Announcements. Practice Question. Chapter Preview. Biological treatments 11/25/2012

Transcription

1 Announcements Practice Question Homework due Thursday, November 28 symptoms of schizophrenia reflect a loss of normal functioning, while symptoms reflect the addition of abnormal functioning. Chapter Preview Biological Therapies Psychotherapy Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Biological treatments Intended to directly alter the chemistry or physiology Types of biological treatments: Drug Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy Surgery 1

2 Drug Therapy The use of to treat psychological problems Psychotherapeutic drugs used mainly in... Anxiety disorders Antianxiety drugs Mood disorders Antidepressant drugs Schizophrenia Antipsychotic drugs A medication for almost every problem! But perhaps not for every person Antianxiety Drugs Aka Tranquilizers Benzodiazepines Relatively fast acting Side effects include drowsiness, loss of coordination, birth defects Can become addictive Non-benzodiazepines Antidepressant Drugs Regulate mood Tricyclics Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) Lithium Solid element used to treat bipolar disorder Antipsychotic Drugs Neuroleptics Block dopamine s action in brain Side effects include... Dysphoria Lack of pleasure Tardive Dyskinesia Movement disorder Atypical Antipsychotic Medications Lower risk of side effects Block reuptake of serotonin 2

3 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Induces seizure Used primarily to treat severe depression Patient receives anesthesia and muscle relaxants Controversial Psychosurgery Removal or destruction of Irreversible Prefrontal Lobotomy Severing of fibers connecting frontal lobe with thalamus Actual effectiveness questioned Ethical concerns Deep brain stimulation Are drugs the only way? Psychotherapy Psychotherapy also leads to changes in the brain In the same and different areas of the brain Medication is quick and cheap Not necessarily the best option Biopsychosocial Model Drugs only address BIO Nonmedical process that helps individuals recognize and overcome their problems Approaches include... Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavior Cognitive 3

4 Psychodynamic Therapies Psychoanalysis Stress importance of... Unconscious mind Extensive interpretation by therapist Role of early childhood experiences Psychoanalysis (Freud) Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapies Freud s therapeutic technique Goal: bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness Free Association Interpretation Dream Analysis Psychoanalysis Dream Analysis Free Association Say aloud whatever comes to mind Catharsis Interpretation Search for symbolic, hidden meaning Dreams contain information Manifest Content Conscious, remembered aspects of dream Latent Content Unconscious, hidden aspects symbolized by manifest content 4

5 Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Accord more power to... Conscious mind Current relationships Kohut s view Early social relationships with attachment figures as critical Internalized relationships as basis for self Self-understanding and growth Emphasis on self-healing capacities Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers) Warm, supportive atmosphere Reflective speech Unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness Therapist s role as non-directive Behavior Therapies Use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior Classical Conditioning Techniques Systematic Desensitization Flooding Aversive Conditioning The treatment of phobias: Systematic desensitization Steps of systematic desensitization 1. Teach patient relaxation techniques in neutral circumstances 2. Help patient construct an anxiety hierarchy 3. Move stepwise through hierarchy, either through imagination or in real life Operant Conditioning Techniques Applied Behavior Analysis 5

6 Cognitive Therapies Beck s Cognitive Therapy Emphasize thoughts Change feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions Cognitive Restructuring Albert Ellis s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Aaron Beck s Cognitive Therapy Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Problems, such as depression, as result of illogical thoughts about self, world, future Emotions as product of cognitions Goal of bringing automatic thoughts to awareness so they can be changed Challenging accuracy of automatic thoughts Logical errors Erroneous beliefs More open-ended dialogue with therapist Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Therapy Integrations Combination of... Cognitive therapy Reducing self-defeating thoughts Behavior therapy Changing behavior Self-Instructional Methods Teaching to modify own behavior Using reinforcing self-statements to take positive steps Integrative Therapy Combination of techniques from different therapies based on therapist s judgment Dialectical Behavior Therapy Used for borderline personality disorder Includes variety of techniques Also, treating with psychotherapy and drug therapy Conceptually compatible with biopsychosocial model 6

7 Sociocultural Approaches & Issues Individual as part of social system of relationships, influenced by social and cultural factors Group Therapy Family and Couples Therapy Self-Help Support Groups Community Mental Health Cultural Perspectives on Therapy Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Research Meta-analysis Statistical combination of results of different studies No one therapy significantly better than others Therapy benefits during first 6 months Health & Wellness Benefits Positive effect of therapy on... Ability to cope with disease, such as cancer Physical health as result of relieving psychological disorders, such as depression Health behavior and physical illness May also prevent psychological and physical problems May enhance positive psychological well-being Well-Being Therapy (WBT) Common Themes Effective psychotherapies have common elements of... Expectations Mastery Emotional arousal Therapeutic Alliance Relationship between therapist and client Client Factors Quality of participation 7