-q I r- r:j~/pi,j:v/~... Cf. k,hf-.;l{/p~ I TEACHING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN Association of Psychological and Educational
More informationAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? (*Please note that the diagnostic criteria for ASD according to the DSM-V changed as of May, 2013. Autism Spectrum Disorder now is
More informationWhat is good practice in autism education?
What is good practice in autism education? Tony Charman, Liz Pellicano, Lindy V Peacey, Nick Peacey, Kristel Forward, Julie Dockrell Centre for Research in Autism and Education www.ioe.ac.uk/crae/ Research
More informationEffects of Music In Autistic Children and their Behavior Dr. T. MYTHILY Ph. D
Effects of Music In Autistic Children and their Behavior Dr. T. MYTHILY Ph. D Introduction Music Therapy is the unique application of music to enhance personal lives by creating positive changes in human
More informationADHD Dan Shapiro, M.D. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
ADHD 2016 Dan Shapiro, M.D. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics drdanshapiro@gmail.com www.parentchildjourney.com Behavior is communication A riot is at bottom the language of the unheard. -Martin
More informationAUTISM Definition. Symptoms
AUTISM Definition Autism spectrum disorder is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a child's ability to communicate and interact with others. It also includes restricted repetitive behaviors,
More informationRunning Head: VISUAL SCHEDULES FOR STUDENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Running Head: VISUAL SCHEDULES FOR STUDENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Visual Schedules for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Taylor Herback 200309600 University of Regina VISUAL SCHEDULES FOR
More informationPost-traumatic amnesia following a traumatic brain injury
Post-traumatic amnesia following a traumatic brain injury Irving Building Occupational Therapy 0161 206 1475 All Rights Reserved 2017. Document for issue as handout. Unique Identifier: NOE46(17). Review
More informationFACT SHEET. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD or ADHD) General Overview (updated 2018)
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD or ADHD) General Overview (updated 2018) Attention deficit is a disorder that affects children from the first months of their lives through their school years, through adolescence,
More informationFact and Fiction: Sorting through the
Fact and Fiction: Sorting through the Information on Autism to Guide Best Practice Carol Schall, Ph.D. The Virginia Autism Resource Center cschall@varc.org Fact: There are many more young children with
More informationBreakspeare School Provision for Pupils with Autism
Breakspeare School Provision for Pupils with Autism Provision for pupils with Autistic Spectrum Disorders at Breakspeare School Breakspeare School is a special school for children with severe learning
More informationLife with autism: (In)visible little people
23 March 2017 RESEARCH VACCINES AND AUTISM Life with autism: (In)visible little people Among children with autistic spectrum disorders in Serbia, 79 percent of them are male, and 21 percent female; the
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : UNDERSTANDING AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : UNDERSTANDING AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 understanding autism spectrum disorders frequently asked questions understanding
More informationAutism Spectrum Disorder Pre Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Autism Spectrum Disorder Pre 2014 2012 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. DSM- 5 In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association released the fifth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
More informationDolphin-Assisted Therapy for Children With Special Needs: A Pilot Study
Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 6:56 68,2011 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1540-1383 print/1540-1391 online DOI: 10.1080/15401383.2011.557309 Dolphin-Assisted Therapy for Children
More informationVaccinated versus Unvaccinated Children and Chronic Disease. Chronic health conditions are being reported in more than half of American
Vaccinated versus Unvaccinated Children and Chronic Disease Chronic health conditions are being reported in more than half of American schoolchildren, (1.) with conditions such as allergies, learning and
More informationSOCI 323 Social Psychology
SOCI 323 Session 1 The Science of Social Life Lecturer: Dr. Peace Mamle Tetteh, Dept. of Sociology Contact Information: ptetteh@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education
More informationSocial and Pragmatic Language in Autistic Children
Parkland College A with Honors Projects Honors Program 2015 Social and Pragmatic Language in Autistic Children Hannah Li Parkland College Recommended Citation Li, Hannah, "Social and Pragmatic Language
More informationChand, P., Mattoo, S., & Sharan, P. (2004). Quality of life and its correlates in patients with bipolar disorder stabilized on lithium prophylaxis. Ps
Jennifer Cava Foundations of Leisure Dr. Koesler April 2, 2012 I have neither given nor received help on this work, nor am I aware of any infraction of the Honor Code. Jennifer C. Cava References Rosa,
More informationWHAT IS ASPERGER S? Some qualities and strengths
Living Autism We find autism services, autism advice and autism support https://livingautism.com WHAT IS ASPERGER S? We often receive enquiries from people who wonder if their family member or friend might
More informationHarmony in the home with Challenging Children. By Laura Kerbey Positive Autism Support and Training
Harmony in the home with Challenging Children By Laura Kerbey Positive Autism Support and Training Helping to put problems with autism in the PAST. Behaviour Coaching Coffee mornings with other parents
More informationInternational School of Turin
International School of Turin Adapted from the IB PSE scope and sequence Personal, Social and Physical Education Scope and Sequence Identity An understanding of our own beliefs, values, attitudes, experiences
More informationWhat is EEG Neurofeedback?
