Acetamiprid, Dinotefuran, Thiomethoxam, Chenopodium, Buprofezin, and Flonicamid Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Trial: Citrus Mealybug (Planoccocus citri)

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1 ,, Thiomethoxam, Chenopodium, Buprofezin, and Efficacy and Phytotoxicity Trial: Citrus Mealybug (Planoccocus citri) Principal Investigators: Michael P. Parrella, Associate Dean and Professor, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA (53) Trinity Strehl, Post Graduate Researcher, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA (53) Thomas P. Costamagna, Sr. Superintendent of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA (53) Objective: To determine the efficacy and phytotoxicity of acetamiprid, dinotefuran (foliar and drench), thiomethoxam, chenopodium, buprofezen, and flonicamid as compared to the industry standard, imidacloprid, for control of citrus mealybugs, Planoccocus citri, on Coleus following two chemical applications in a greenhouse setting. Materials: Experimental Units- Coleus (Solenostemon x hybridus) inches tall at beginning of trial Three plants per experimental unit Planted in 6 inch pots (.5 gallon) Media: 5% peat, 35% perlite, 1% sand, and 5% scoria Target Insect Citrus Mealybug (Planoccocus citri): Adults and 4 th instars (Stage counted) Equipment Dramm MS-1 heavy-duty sprayer (1.5 mm nozzle with 5 PSI) Personal protective gear as required by label Flags for labeling plants Greenhouse Fertigation system Plastic tarps 1

2 Methods Part One: This experiment was split into two parts. Part one compared dinotefuran, acetamiprid, imidicloprid to the untreated control: There were replicates for each of the 8 treatments (sprays), one treatment per labeled arena, and three plants per pot (Table 1). replicates x 8 treatments = 16 experimental units 16 experimental units x 3 plants per experimental unit = 48 plants Table 1: Treatments and Rates APPLICATION DATE Trade Name/Active Ingredient RATES 11/1/5 11/1/5 11/1/5 11/1/5 11/1/5 11/1/5, 11/24/5 11/24/5 11/24/5 Safari SG/ Safari SG/ TriStar 3SG/ TriStar 3SG/ Marathon II/ Imidacloprid Silwet L-77/ Polyakyleneoxide modified Heptamethyltrisiloxane Safari SG/ Safari SG/ 4 oz./1 gal. 8 oz./1 gal. 1.7 oz./1 gal. 3.4 oz./1 gal. 1.7 oz./1 gal. 6.4 oz./1 gal 4 oz./1 gal. 8 oz./1 gal. 11/24/5 TriStar 3SG/ 1.7 oz./1 gal. 11/24/5 TriStar 3SG/ 3.4 oz./1 gal. 11/24/5 Marathon II/ Imidacloprid 1.7 oz./1 gal. 11/24/5 11/245 Safari SG/ (Drench: Single drench application using 4 fl oz of solution per gallon of container pot volume.) Safari SG/ (Drench: Single drench application using 4 fl oz of solution per gallon of container pot volume.) 12 oz./1 gal. 24 oz./1 gal. 1/7/5, 1/14/5, 1/21/5, 1/28/5 Bonzi/ Paclobutrazol 64 oz./1 gal. Indicates the treatment was mixed with Silwet-77 an organo-silicone surfactant. 2

3 Plants (Figure 1) were kept in a greenhouse with an average temperature of 25 C ± 7.3 C (77 ± 12 F) and watered by timed hydroponic flood tables with deionized water blended with fertilizer. Plants were sprayed with paclobutrazol, a plant growth regulator, once per week for 4 weeks. Plant growth regulator treatments were discontinued 2 weeks prior to the first sample date. Figure 1: Coleus growing in a greenhouse. Mealybugs (Figure 2) were present on all plants prior to the start of the trial. Plants were inoculated with segments of coleus from a contained laboratory colony. The mealybugs were allowed to crawl onto the new host and establish and reproduce. The presence of citrus mealybugs on at least five stems on most plants was confirmed prior to spraying. 3

4 Figure 2: Coleus with mealybugs After flagging the plants for treatment and an initial count, plants were grouped, sprayed, and placed back into their original location. This was repeated for the second spray 14 days later. To prevent cross contamination tarps were used to contain spray drift (Figure 3). Figure 3: Plants grouped for treatment. All plants had flowers present and most had new growth at the time of chemical applications. Flowers were removed prior to both chemical applications. 4

