September 9, 2013: The layout of the visual system, the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus
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1 September 9, 2013: The layout of the visual system, the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus 1
2 Basic Wiring of the Visual System 2
3 The world seen by the two eyes Seen by both eyes Seen by both eyes Seen by left eye Seen by right eye Seen by left eye Seen by right eye rabbit human Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 3
4
5 Primates Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please refer to lecture video or Figure 3 from Schiller, Peter H., and Edward J. Tehovnik. "Visual prosthesis." Perception 37, no. 10 (2008):
6 Basics of Retinal Connections and Retinal Ganglion Cells 6
7 Cornea Ciliary process near far Canal of Schlemm Optic axis Sclera Anterior Chamber Ciliary muscle Lens Fovea Lamina cribrosa Macula lutea Horizontal section of the right human eye. Iris Conjunctiva Zonule fibers Rectus tendon Ciliary epithelium Ora serrata Visual axis Vitreous humor Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 7 Retrolental space Canal of Cloquet Retina Disc Nerve & sheath Posterior chamber Limbal zone Ciliary body Choroid
8 Fovea Optic nerve Human Retina Foveal cone density: 200,000/sqmm Foveal cone density: 200,000/sqmm 5 degrees out: 20,000/sqmm 5 degrees out: 20,000/sqmm 10 degrees out: 10,000/sqmm 10 degrees out: 10,000/sqmm Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 8
9 Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak, Stephen Lucian. The Vertebrate Visual System: Its Origin, Structure, and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of its Role in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man. Edited by Heinrich Kluver. University of Chicago Press,
10 Retinal ganglion cells, cross section, Golgi label Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller, Peter H. "Parallel information processing channels created in the retina." 107, no. 40 (2010): by Polyak 10
11 Physiology of retinal ganglion cells 11
12
13
14 Whole mount cat retina, Nissl stain Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle, H., W. R. Levick, and B. G. Cleland. "The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cat's retina." Journal of Comparative Neurology 159, no. 3 (1975):
15 Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers Rapid Slower Very slow Three populations of fibers Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 15
16 Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe, M. and R.W. Rodieck. "Parasol and midget ganglion cells of the primate retina." Journal of Comparative Neurology 289, no. 3 (1989):
17
18 Photoreceptors 18
19 Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller, Peter H., and Edward J. Tehovnik. "Visual prosthesis." Perception 37, no. 10 (2008):
20 Rods and cones in periphery Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler, Kenneth C., and Pasko Rakic. "Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates." The Journal of Neuroscience 10, no. 10 (1990): In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones 20
21 Distribution of rods and cones on the retina Number of rods or cones in an area sq mm Blind spot Rods (number) Cones (number) Relative visual acuity in degrees from the fovea Fovea Degrees from the fovea Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian. Parallel vertical lines represent the blind spot. Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison Relative visual acuity Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 21
22
23 Some basic facts about the receptor array: 1 degree = 200u on retina Intercone distance in fovea = 2.4u (0.7 min) 200,000 cones per sq.mm. in fovea 20,000 cones per sq.mm. 5 degrees out Thumbnail at arm's length = 1 degree The 12 font letter "I" activates about 80 cones at 23 cm Each rod has 1,000 disks, each with 10,000 molecules Only 1 of 8 cones is blue. Red and green are equal. 23
24
25 Bipolar cells 25
26 Cat bipolar cells Kolb, Helga, Ralph Nelson, and Andrew Mariani. "Amacrine cells, bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina: a Golgi study." Vision Research 21, no. 7 (1981): Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., Used with permission.
27 Horizontal cells 27
28 Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak, Stephen Lucian. T Edited by Heinrich Kluver. University of Chicago Press,
29 A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites that is connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 29
30 Amacrine cells 30
31 Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland, Richard H. "The functional architecture of the retina." 255, no. 6 (1986):
32 Cholinergic cholinergic cell All All cell Dopaminergic dopaminergic cell Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 32
33 Electrical responses in the retina 33
34 DC recording Receptors all hyperpolarize to light Horizontal Cells all hyperpolarize to light mudpuppy retina Bipolar Cells some hyperpolarize and some depolarize Amacrine Cell some hyperpolarize, some depolarize and some give action potentials (Necturus maculosus) 0-50 oscilloscope epsp Ganglion Cells all give action potentials American Physiological Association. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see Source: Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin, Frank S., and John E. Dowling. "Organization of the Retina of the Mudpuppy. Necturus macubsus. II. Intracellular Recording." J. Neurophysiol 32 (1969): (2009):
35
36 Photoreceptor basics: 1. All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light. 2. Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate. 3. Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans. This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release. 4. Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF. The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving; that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting. 5. The ON bipolar receptor is mglur6. Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization. 36
37 MIT OpenCourseWare Sensory Systems Fall 2013 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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