Today s Topics. Cracking the Genetic Code. The Process of Genetic Transmission. The Process of Genetic Transmission. Genes
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1 Today s Topics Mechanisms of Heredity Biology of Heredity Genetic Disorders Research Methods in Behavioral Genetics Gene x Environment Interactions The Process of Genetic Transmission Genes: segments of DNA 1 Chromosome: threadlike structure that contains the genetic information DNA: the genetic substance in chromosomes 2 The Process of Genetic Transmission Cracking the Genetic Code Genes Carry codes for production of proteins Vital for cell functions Duplicate themselves to Behavior The Human Genome 1
2 The Process of Genetic Transmission Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex: Terminology Autosomes the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex XX = female, XY = male Gametes Zygote sex cells: sperm and ova sperm and ovum united 5 The Process of Genetic Transmission Gametes: Ovum Largest human cell The female germ cell (egg) 23 chromosomes (not pairs) 23 rd is always an X Sperm Smallest human cell The male germ cell 23 chromosomes (not pairs) 23 rd is either an X or a Y Unite to form a single cell, the Zygote, which has 23 pairs of chromosomes Father s Genes ½ of each pair Mother s Genes ½ of each pair 7 8 2
3 Review: Genes and Behavior 23 from Father 23 from Mother + = 1 Zygote with 23 pairs Genotype A particular set of genes a person inherits from his or her parents Phenotype An organism s actual observable characteristics 9 Alleles Two forms of the same gene Appear at the same place on both chromosomes in a pair One inherited from each parent Homozygous the two alleles are alike Heterozygous the alleles differ Dominant-Recessive Inheritance 3
4 Complex Heredity Complex Heredity Incomplete dominance Polygenic inheritance: Multiple genes 1 trait Complex behavioral dispositions Combination of several genes that work together Environment plays a major role in gene expression Inherited disorders Genetic Disorders Sickle-cell disease Huntington s disease Abnormal number of chromosomes Down Syndrome X-linked Inheritance 15 Inherited Disorders Sickle-cell disease Problem is inherited on a recessive allele Two recessive alleles = sickle cell disease Incomplete dominance of normal dominant allele = sickle cell trait Huntington s disease Problem is inherited on a dominant allele Symptoms happen late in life, after most patients have reproduced & passed the trait on to a new generation. 16 4
5 Abnormal Number of Chromosomes X-linked Inheritance Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Phenotype Genotype What happens if the gene is on a sex chromosome? Females: If there s a bad recessive gene on one X, there s probably a dominant gene on the other X to suppress it Males have only 1 X e.g., hemophilia X-Linked Inheritance Today s Topics Mechanisms of Heredity Biology of Heredity Genetic Disorders Research Methods in Behavioral Genetics Gene x Environment Interactions 20 5
6 Research Methods in Behavioral Genetics What is Behavioral Genetics? Branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits (p. 49) Family Resemblance Studies Twin Studies Monozygotic Twins Dizygotic Twins Adopted vs. Biological Children Heritability Proportion of a trait s variation in a population due to genetic factors 21 Heritability = a statistical estimate of how much of the variability in people s physical characteristics is explained by their genetic makeup 3 Factors: Genes Family Resemblance Studies Shared Environment Non-shared Environment 6
7 Heritability Twin Studies IQ adult IQ child Reading disability Personality Schizophrenia Major Depression Autism Hyperactivity nonshared environment shared environment heritability Monozygotic (MZ) vs. Dizygotic (DZ) Twins Identical Fraternal Share 100% genes Share ~50% genes Twin Studies The logic behind twin studies: If identical twins (same genes) resemble each other more than fraternal twins (different genes) do trait is influenced more by genes If identical twins (same genes) resemble each other the same as fraternal twins (different genes) do trait is influenced more by the environment
8 Twins reared together vs. apart This keeps genes constant & changes the environment. Separated Identical Twins A number of studies compared identical twins reared separately from birth, or shortly thereafter, and found numerous similarities. Personality, intelligence, abilities, attitudes, interests, fears, brain waves, heart rates, blood pressure 30 Biological Versus Adoptive Relatives Logic behind adoption studies resemblance to biological parents due to genes resemblance to adoptive parents due to environment Biological Versus Adoptive Relatives Adoption studies suggest that adoptees (who are biologically unrelated to their families) tend to be different from their adoptive parents and siblings more similar to biological parents on a number of characteristics (e.g., personality & intelligence)
9 Sibling Studies Influences of the Environment However, even biologically related children turn out to be very different from one another, even when raised in the same family. So investigators ask: Do siblings have different experiences within the same family? (nurture) Even though biological siblings have 50% of the same genes, what effect does the other 50% of non-shared genes have? (nature) Shared & Nonshared Environments Ultimate question: What is the effect of parenting?? (nurture) 33 Parenting does have an effect on both biologically related and unrelated children. Parenting has greatest influence on children s Attitudes, Values Manners, Beliefs Faith, Politics 34 Small Group Discussion: Which trait is most influenced by heritability? Shared environment? Non-shared environment? Twin & Adoption Studies Problems Shared environment overestimated Same genes, different expression Complex genetic interactions ignored Based on faulty assumptions 9
10 Influences of Genes vs. the Environment Range of reaction (graph) What s not explained by heritability/genes is usually attributed to the environment Influences of Genes vs. the Environment Range of reaction Gene X Environment Interactions Genes can influence traits which affect responses, and environment can affect gene activity. Nature via Nurture genetic predispositions can influence how others respond to us. drive us to select and create particular environments
11 The Epigenetic Framework 11
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