FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 2 Alphabetical

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1 FLASH CARDS Kalat s Book Chapter 2 Alphabetical

2 absolute refractory period

3 absolute refractory period Time when neuron will not re-fire no matter how much stimulus it gets.

4 action potential

5 action potential Nerve impulse. Changes in electric potential actively open and close ion gates as the impulse moves down the axon.

6 active transport

7 active transport As opposed to passive transport. Active transport requires the use of energy, usually glucose. Moves ions from low to high concentrations.

8 afferent axon

9 afferent axon Sensory neuron sends information toward the spinal cord and brain.

10 all-or-none law

11 all-or-none law A neuron can fire or not fire; no partial firing allowed, no partial strength.

12 astrocyte

13 astrocyte A type of glial cell. Holds neurons in place, reuptakes some neurotransmitters.

14 axon

15 axon Long thin extension carries the nerve impulse away from the soma. The output part of the neuron.

16 axon hillock

17 axon hillock In large neurons, the place where the soma and axon connect. Lots of voltage-gated ion channels here.

18 blood-brain barrier

19 blood-brain barrier Blood capillaries with very tight walls to keep disease out of the brain.

20 concentration gradient

21 concentration gradient The tendency for things (including ions) to move from high to low levels of concentration. Requires no energy to occur.

22 dendrite

23 dendrite Thick stubby extension of neuron. Has neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. The input part of a neuron.

24 dendritic spine

25 dendritic spine Receives input from single synapse. Three types: stubby, thin & mushroom.

26 depolarization

27 depolarization Moving to opposite pole. In a neuron s case, moving from a negative voltage toward a positive voltage.

28 efferent axon

29 efferent axon Motor neuron sends information away from the spinal cord and brain.

30 electrical gradient

31 electrical gradient The difference between the voltages inside and outside the cell.

32 endoplasmic reticulum

33 endoplasmic reticulum An cell organelle that forms tubes and storage places for proteins, neurotransmitters, etc.

34 glia

35 glia Also called neuroglia or glial cells. Probably not much more common than neurons, despite 10:1 ratio statements. Have resting potential, no neurotransmitter, no dendrites. Neural glue = holds neurons in place.

36 glucose

37 glucose D-glucose or dextrose. Absorbed directly into blood stream without processing. Primary source of cell energy.

38 graded potentials

39 graded potentials A gradual or incremental change in electrical potential caused by neurotransmitters activating protein ion channels. Transduction process in neurons and sensory receptors.

40 hyperpolarization

41 hyperpolarization Going further the direction already headed. If negative, going more negative. In a neuron, the result of potassium channels shutting slowly.

42 interneuron

43 interneuron Also called association, relay or intrinsic neuron. Connects neurons to other neurons. Inside CNS (central nervous system).

44 intrinsic neuron

45 intrinsic neuron An interneuron.

46 local anesthetic

47 local anesthetic Drugs that causes temporary loss of sustentation in a specific area of the body by blocking the opening of sodium channels.

48 local neuron

49 local neuron An interneuron.

50 membrane

51 membrane Thin layer of lipids that forms a boundary; often refers to a cell membrane.

52 microglia

53 microglia Type of glial cell (account for about 20%). Prune neurons, activate T-cells, and remove plague and damaged cells.

54 mitochondrion

55 mitochondrion Plural term is mitochondria. Cell organelles that generate ATP.

56 motor neuron

57 motor neuron Neurons in CNS (central nervous system) that project axons to peripheral nervous system. Activate muscles, directly or indirectly. Also called efferent neurons.

58 myelin

59 myelin A layer of protein and lipids that insulates axons. In PNS, a series of Schwann cells wrap around axons. In CNS, oligodendrocyte cells insulate many axons that pass through them.

60 myelin sheath

61 myelin sheath A coating of myelin on a PNS axon.

62 myelinated axons

63 myelinated axons Axons with myelin sheaths of Schwann cells.

64 neurons

65 neurons A cell that releases a neurotransmitter (NT) as a result of being stimulated by a NT. Able to depolarize and repolarize.

66 nodes of Ranvier

67 nodes of Ranvier Gaps between Schwann cells.

68 nucleus

69 nucleus Part of cell that contains DNA. Controls cells growth and reproduction.

70 oligodendrocyte

71 oligodendrocyte Glial cell that myelinates cells in the brain.

72 passive transport

73 passive transport As opposed to active transport. Does not require energy. Water and oxygen move across a cell membrane freely. Includes diffusion and osmosis.

74 polarization

75 polarization Headed to a pole. If positive, becoming more positive; if negative, becoming more negative.

76 presynaptic terminal

77 presynaptic terminal End of an axon that releases neurotransmitter; causes a change in a postsynaptic neuron.

78 propagation of action potential

79 propagation of action potential Movement of neural impulse down axon, caused by the successive opening of voltagegated ion channels.

80 radial glia

81 radial glia Type of glial cell. Forms tree that founder cells climb to create the brain.

82 refractory period

83 refractory period Time needed for a neuron to fully recover. Typically 3-5 ms, not counting hyperpolarization (which can add10-15 ms, depending on the neuron).

84 relative refractory period

85 relative refractory period Time needed for a neuron to recover to the point where a giant stimulus will make the neuron fire.

86 resting potential

87 resting potential Voltage of a neuron at rest. Typically about minus 70 mv.

88 ribosomes

89 ribosomes Complex molecular system for synthesizing proteins. Uses RNA to sequence amino acids.

90 saltatory conduction

91 saltatory conduction Can be 10x faster than cable conduction. Impulse jumps from node to node of myelinated axon.

92 Schwann cells

93 Schwann cells Wrap around an axon in PNS and cover it with myelin.

94 selective permeability

95 selective permeability Membrane that allows some things to easily pass through, other thing pass through only if gates are open.

96 sensory neuron

97 sensory neuron Also called an afferent neuron. Takes information from senses toward brain.

98 sodium-potassium pump

99 sodium-potassium pump An active process (requires energy). Maintains proper level of ions. Pumps out 2 sodium ions for every potassium ion that enters cell.

100 soma

101 soma Cell body; contains the nucleus.

102 thiamine (vitamin B1)

103 thiamine (vitamin B1) Water soluble vitamin, used to make GABA. Beriberi is caused by lack of thiamine.

104 threshold

105 threshold Cutoff level beyond which something different happens. In neurons, crossing a voltage threshold opens voltage-gated ion channels, causing it to fire.

106 voltage-activated channels

107 voltage-activated channels Open when voltage in cell reaches a threshold. In neurons, voltage-gated or activated channels open at about -55 mv.

108

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