What is EEG Neurofeedback? By Elaine Offstein, MA, Board Certified Educational Therapist All systems of our body and brain are designed to constantly work to maintain life-sustaining balance that scientists
More informationEarly Recognition of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Early Recognition of Autism Spectrum Disorders Michelle Antle, Ed.S. School Psychologist and Field Training Coordinator 1 The mission of the Kentucky Autism Training Center is to strengthen our state's
More informationThe Effect of Brain Gym Exercises on Self- Esteem and Sensory Processing Speed on High School Hearing Impaired Students
The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 4, Issue 2, No. 93, DIP: 18.01.136/20170402 ISBN: 978-1-365-78193-3 http://www.ijip.in January-March, 2017 The
More informationAutism Checklist General Characteristics
Autism Checklist General Characteristics Abnormal tone and rhythm in speech Babbling may develop and then stop Began developing language then suddenly stopped Crying not related to needs Delay in, or lack
More informationAutism. Childhood Autism and Schizophrenia. Autism, Part 1 Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-IV-TR) Behavioral Characteristics of Autism
Autism Childhood Autism and Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Autism comes from the Latin within oneself Autism: Severe developmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in: Social functioning Language
More information2 Psychological Processes : An Introduction
2 Psychological Processes : An Introduction 2.1 Introduction In our everyday life we try to achieve various goals through different activities, receive information from our environment, learn about many
More informationAssessment of Behaviour and Learning in Epilepsy (ABLE) A teacher and parent screening tool for all school-aged pupils with epilepsy
Assessment of Behaviour and Learning in Epilepsy (ABLE) A teacher and parent screening tool for all school-aged pupils with epilepsy Introduction to the ABLE screening tool Many children with epilepsy,
More informationTHE USE OF DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY WITH FORENSIC CLIENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
THE USE OF DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY WITH FORENSIC CLIENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DR JOSEPH ALLAN SAKDALAN AND SABINE VISSER CLINICAL FORENSIC AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST (NZ) APRIL 2018 OUTLINE OF
More informationAutism Spectrum Disorder. EI/ECSE Pre-Referral and Referral Information Packet
Autism Spectrum Disorder EI/ECSE Pre-Referral and Referral Information Packet Revised 11-2013 1 Pre-Referral Team Dates South Coast Education Service District Pre-Referral Process Please use the following
More informationBehavioral EQ MULTI-RATER PROFILE. Prepared for: By: Session: 22 Jul Madeline Bertrand. Sample Organization
Behavioral EQ MULTI-RATER PROFILE Prepared for: Madeline Bertrand By: Sample Organization Session: Improving Interpersonal Effectiveness 22 Jul 2014 Behavioral EQ, Putting Emotional Intelligence to Work,
More informationHearing Loss and Autism. diagnosis and intervention
Hearing Loss and Autism diagnosis and intervention Outline 1. Definitions 2. Prevalence 3. Diagnosis 4. Ideas for Intervention Definitions Definitions Autism A group of complex disorders of brain development
More information