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1 Body, Mind, Spirit: Optimum Nutrition for the Mind Session 1 Every thought and feeling we have can both alter, and is altered by, the chemistry of our body. The mind and body are completely interconnected. Patrick Holford, author The New Optimum Nutrition for the Mind (2009) Instructor: Andrea Bartels B.A. NNCP RNT Quiz: 15% Student Evaluation Covers: session 1 material Final test: 35% Covers: session 1, 2 and 3 material Course Outline Session 1: Understanding Mental Illness Understanding the diagnostic process The danger of drugs Neurotransmitter signaling: review Introduction to orthomolecular psychiatry Schizophrenia 5 Biochemical Imbalances in Mental Illness Session #2 Depression Course outline cont d Bipolar disorder, mood swings Delinquent and Violent Behaviour Learning difficulties, ADD, ADHD Down Syndrome Diet, crime, delinquency Session #3 Memory decline Course Outline cont d Alzheimer s disease Enhancing Memory and IQ 1
2 What is Mental Illness? Session #4: Final Test Addictions Eating disorders TBA If a person cannot remember the past, deal with the present or plan for the future, that person could be mentally ill. Carl Pfeiffer, American Psychiatrist The definition of insanity: to keep doing the same thing and expect a different result. Albert Einstein, German Physicist...a state of mind in which one is unable to cope with some aspect of life to a point where one s ability to lead a fulfilling life is seriously impaired. Patrick Holford, British Author, Nutritionist How the Medical Community Assesses Mental Status MSE = Mental Status Exam performed by a psychiatrist Evaluates: Clinical signs and symptoms (observed by doctor vs. perceived by patient) Affect (emotional status) Behaviour (outward actions) Cognition (ability to reason and understand) Mental Status Exam Visual clues: grooming, facial expression, amount of eye contact, abnormal movements, posture Speech: volume, tone, rhythm, rate, quantity, spontaneity Mood and personality Thought process: coherency, logic, blocking Thought content: suicidal ideation, obsessions, compulsions, odd beliefs MSE cont d Mental Health vs. Sickness Does the patient demonstrate: Perception: hallucination, delusions, depersonalization Cognition: alertness, orientation in time and place, memory (long-term and short term), attention, calculation, language, communication Insight: Is the patient aware of their illness or in denial? Judgement: understanding of relationships between facts and ability to draw a conclusion that determines one s actions Healthy able to experience full range of emotions kind/considerate/loving socially involved motivated, passionate productive enjoys solitude correct perception (5 senses) distinguish truth peaceful Sick emotionally flat unkind/inconsiderate/ hateful withdrawn, noncommunicative unmotivated, apathetic unproductive fears being alone disperceptions(5 senses) false beliefs violent 2
3 Treatment Tools Used by Psychiatrists Psychotherapy: one-on-one discussions and guided exercises Shock therapy: electrical stimulation of the brain to alter brain chemistry Drugs are #1 Tool of Psychiatrists Types of psycho-therapeutic drugs 1. Anti-depressants: depression, bipolar disorder 2. Tranquilizers: anxiety, schizophrenia 3. Stimulants: ADHD Drug therapy: pharmaceuticals to alter brain chemistry Examples: Psychiatric Drugs can Kill! Paxil(anti-depressant): may increase risk of suicide in teens Ritalin(stimulant): may cause heart attack, arrhythmias, violent behaviour,... A New Approach Orthomolecular psychiatry = the study and use of large doses of nutrients in treatment of mental illness Goals: to correct nutritional deficiencies, bringing the body back to homeostasis to support and boost the innate healing process used by Pfeiffer Medical Centre, Illinois Resource: Orthomolecular Psychiatry acknowledges the principle of biochemical individuality uses biochemical testing to determine patients optimal nutritional requirements considers role of toxicity in mental illness Exogenous (environmental: for ex.heavy metals) Endogenous (produced in the body: microbial byproducts, inflammatory chemicals, adrenochrome, etc.) Gratitude for... Dr. Carl Pfeiffer - discovered biochemical imbalances in psychiatric patients -Pfeiffer s Law: For every drug that benefits a patient there is a natural substance which achieves the same effect. Dr. Abram Hoffer Canadian Psychiatrist Discovered niacin-schizophrenia link Dr. Linus Pauling -Nobel Prize winner for vitamin C research -collaborated with Hoffer and Pfeiffer 3
