Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia

Transcription

1 Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia Characteristics, Assessment,

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3 CognitiveImpairmentin Schizophrenia Characteristics, Assessment, Edited by Philip D. Harvey, PhD Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

4 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University, s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published rd printing 2015 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia : characteristics, assessment, and treatment / edited by Philip D. Harvey. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (Hardback) I. Harvey, Philip D., 1956 [DNLM: 1. Schizophrenia complications. 2. Cognition Disorders etiology. WM 203] dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

5 Contents List of contributors Preface xi List of abbreviations vii xiii Section 1 Characteristics of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia 1 Cognition as a central illness feature in schizophrenia 1 R. Walter Heinrichs, Ashley A. Miles, Narmeen Ammari, and Eva Muharib 2 The multi-faceted, global cognitive impairment profile in schizophrenia 24 Dwight Dickinson, Jonathan Schaefer, and Daniel R. Weinberger 3 Comparative impairments across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder 50 Christopher R. Bowie, Katherine Holshausen, and Maya Gupta 4 Cognitive impairment and symptom dimensions in psychosis 69 Manuela Russo, Robin Murray, and Abraham Reichenberg Section 2 Functional implications and course 5 Neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: filling in the gaps 85 Michael F. Green, William P. Horan, Kristopher I. Mathis, and Jonathan K. Wynn 6 Cognition and work functioning in schizophrenia 98 Susan R. McGurk and Kim T. Mueser 7 Cognition and functional status in adult and older patients with schizophrenia 110 Sara J. Czaja and David Loewenstein 8 Social cognition and its relationship to neurocognition 126 Amy E. Pinkham 9 Cognitive functioning and awareness of illness in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis 142 Akshay Nair, André Aleman, and Anthony S. David Section 3 Genetic and biological contributions to cognitive impairment 10 Genetic influences on cognition in schizophrenia 161 Katherine E. Burdick, Benjamin Glicksberg, and Gary Donohoe 11 Neurobiological determinants of cognition 176 Daniel C. Javitt v

6 vi Contents 12 Translational cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia: bridging neurocognitive and computational approaches toward understanding cognitive deficits 193 Alan Anticevic, John H. Krystal, and Deanna M. Barch Section 4 Assessment and treatment of cognitive impairment and related features 13 Assessment of cognition in schizophrenia treatment studies 231 Richard Keefe 14 Performance-based measures of functioning in schizophrenia 247 Colin A. Depp, Laura Vergel de Dios, Brent Mausbach, and Thomas Patterson 15 Pharmacological approaches to cognitive enhancement 266 Philip D. Harvey 16 Computerized cognitive training in schizophrenia: current knowledge and future directions 284 Melissa Fisher, Karuna Subramaniam, Rogerio Panizzutti, and Sophia Vinogradov Index 316 Color plates are found between pp. 176 and 177.

7 Contributors André Aleman Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Narmeen Ammari Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Alan Anticevic Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine; NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA Deanna M. Barch Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA Christopher R. Bowie Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Katherine E. Burdick Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Sara J. Czaja Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Anthony S. David Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King s College London, London, UK Colin A. Depp Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego; San Diego Veterans Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA Dwight Dickinson Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, and Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda; the Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA Gary Donohoe Neuropsychiatrics Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Melissa Fisher Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Department of Veteran Medical Affairs Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Benjamin Glicksberg Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Michael F. Green Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles; Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Maya Gupta Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada vii

8 viii List of contributors Philip D. Harvey Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA R. Walter Heinrichs Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Katherine Holshausen Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada William P. Horan Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles; Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Daniel C. Javitt Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Schizophrenia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA Richard Keefe Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA John H. Krystal Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine; NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA David Loewenstein Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Susan R. McGurk Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Kristopher I. Mathis Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Brent Mausbach Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA Ashley A. Miles Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Kim T. Mueser Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Eva Muharib Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Robin Murray Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King s College London, London, UK Akshay Nair South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Rogerio Panizzutti Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Thomas Patterson Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Amy E. Pinkham Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA

9 List of contributors ix Abraham Reichenberg Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King s College London, London, UK Manuela Russo Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King s College London, London, UK Jonathan Schaefer Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program and Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda; the Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA Karuna Subramaniam Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Department of Veteran Medical Affairs Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Laura Vergel de Dios Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Sophia Vinogradov Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco Department of Veteran Medical Affairs Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Daniel R. Weinberger Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program and Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA Jonathan K. Wynn Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles; Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