5 The sprays were conducted in the late evening after the greenhouse temperature had dropped below 21.1 C (7 F). All chemicals were mixed with de-ionized water. All plants requiring a foliar application were sprayed to drip. Spray tanks were rotated. Chemicals were sprayed in order of increasing concentration and the spray pump, hose, and gun were cleaned extensively in between sprays to keep contamination to a minimum. Plants requiring a drench application were drenched with 4 fl oz of solution per gallon of container pot volume (2 oz. for.5 gallon) when soil was moderately dry, but not hydrophobic. Plants were watered moderately for 1 week after application. Samples were taken by removing the tallest or longest branch and counting all adult and 4 th instar mealybugs from the terminus to the first branching point. In order to compare the control efficacy (and since the assumptions for a parametric test were violated), Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance were used. Pair-wise comparisons were performed using Dunn s method. Methods Part Two: Part two compared flonicamid, thiomethoxam, buprofezen, and chenopodium to the untreated control. Everything was duplicated exactly the same for part two except for the following: There were -24 replicates for each of the 8 treatments (sprays), one treatment per labeled arena, and three plants per pot (Table 2). 5

6 Table 2 APPLICATION DATE Trade Name/Active Ingredient RATES 5/31/6 Aria 5SG/ 6 g./1 gal. 5/31/6 Aria 5SG/ 1 g./1 gal. 5/31/6 Flagship 25 WP/ Thiamethoxam 2 oz./1 gal. 5/31/6 Flagship 25 WP/ Thiamethoxam 4 oz./1 gal. 5/31/6 Marathon II/ Imidacloprid 1.7 oz./1 gal. 5/31/6 Talus 4SC/ Buprofezin 18 oz./1 gal 5/31/6 Facin/ Chenopodium 4 oz./1 gal. 6/14/6 Aria 5SG/ 6 g./1 gal. 6/14/6 Aria 5SG/ 1 g./1 gal. 6/14/6 Flagship 25 WP/ Thiamethoxam 2 oz./1 gal. 6/14/6 Flagship 25 WP/ Thiamethoxam 4 oz./1 gal. 6/14/6 Marathon II/ Imidacloprid 1.7 oz./1 gal. 6/14/6 Talus 4SC/ Buprofezin 18 oz./1 gal 6/14/6 Facin/ Chenopodium 4 oz./1 gal. 4/26/6, 5/3/6, 5/1/6, 5/17/6 Bonzi/ Paclobutrazol 64 oz./1 gal. Results Part One: No phytotoxicity observed. Pre-count data were collected one day before the first spray. No significant statistical differences were detected for the pre-count (Figure 4). 6

7 Pre-Count Drench (Low (Low Drench (High Foliar (High Foliar (Low Untreated Control (High Imidacloprid Figure 4: H = 4.211, df = 7, P =.7551 Count one data were collected six days after the first spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 1 (Figure 5). Both rates of acetamiprid and dinotefuran (foliar) showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Imidacloprid and the drench applications of dinotefuran did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Count (High (Low Foliar (Low Foliar (High Drench (High Imidacloprid Drench (Low Untreated Control Figure 5: H = , df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated Count two data were collected 13 days after the first spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 2 (Figure 6). Both rates of acetamiprid and 7

8 dinotefuran (foliar) showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Imidacloprid and the drench applications of dinotefuran did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Count (High (Low Foliar (Low Foliar (High Imidacloprid Drench (High Drench (Low Untreated Control Figure 6: H = 82.89, df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated Count three data were collected 14 days after the second spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 3 (Figure 7). Both rates of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, dinotefuran (foliar) showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. The drench applications of dinotefuran did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Count (Low (High Foliar (Low Foliar (High Imidacloprid Drench (High Drench (Low Untreated Control Figure 7: H = 1.34, df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated 8

9 Count 4 data were collected 27 days after the second spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 4 (Figure 8). Both rates of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran (foliar) showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. The drench applications of dinotefuran did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Count (High (Low Foliar (Low Foliar (High Imidacloprid Drench (High Drench (Low Untreated Control Figure 8: H = , df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated Count 5 data were collected 4 days after the second spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 5 (Figure 9). Both rates of acetamiprid and dinotefuran (foliar) showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Imidacloprid and the drench applications of dinotefuran did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. 9

10 Count (High (Low Foliar (Low Foliar (High Imidacloprid Drench (High Drench (Low Untreated Control Figure 9: H = 121.7, df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated Figure 1 gives the overall trends for the foliar applications as compared to the imidacloprid, an industry standard, and the untreated control Foliar Applications Compared with Untreated Control st Spray: 11/9/5 2nd Spray: 11/23/5 11/8/5 11/15/6 11/22/ Sample Date Figure 1 Imidacloprid Untreated Control Foliar (Low Foliar (High (Low (High Figure 11 gives the overall trends for the drench applications as compared to the imidacloprid, an industry standard, and the untreated control. 1