4 The Complementary Medicine Approach A combination of: optimal nutrients psychological counseling emotional support spiritual practice minimal use of drugs Remember: never tell a client to get off their prescribed medications Adaptive Capacity and Mental Health = ability to adjust to stressors (mental, physical, etc.) Range of capability varies Depends on 4 Factors: Inherited Traits: genetic programming Environment: pollution, diet, allergens Sensory Input: for e.g. excessive input of noise Mind frame: interpretation of an experience through a prism of our own cultural, familial and other values Brain Bio-Chemistry: Review brain: a highly complex network of nerves that direct body functions neurons: nerve cells dendrites: connections between neurons Brain Bio-chemistry Review cont d receptor: a receiving station on the cell membrane where a message is delivered to synapse: space between cells where electrical messages are conveyed from one cell to another neurotransmitter: chemical messengers made from amino acids The Construction Crew Essential fats omega-3s: EPA, DHA Phospholipids phosphatidyl choline(pc) phosphatidyl serine (PS) Amino acids: the essential 8 Vitamins: Minerals: Primary Neurotransmitters Serotonin: tryptophan 5-HTP serotonin creates feeling of contentment Dopamine: phenylalanine tyrosine dopamine responsible for motivation GABA: leucine taurine GABA inhibitory, calming 4
5 More Neurotransmitters Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: phenylalanine tyrosine adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulating Acetylcholine (ACH): choline(a B complex vitamin) ACH important for learning new info, memory Schizophrenia Characterized by: 1. Distorted perceptions of reality a) hallucinations (visual disperceptions) b) delusions (perceives auditory, tactile, taste, smells that are not there) -i.e. hearing voices 2. False Beliefs creating phobias, paranoia, anxiety or depression (usually negative beliefs) Schizophrenia: What Schizophrenia Is/Is NOT 3. Disordered and disorganized thinking word salad = speech or writing with no logic or flow; disjointed 4. Behavioural disturbances: lack of emotional expression, catatonic (no movement), maniacal (hyperactive, irrational, obsessed) = anti-social behaviour NOT: NOT split personality disorder does NOT typically involve violent or dangerous behaviour towards others It IS: Known to have a high suicide rate Treatable with nutritional balancing Schizophrenia: Underlying Pathologies Carl Pfeiffer identified 5 pathologies caused by biochemical imbalance in these patients: 1. Histapenia(50%): low histamine, high copper 2. Histadelia(20%): high histamine, low copper 3. Pyroluria: zinc and B-6 deficiency, high urinary pyrroles 4. Cerebral allergy: wheat is most common 5. Reactive hypoglycemia: low blood sugar Other Biochemical Imbalances Found in Schizophrenia EFA Imbalances Oxidative damage (free radical damage) Niacin deficiency Abnormal neurotransmitter synthesis Possible triggers: Brain trauma: physical injury, infection Nutritional imbalance 5
6 Histapenia = Low blood levels of histamine Found in 50% of schizophrenic patients tested by Drs. Pfeiffer and Hoffer Responsible for paranoia, hallucinations, delusions in schizophrenics with low histamine What is Histamine? = inflammatory product of the immune system; also found in some foods (tomatoes, sardines, strawberries, red wine) made from the amino acid histidine note: increases saliva and tear production, lowers pain threshold and causes swelling possesses neurotransmitter capabilities Histapenia Traits Low histamine High copper No family history Allergies are rare Anxious, paranoid High pain tolerance Hairy (hirsute) Many dental fillings Tend to have excess weight (pear-shaped) Slow to reach orgasm Basophils(wbcs): normal beneficial: niacin, vitamin C, folate, zinc Best diet: high animal protein Histapenia: Treatment Goals Raise histamine production to balance proper biochemistry Beneficial: niacin, vitamin C, folate, zinc Best diet: high animal protein is a source of histidine histamine Prognosis: very good, months to 1 year to stabilize Why Niacin Works in Paranoia and Anxiety! 5 Reasons: 1. Stops brain from converting adrenaline into adrenochrome, a hallucinogenic product 2. Raises low histamine levels 3. A vasodilator, flushing out excess copper, heavy metals 4. Improves oxygen flow to the brain (as a vasodilator) 5. Helps manufacture serotonin (calming) Think Zinc Zinc is a co-factor in hundreds of enzymes Zinc prevents copper excess Zinc can be used to displace copper excess Zinc is low in food due to soil depletion Zinc is depleted by (male) ejaculation Chocolate is esp. high in copper Contraceptive pills increase copper levels by increasing ceruloplasmin, a copper-binding protein of the blood 6
7 Histadelia: What is it? = condition of having higher than normal histamine levels in the blood Responsible for 20% of schizophrenia in patients studied by Dr.s Hoffer and Pfeiffer Histadelia Traits High histamine Normal/low copper Family history Multiple allergies Compulsive, obsessive, emotional, shy, prone to severe depression, insomnia Low pain tolerance Sparse body hair Few to no dental fillings lean body nymphomaniac, quick to orgasm Basophils: high (assoc. with allergy) Nutrition for the Histadelic Beneficial: zinc, methionine, calcium, vitamin C with bioflavonoids Ineffective: niacin Detrimental: excess folate Best diet: vegetarian, high complex carb Histadelia: Treament Goals Decrease histamine production Best diet: vegetarian, high complex carbohydrates (a poor source of histidine) Notes: calcium releases stored histamine; methionine helps to detoxify it Prognosis: can take a year or more to regain balance even with parallel use of medication Read success stories at: Pyroluria: What Is It? = A stress induced physiological disorder which leads to abnormally high production of pyrroles, a group of chemicals that rob the body of vitamin B-6 and zinc. Diagnosed by urine analysis: the mauve factor (pyrrolesreact with a reagent to produce a mauve colour in the tested sample) Stats: 30% of schizophrenics are pyroluric 11% with normal mental status have pyroluria Pyroluria Traits Disperceptions Copper excess Zinc and B-6 deficiencies Pale, china doll appearance Food and drug intolerances Strong body and breath odour, fruity/acetone Morning nausea and constipation Poor dream recall Crowded upper front teeth Fingernails: short with many white spots History of frequent colds and infections 7