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11 Preface This book contains the latest information about cognition in schizophrenia, focusing on the causes, characteristics, importance of, and treatments for this most important feature of the illness. This book is published 13 years after a similar edited book that reviewed the state of the art up to the year There are many new developments including a more detailed focus on treatment and much more sophisticated examinations of the correlates of cognitive impairments. Similar to the last book, the chapters contained here are written by the highest level of experts in the field, many of whom have been collaborating with each other (and with me) for the past 25 years or more. There are several developments that have received increased attention in the last decade. They include the genetics of cognitive deficits, pharmacological treatment of cognitive deficits, the importance of social cognition, the notion of functional capacity as a potential mediator of the influence of cognition on everyday functioning, sophisticated strategies for the measurement of cognitive change in treatment studies, and more sophisticated analyses of neurobiological and neuroimaging correlates of cognitive deficits. Similar in topic, but broader in scope, are considerations of the centrality of cognition in the illness, evaluations of the impact of cognition on everyday outcomes, the effects of aging on cognition in schizophrenia, and dimensions of symptoms in the illness. There have been huge developments in the last decade. The Measurement Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative has brought cognition to the center of interest for treatment of disability. Multiple treatments have been tested and a few have had some success. Others have failed and some pharmaceutical companies have stopped trying to develop treatment for central nervous system diseases, which is short-sighted on their part and potentially hurtful to our patients. Other parties have entered the field and attempted to step into the gap from which some of the large companies have fled. The next few years will also be critical. This book has the potential to tell you just about everything you need to know about the current state of cognition in schizophrenia. The coverage is broad, the writing is clear, and the excitement felt by these authors comes through when you read their writing. This is not bland and pedestrian; it is state of the art and very well presented. There is information for people interested in causes and cures. There is information for people who are interested in symptom structure and cognitive impairments, and there is information on the developmental course of cognition in schizophrenia over the lifespan. The latest and most exciting treatments are described, as are the efforts of researchers who are attempting to refine the assessment of schizophrenia, still an important task 115 years after the definition of the concept. Thanks are in order to many people. I would like to thank the authors for their hard work, both in these chapters and in producing the data before that led to these chapters. I would like to thank the thousands of patients who have volunteered their time to participate in these research studies, mine included. I would like to thank the donors and philanthropists who support research on cognition in schizophrenia, and I would also like to thank the readers who are interested in this important topic. xi

12 xii Preface In the past year while this book was being compiled, we lost one of the pioneers of research on cognition in schizophrenia, John M. Neale, who died last fall. He had recently won the Society for Research in Psychopathology s inaugural Sustained Mentorship Award and was clearly the most important educator in the field of cognition in schizophrenia. Consistent with his influence, the authors of four of the chapters in this book are members of his academic lineage. His studies of the interface between cognition, emotion, and clinical symptoms influence the field still and his mentorship has resulted in an enduring legacy. We will not forget you, John.

13 Abbreviations AD Alzheimer s disease ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder AMPA a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid AVLT Auditory Verbal Learning Test BACS Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia BADE bias against disconfirmatory evidence BADS Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome BCA Brief Cognitive Assessment B-CATS Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor BOLD blood oxygenation level-dependent CAI Cognitive Assessment Interview CAINS Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms CANTAB Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery CC cognitive control CCE Contrast Contrast Effect Task CDR Cognitive Drug Research CET Cognitive Enhancement Therapy CG computer games (condition) CNTRICS Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia COMT catechol-o-methyl transferase CONSIST Cognitive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Trial CPT Continuous Performance Test CSGI clinically significant cognitive impairment CVLT California Verbal Learning Test DAFS Direct Assessment of Functional Status (scale) DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DMN default mode network DPX Dot Probe Expectancy Task DRS Dementia Rating Scale DS degraded stimulus DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DTI diffusion tensor imaging EFB Everyday Functioning Battery EM episodic memory ERN error-related negativity ERP evoked response potential/event-related potential ES effect sizes EST enriched supportive therapy FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration FEP first-episode psychosis fmri functional magnetic resonance imaging CNV copy number variants FRN feedback-related negativity xiii

14 xiv List of abbreviations GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase GAT GABA transporter GWAS genome-wide association studies HF hippocampal formation HVLT Hopkins Verbal Learning Test ICC intraclass correlation ILS Independent Living Scales ILSS Independent Living Skills Survey IPS individual placement and support IP identical pairs IQ intelligence quotient ITAQ Insight Attitudes Questionnaire JOVI Jitter Orientation Visual Integration Task JTC jump to conclusions LGN lateral geniculate nucleus LTD long-term depression LTP long-term potentiation MASC Maryland Assessment of Social Competence MATRICS Measurement Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia MCCB MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery MCI mild cognitive impairment MEG magnetoencephalography METT Micro-Expressions Training Tool MHC major histocompatibility complex MMAA Medication Management Ability Assessment MMLT Micro-Module Learning Test MMN mismatch negativity MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination MMT Medication Management Test MSCEIT Mayer Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test MSE Modified Six Elements Test NAB Neuropsychological Assessment Battery NART National Adult Reading Test NEAR neuropsychological and educational approach to remediation NET Neurocognitive Enhancement Therapy NIH National Institutes of Health NIMH National Institute of Mental Health NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale insight item G12 PCP phencyclidine PD Parkinson s disease ph-fmri pharmacological neuroimaging QLS Quality of Life Survey QWB Quality of Well-Being status RBANS Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status RDoC research domain criteria RISE Relational and Item Specific Encoding Task RMBT Rivermead Behavioural Test ROC receiver operator curve ROI region of interest SAI Schedule for Assessment of Insight

15 List of abbreviations xv SCIT social cognitive interaction training SCoRS Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale SCT social cognition training SETT Subtle Expressions Training Tool SLOF Specific Levels of Functioning Scale SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SSPA Social Skills Performance Assessment SUMD Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder TABS Test of Adaptive Behavior in Schizophrenia TAR training of affect recognition THC (delta-9-)tetrahydrocannabinol ToM theory of mind TURNS Treatment Units for Research on Neurocognition and Schizophrenia UPSA University of California performance skills assessment VALERO Validating Real-World Outcomes VBM voxel-based morphometry VIM Validation of Intermediate Measures WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WCST Wisconsin Card Sorting Test WHODAS World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule WM working memory WMS Wechsler Memory Test WRAT Wide Range Achievement Test MT Trail Making Test (part B only)