11 Drench Applications Compared with Untreated Control and Imidacloprid Imidacloprid Spray: 11/9/5 Imidacloprid Spray and Drench Applications: 11/23/5 11/8/5 11/15/6 11/22/ Sample Date Drench (Low Imidacloprid Drench (High Untreated Control Figure 11 Summary Part One: Both rates of acetamiprid and dinotefuran (foliar) statistically differences as compared to the untreated control for the duration of the trial. Imidacloprid took longer to control the mealybugs and did not control the mealybugs for the duration of the trial. The drench applications of dinotefuran were not effective. 11

12 Results Part Two: No phytotoxicity observed. Pre-count data were collected one day before the first spray. No significant statistical differences were detected for the pre-count (Figure 12). Pre-Count Thiomethoxam (Low UTC Chenopodium Imidacloprid Thiomethoxam (High (Low (High Buprofezin Figure 12: H = 7.824, df = 7, P =.3484 Count one data were collected seven days after the first spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 1 (Figure13). Both rates of thiomethoxam showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Imidacloprid, chenopodium, buprofezin, and both rates of flonicamid did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Count Thiomethoxam (High Thiomethoxam (Low Imidacloprid Chenopodium (Low UTC (High Buprofezin Figure 13: H = , df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated 12

13 Count two data were collected 14 days after the first spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 2 (Figure14). Both rates of thiomethoxam and the high rate of flonicamid showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Imidacloprid, chenopodium, buprofezin, and the low rate of flonicamid did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Count Thiomethoxam (High Thiomethoxam (Low (High (Low Imidacloprid Buprofezin Chenopodium UTC Figure 14: H = 1.179, df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated Count three data were collected 14 days after the second spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 3 (Figure15). Imidacloprid, buprofezin, both rates of thiomethoxam, and both rates of flonicamid showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Chenopodium did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. 13

14 Count Thiomethoxam (High Thiomethoxam (Low (High Buprofezin (Low Imidacloprid Chenopodium UTC Figure 15: H = , df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated Count 4 data were collected 28 days after the second spray. Significant statistical differences were detected for count 4 (Figure16). Buprofezin, both rates of thiomethoxam, and both rates of flonicamid showed a reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Imidacloprid and chenopodium did not show a statistically significant reduction of mealybugs as compared to the untreated control. Count Thiomethoxam Thiomethoxam (High (Low Buprofezin (High (Low Imidacloprid UTC Chenopodium Figure 16: H = , df = 7, P <.1 = P <.5 vs. the Control Group (Significant Difference from Untreated 14

15 Figure 17 gives the overall trends for all applications as compared to the imidacloprid, an industry standard, and the untreated control All Treatments Compared Mean Number of MB Figure 17 1st Spray: 5/31/6 2nd Spray: 6/14/6 5/31/6 6/7/6 6/14/6 6/28/6 7/12/6 Treatment Date Summary: UTC (Low (High Thiomethoxam (High Imidacloprid Thiomethoxam (Low Buprofezin Chenopodium Both rates of thiomethoxam showed statistically differences as compared to the untreated control for the duration of the trial. Buprofezin and both rates of flonicamid took longer to control the mealybugs. Imidacloprid only controlled the mealybugs for one week. Chenopodium was not effective. GOOD RESEARCH PRACTICE STATEMENT: I acknowledge that I have read and followed the IR-4 Research protocol and completed this trial following good agricultural practice, or reported any deviations (note any changes from authorized protocol in narrative). SIGNATURE (PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR) Date Completed: 15

16 Parrella mealybug coleus greenhouse 5 2b report contents (2).xls prnum FLD_RES_DIR CropLatinName CropCommonName PestCommonName PestLatinName Product_ShortName ActiveIngredients ProductionSiteDescription wr_rpt_date hq_rpt_date funding_yr status protocol_number comments 2583 Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri Aria 5SG Greenhouse -Oct-6 1-Dec-6 5 F 5-2b $1k entire trial 2584 Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri Flagship 25WG Thiamethoxam Greenhouse -Oct-6 1-Dec-6 5 F 5-2b $1k entire trial Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri Marathon II Imidacloprid Greenhouse -Oct-6 1-Dec-6 5 F 5-2b $1k entire trial 2585 Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri QRD 4 Not specified Greenhouse -Oct-6 1-Dec-6 5 F 5-2b previously Facin; $1k entire trial 2571 Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri Safari SG Greenhouse 3-Jun-6 3-Jun-6 5 F 5-2b Foliar application; Preliminary Report in June final in October; $1k entire trial 2571 Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri Safari SG Greenhouse -Oct-6 1-Dec-6 5 F 5-2b Drench application; $1k entire trial 257 Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri Talus 4SC Buprofezin Greenhouse -Oct-6 1-Dec-6 5 F 5-2b $1k entire trial 2569 Parrella Coleus sp. Coleus, Flamenettle Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri TriStar 7WSP Greenhouse 3-Jun-6 3-Jun-6 5 F 5-2b Preliminary Report in June final in October; $1k entire trial 12/12/61: PM

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