BI 232: Human Anatomy & Physiology

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1 BI 232: Human Anatomy & Physiology Roster Business Course Introduction and Syllabus Notecard Name Why you are taking the course Something interesting you did over break Lecture

2 Tips Use the Study Guide (SG) to follow the lectures Lectures will be posted after class on instructor website Reading the SG before class will be helpful Use the textbook to supplement lectures/sg

3 The Nervous System N E U R O N S A N D T H E N E R V O U S I M P U L S E

4 The Nervous System Cooperates with endocrine system Senses environment Responds to changes in environment Maintains homeostasis The nervous system is responsible for all of our behaviors, memories & movements

5 Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes 2. Integration Interpretation of sensory input 3. Motor output Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

6 Sensory input Integration Motor output

7 Organization Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Afferent (sensory) Efferent (motor) Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic

8 Major Structures of the Nervous System Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8

9 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Integrative and control centers Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves and spinal nerves Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body Sensory (afferent) division Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS Motor (efferent) division Motor nerve fibers Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) Somatic sensory fiber Skin Visceral sensory fiber Stomach Skeletal muscle Motor fiber of somatic nervous system Somatic nervous system Somatic motor (voluntary) Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Visceral motor (involuntary) Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands Sympathetic division Mobilizes body systems during activity Parasympathetic division Conserves energy Promotes housekeeping functions during rest Structure Function Sensory (afferent) division of PNS Motor (efferent) division of PNS Sympathetic motor fiber of ANS Parasympathetic motor fiber of ANS Heart Bladder

10 Histology of Nervous Tissue Two principal cell types 1. Neurons Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals 2. Accessory cells (neuroglia) Non-excitable supporting cells

11 Neurons Neurons Individual nerve cells Nerves Parallel bundles of neurons carrying impulses Types Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) Association (interneurons)

12 Neurons Special characteristics of neurons Long lived Amitotic High metabolic rate Excitable

13 The Structure of Neurons Body Dendrites Axons

14 Figure 11.4 Structure of a motor neuron. Dendrites (receptive regions) Cell body (biosynthetic center and receptive region) Neuron cell body Nucleolus Nucleus Nissl bodies Axon hillock (b) Axon (impulse generating and conducting region) Neurilemma (a) Impulse direction Schwann cell (one internode) Terminal branches Node of Ranvier Dendritic spine Axon terminals (secretory region) Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

15 Accessory Cells Neuroglia About 50% of cellular mass of nervous system Do not conduct impulses Most retain capacity to divide Different types found in PNS and CNS

16 Accessory Cells Neuroglia of the CNS 1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Microglial cells 4. Ependymal cells

17 Accessory Cells Astrocytes Most abundant of CNS neuroglia Contact blood vessels Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) regulates passage of molecules

18 Capillary Neuron Astrocyte Astrocytes are the most abundant of CNS neuroglia. Provide most structural support Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3a

19 Astrocytes

20 Accessory Cells Oligodendrocytes Branched cells Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers Form insulating myelin sheaths

21 Myelin sheath Process of oligodendrocyte Nerve fibers Oligodendrocytes have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3d

22 Oligodendrocytes

23 Accessory Cells Ependymal cells Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column Form cerebrospinal fluid Separate the CNS interstitial fluid from the cerebrospinal fluid in the cavities

24 Fluid-filled cavity Ependymal cells line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities. Ependymal cells Brain or spinal cord tissue Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3c

25

26 Accessory Cells Microglia Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes Migrate toward injured neurons Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris Add these to your list!

27 Neuron Microglial cell (b) Microglial cells are defensive cells in the CNS. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3b

28 Accessory Cells Neuroglia of PNS 1. Satellite cells Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS 2. Schwann cells Surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

29 Satellite cells Cell body of neuron Schwann cells (forming myelin sheath) Nerve fiber Satellite cells and Schwann cells (which form myelin) surround neurons in the PNS. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3e

30 Accessory Cells Schwann cells cont. Myelin sheath Neurilemma Nodes of Ranvier

31 Structure of a Multipolar Neuron

32 Schwann cell plasma membrane Schwann cell cytoplasm Axon 1 A Schwann cell envelopes an axon. Schwann cell nucleus 2 The Schwann cell then rotates around the axon, wrapping its plasma membrane loosely around it in successive layers. Neurilemma Myelin sheath (a) Myelination of a nerve fiber (axon) 3 The Schwann cell cytoplasm is forced from between the membranes. The tight membrane wrappings surrounding the axon form the myelin sheath. Figure 11.5a

33 Multiple Sclerosis Autoimmune disease of young adults Myelin destroyed and replaced by scleroses Variety of clinical signs No known cure

34 The Nervous Impulse Dependent upon a resting potential across the cell membrane Active transport carriers (Sodium/Potassium pump) Polarization of neuron Impulse results from depolarization