8 Pyroluriacont d Highly sensitive to sunlight Stretch marks Frequent upper abdominal pain, bloating Blinding headaches Prone to depression, nervous exhaustion Highly creative, artistic; possibly reclusive and withdrawn Females: menstrual irregularities Males: impotence Nutrition for Pyroluria Vitamin B-6, enough for dream recall Zinc (chelated for best absorption) Manganese Vegetarian diet (only necessary if supplementation is not given) Note: Pyroluria often co-exists with histadelia. Cerebral Allergy = a hypersensitivity reaction to a common substance, affecting behaviour, mood and/or cognitive function Any substance can be responsible Can develop at any age Common allergens: wheat, milk, sugar, eggs, tobacco, mould Recall: blood-brain barrier is NOT impervious to all substances Immune complexes (allergen+antibody molecules) can cross and deposit in the brain Cerebral Allergy cont d MOST cerebral allergies are accompanied by physical symptoms, such as: Headache Sweating, flushing of the skin Stomach bloating/distention and/or pain MOST food reactions are delayed (6-48 hours after ingestion) MOST inhaled substances produce an immediate reaction (within 2 hours of exposure) For ex. Tobacco smoke, mould, formaldehyde,.. Symptoms of Cerebral Allergy Irritability/agitation Fatigue Slow reflexes Aggressive behaviour Social withdrawal Anxiety Depression Paranoia Hallucinations/Delusions Hyperactivity Learning disabilities Uncontrollable laughing or crying Mania Video: 5 Allergic Children Courtesy of AEHA and Dr. Doris Rapp M.D. Exercise: Pay close attention to the before-and-after behaviour and appearance of the children in the video. What are the tell-tale signs of cerebral allergy exhibited by each child? 8
9 Child #1: 5 Allergic Children Child #2: 5 Allergic Children (cont d) Child #3: 5 Allergic Children (cont d) Child #4: 5 Allergic Children (cont d) Child #5: 5 Allergic Children (cont d) Nutritional Support For Cerebral Allergy Modified Elimination Diet Remove suspect allergens from the diet for 3 months minimum Replace them with nutritionally similar whole foods For ex. Cow s milk products may be replaced with goat milk products or soy products to ensure calcium intake 9
10 Nutrition Support for Cerebral Allergy cont d Supplementation: Zinc Digestive enzymes Probiotics Vitamin C with bioflavonoids (quercetin, an anti-histamine) EFAs (omega 3) Reactive Hypoglycemia = a rapid drop in glucose in the bloodstream may occur 1-5 hours after a meal highly influenced by the diet results from over-secretion of insulin Blood Sugar Metabolism: Review Stress and Blood Sugar Stress (low blood sugar, emotional, physical,..) Insulin: a pancreatic hormone that transports glucose from through the blood to the tissues Glucagon: a pancreatic hormone that unlocks stored glucose from the cells, releasing it back into the bloodstream Release of adrenaline and cortisol Rapid breakdown of glycogen (stored glucose) Increased blood sugar Fuel for muscles and brain Hypoglycemia: Physical Symptoms Fatigue Vertigo Fainting Headaches Low blood pressure Feels cold, chilled Sweating without physical exertion (cold) Tremors Blurred vision Hunger Excessive thirst Waking up at night and trouble falling asleep again Hypoglycemia: Cognitive and Behavioural Symptoms Anxiety Panic Forgetfulness Poor concentration Depression Aggressiveness Crying Cravings for carbohydrates Etc. 10
11 Why Does Hypoglycemia Affect Neurological Function? The brain s most easily accessible fuel is glucose Brain consumes 40% of the carbohydrates we eat when we are sedentary When blood sugar levels drop, the nervous system is impaired until levels increase Hypoglycemia What kinds of foods trigger the highest insulin release? What kind of meals and snacks can prevent hypoglycemia? Balancing Blood Sugar Glycemic index (GI) = how quickly blood sugar rises after consuming the food if it were eaten on its own, on an empty stomach Issues with the GI Why Glycemic Index is a limited tool: High glycemic: scores above 70 Moderate: scores over Low: scores lower than 50 Glycemic Load (GL) A quantity-specific quotient; how MUCH of the carbohydrate a food contains and how fast it reaches the blood stream Building Meals for Balanced Blood Sugar Meals must be a combination of 3 important components: pp < 10 = good (emphasize these foods) = fair 15+ = poor (avoid these foods) 11
12 Nutritional Recommendations Consume fibre-rich carbohydrates Combine macronutrients at each meal and snack Avoid stimulant beverages Avoid refined white carbohydrates Eat smaller meals Eat every 3 hours 12
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