9.35 Sensation And Perception
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1 MIT OpenCourseWare Sensation And Perception Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
2 9.35 Recitation 1 Eye and Retina
3 Hello, my name is And I ve worked on And you?
4 Early Ideas "In man, soul and body touch each other only at a single point, the pineal gland in the head." Renee Descartes
5 Early Ideas Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
6 Early Ideas Is there really a homunculus?
7 Rays are not Colored And if at any time I speak of Light and Rays as coloured or endued with Colours, I would be understood to speak not philosophically and properly For the Rays to speak properly are not coloured. In them there is nothing else than a certain Power and Disposition to stir up a Sensation of this or that Colour. Sir Isaac Newton, Opticks, 1730
8 Better Ideas Neurons, not the soul, process light! Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
9 But Wait! What s a neuron?? Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
10 But Wait! What s a neuron? A neuron knows nothing but it s input NT s change electrical potential across membrane of neuron Neuron can then release NT s on other neurons Receptive Field Really, just the input to a neuron By extension, the properties of the world that influence firing
11 But Wait! What s a neuron? Nothing magic, but our senses/thoughts can only be conveyed through electricity! Law of Specific Nerve Energy
12 But Wait! We will discuss recordings: Figure removed due to copyright restriction.
13 Retina Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
14 Photoreceptors Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
15 Bipolars ON/OFF Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
16 Horizontal Cells 1 st step of lateral inhibition Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
17 Lateral Inhibition Wolfe et al: Ambient light invariance But, this is really about edge detection
18 Ganglion Cells RGC s have the most lateral inhibition Depolarization -> AP s Almost perfect inhibition Linear Summation Figures removed due to copyright restrictions. Difference of Gaussians
19 Sombrero Function How does this RF detect edges? Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
20 Sombrero Function 0.5 Cell Response Excitation from center Linear summation result: RF = Center - Surround -0.1 Inhibition from surround Distance from center of RF
21 Convolution Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
22 Mach Bands Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
23 Grids DOG s explain some effects Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
24 Grids But not others! Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
25 Midgets and Parasols In addition to ON/OFF pathways, there is a second parallel system
26 Midgets and Parasols Midgets/beta/X ganglion cells Small, slow AP s, small RF, colored, linear Parasols/alpha/Y ganglion cells Large, fast AP s, large RF, nonlinear, motion sensitive Names depend on species and method of discovery, assumed homologous
27 Midgets cones 3-15 cone bipolars Small RF s (1 cone center near fovea) 1 beta ganglion cell webvision Convergence of cones and bipolar cells upon ON- and OFF-center beta cells. Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
28 Midgets Small RF s webvision 14 All cells 7 small OFF CBs 7 large OFF CBs OFF Beta GC Model of the two cone bipolar types and all amacrine cell inputs to the dendritic tree of an OFF-beta cell. 25 µm Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
29 Midgets Linear summation responses Because they have few cone inputs, can also be color opponents (ie Red Center, Green Surround) webvision Figure removed due to copyright restriction.
30 Parasols HUGE RF s! Convergence 75 rods Off cone bipolar input to OFF-alpha GC OFF CB Convergence 21,000 rods 250 all amacrines 1 alpha GC 5,000 rod bipolars 140 rod bipolars 7 all amacrines 1 beta GC Convergence of rods, rod bipolar and all amacrine cells to alpha and beta cells of cat retina. Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. 50 µm Model of numbers of cone bipolar cells inputting an OFF-center alpha cell. Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. webvision
31 Midgets and Parasols Midgets High SF, -> Parvocellular LGN -> What pathway/ventral visual stream If I say Ganglion Cell, this is what I mean! Parasols Low SF, high temporal frequencies -> Magnocellular LGN -> What and Where pathways/dorsal and ventral visual streams
32 Reading Kolb, How the Retina Works (online) Understand: Eye structure, 5 basic cell types, adaptation, lateral inhibition, rod/cone, ON/OFF and midget/parasol pathways, receptive fields Ignore: Neurotransmitters, rhodopsin, cell subtypes (e.g., AII, A17 etc)
33 Additional Resources
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