35 Factors that contribute to resting membrane potential Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 35

36 The concentrations of Na + and K + on each side of the membrane are different. The Na + concentration is higher outside the cell. Outside cell K + (5 mm ) Na + (140 mm ) The K + concentration is higher inside the cell. The permeabilities of Na + and K + across the membrane are different. K + K + K + (140 mm ) Inside cell K + leakage channels Na + (15 mm ) Na + -K + ATPases (pumps) maintain the concentration gradients of Na + and K + across the membrane. Suppose a cell has only K + channels... K + loss through abundant leakage channels establishes a negative membrane potential. K + K + Cell interior 90 mv K + K + Na + Now, let s add some Na + channels to our cell... Na + entry through leakage channels reduces the negative membrane potential slightly. K K + Na + Na+-K+ pump K + K + Na + Cell interior 70 mv Finally, let s add a pump to compensate for leaking ions. Na + -K + ATPases (pumps) maintain the concentration gradients, resulting in the resting membrane potential. K + K + Na + Cell interior 70 mv Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.8

37 Voltmeter Plasma membrane Ground electrode outside cell Microelectrode inside cell Axon Neuron Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.7

38 The Nervous Impulse Polarization Depolarization Hyperpolarization

39 Depolarizing stimulus Inside positive Inside negative Depolarization Resting potential Time (ms) (a) Depolarization: The membrane potential moves toward 0 mv, the inside becoming less negative (more positive). This increases the probability of nerve impulse production. Figure 11.9a

40 Hyperpolarizing stimulus Resting potential Hyperpolarization Time (ms) (b) Hyperpolarization: The membrane potential increases, the inside becoming more negative. This decreases the probability of nerve impulse production. Figure 11.9b

41 The Nervous Impulse Membrane channels Chemically gated (ligand gated) Voltage gated

42 Receptor Na + Neurotransmitter chemical attached to receptor Na + Na + Na + Chemical binds Membrane voltage changes K + K + Closed Open (a) Chemically (ligand) gated ion channels open when the appropriate neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, allowing (in this case) simultaneous movement of Na + and K +. Closed Open (b) Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to changes in membrane voltage. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6

43 The Graded Potential Short lived, localized changes in membrane potential Due to stimulation Channels open ions flow Short distance signals May be depolarization or hyperpolarization events

44 Depolarized region Stimulus Plasma membrane (a) Depolarization: A small patch of the membrane (red area) has become depolarized. Figure 11.10a

45 (b) Spread of depolarization: The local currents (black arrows) that are created depolarize adjacent membrane areas and allow the wave of depolarization to spread. Figure 11.10b

46 Membrane potential (mv) Active area (site of initial depolarization) 70 Resting potential Distance (a few mm) (c) Decay of membrane potential with distance: Because current is lost through the leaky plasma membrane, the voltage declines with distance from the stimulus (the voltage is decremental ). Consequently, graded potentials are short-distance signals. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.10c

47 The Action Potential Long distance signal Initiated by sufficient depolarization at site of graded potential Opening of voltage gated channels Does not decrease in strength with distance All or none A.K.A. nerve impulse

48 Dendrites (receptive regions) Cell body (biosynthetic center and receptive region) Neuron cell body Nucleolus Nucleus Nissl bodies Axon hillock (b) Axon (impulse generating and conducting region) Neurilemma (a) Impulse direction Schwann cell (one internode) Terminal branches Node of Ranvier Dendritic spine Axon terminals (secretory region) Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

49 The events Sodium channel Na + Potassium channel Na + Activation gates Inactivation gate 1 Resting state K + Na + K + K + 4 Hyperpolarization Na + 2 Depolarization K + 3 Repolarization Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

50 Membrane potential (mv) The big picture 1 Resting state 2 Depolarization 3 Repolarization 3 4 Hyperpolarization 2 Action potential Threshold Time (ms) Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure (1 of 5)

51 The Action Potential Conduction velocity Axon diameter Degree of myelination

52 The Action Potential Myelinated Neurons Nodes of Ranvier Saltatory conduction

53 The Action Potential Refractory period Neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus During repolarization Limits number of impulses per second

54 Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period Depolarization (Na + enters) Repolarization (K + leaves) After-hyperpolarization Stimulus Time (ms) Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.14

55 Stimuli that Initiate Action Potentials Sensory Neurons Light Heat Chemicals Mechanical energy Motor & Association Neurons Chemical stimuli from other neurons Threshold stimulus always required

56 The Action Potential Coding for stimulus intensity All AP s are independent of stimulus strength CNS must discern strong from weak signals to initiate appropriate response Stimulus intensity is coded for by frequency of action potentials

57 Questions? Homework due in lab Lab Manual Exercise 17 pg 265 (all) and 266 #9 & 10 only (top) PreLab 1 Please bring your Physio-Ex CD to lab

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