The ON and OFF Channels

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The ON and OFF Channels"

Transcription

1 The visual and oculomotor systems Peter H. Schiller, year 2006 The ON and OFF Channels

2 Questions: 1. How are the ON and OFF channels created for the cones? 2. How are the ON and OFF channels created for the rods? 3. How do the ON and OFF channels contribute to the center-surround organization of RGCs? 4. What role do the ON and OFF channels play in giving rise to the trasforms seen in visual cortex? 5. Why did the ON and OFF channels arise in evolution?

3 The neural responses of the ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells

4 Stimulation Methods: direct light Recording Methods: electrode in nerve electrode in eye fiber hook optic nerve reflected light ON cell OFF cell ON/OFF cell on time

5 The receptive fields of three major classes of retinal ganglion cells ON inhibition OFF inhibition ON/OFF inhibition

6 Action potentials discharged by an ON and an OFF retinal ganglion cell Stimulation confined to receptive field center ON cell OFF cell Stimulation of the eentire receptive field ON cell OFF cell light spot light stimulation condition time dark spot

7 Anatomy of the ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells

8 Intracellular recording and labeling method dye filled microelectrode retinal ganglion cell

9 The dendritic arborization pattern of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells c c f i a OFF b IPL Ga Gb Organization of cone bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the IPL of the cat retina. Flat cone bipolar cells (f) have axon terminals ending in sublamina a contacting the dendrites of a-type ganglion cells (Ga). Invaginating cone bipolar cells (i) have axon terminals which ramify lower in the IPL in sublamina b where they contact b-type ganglion cell dendrites (Gb). Ganglion cells of various morphologies branch either in sublamina a or sublamina b; these prove to be off-center and on-center, respectively, c, cones. Figure by MIT OCW.

10 Overview of retinal connections

11 Photoreceptor basics: 1. All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light. 2. Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate. 3. Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans. This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release. 4. Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF. The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving; that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting. 5. The ON bipolar receptor is mglur6. Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization.

12 Overview of retinal connections: Photoeceptors all hyperpolarize to light. They produce only graded potentials. Glutamate is the neurotransmitter. Horizontal cells all hyperpolarize to light and produce only graded potentials. Some bipolar cells depolarize (ON) and some hyperpolarize (OFF) to light. Bipolars produce only graded potentials. Some amacrine cells produce action potentials. There are many classes including ON and OFF. Ganglion cells produce action potentials. There are many classes including midget and parasol that come either as ON or OFF. Figure by MIT OCW.

13 Retinal wiring of the ON and OFF systems sign inverting synapse sign conserving synapse cones ON ON OFF OFF H bipolars outer IPL inner IPL horizontal ganglion cells light entering eye axons to brain

14 The ON and OFF systems The ON/OFF system cones bipolars ON OFF OFF ON outer IPL inner IPL ON OFF ganglion cells ON OFF

15 How are the sign inverting synapses created in On bipolars? ON bipolars have a specific metabotrophic glutamate receptor called mglur6 that is coupled to a G-protein. The activation of this receptor leads to the closing of cgmp-gated cation channels by increasing the rate of cgmp hydrolosis by a G-protein-mediated process.

16 How is the surround mechanism created?

17 Two models for the creation of receptive field surround B cones H horizontals ON OFF bipolars ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF outer IPL inner IPL ON OFF ganglion cells ON OFF Surround by horizontal cell network Surround by ON/OFF interconnection

18 The effects of APB on the responses of neurons in the visual system

19 APB is a glutamate analog specific for the mglur6 receptor of the ON bipolar cells. glutamate O O O O H 3 N 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) O O O P O O H 3 N

20 Method for infusing APB into the eye while recording in various brain structures O 2 CO 2 C APB CORTEX Heater LGN LGN EYE Figure by MIT OCW.

21 Responses of an ON and OFF LGN cell before, during and after APB infusion ON - Center Cell OFF - Center Cell Normal NORMAL APB Spikes per bin APB Recovery NORMAL ON OFF R-LGN ON OFF L-LGN Figure by MIT OCW.

22 Selective center/surround activation of a red/green LGN cell center stimulation surround stimulation 2 sec time

23 The effect of APB on ON and OFF LGN cells On-Center LGN Cell Off-Center LGN Cell of spikes Number Normal Normal time ms ms APB APB RF center stimulation RF surround stimulation

24 The receptive field surround of retinal ganglion cells is created predominantly by the horizonal cell system. H ON OFF ON OFF

25 What happens in V1 when APB is delivered to the retina?

26 Response of a V1 complex cell to a drifting light bar RP L D Figure by MIT OCW.

27 Response of a V1 complex cell to a drifting light bar before and during APB infusion 200 Monkey p Cx NORMAL Number of Spikes APB ms L D Figure by MIT OCW.

28 Response of a V1 complex cell to a drifting light bar before, during and after APB infusion NORMAL L D L D Number of spikes APB L D L D RECOVERY L D L D 3 sec Figure by MIT OCW.

29 Response of a V1 complex cell to bars of different orientations before and during APB infusion 10 Normal, left eye L D 5 APB, right eye L D Figure by MIT OCW.

30 Model for cortical input of the ON and OFF channels ON OFF Cortical filters Orientation Direction Spatial Frequency

31 The effects of APB on photopic vision

32 Light increment

33 Light decrement

34 The effect of APB on detection Light Increment Light Decrement n tectio t De ent Correc Perc Normal 50 Normal Mean = 253ms 10 Mean = 249ms APB APB Mean = 406ms 10 Mean = 251ms Reaction Time in milliseconds Reaction Time in milliseconds Bin ials by t Tr Number of Correc

35 The effects of APB on scotopic vision

36 The effect of APB during light and dark adaptation 700 light increment light decrement Latency (ms) Percent Correct Normal APB Light Adapted Normal APB Dark Adapted

37 How are receptive fields altered by dark adaptation? 1. Color selective response disappears. 2. Receptive field becomes larger. How can this be? Rods and cones connect differently with

38 Cajal on the connections of the rods and cones: "Since the impression received by the rods is different from that taken up by the cone, it is necessary from every point of view that each of these specific impressions should be conveyed through the retina by a separate channel." "When we reason with common sense and lift the war club determined upon vigorous action, nature ultimately hears us. Knowing what I was looking for, I began to explore eagerly the retina of fishes and mammals...; finally, as the reward of my faith, there deigned to appear most clearly and brilliantly those two types of bipolar cells demanded by theory and guessed by reason." Cajal went on to state that these two kinds of bipolars then hooked up with two types of ganglion cells thereby forming separate channels to the brain.

39 The rod and cone connections Separate channel model Convergent channel model rods cone cone rods cone bipolar rod bipolar cone bipolar rod bipolar amacrine cone ganglion cell rod ganglion cell ganglion cell

40 Overview of retinal connections

41 pigm gment epithel helium rods cones OPL cone horizontal H ON OFF bipolars ON IPL ON OFF AII amacrine ganglion cells photo- receptors incoming light to CNS

42 Summary: 1. All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light. 2. The cone driven ON and OFF channels originate at the level of the retinal bipolar cells; sign inversion in ON bipolars is provided by the mglur6 receptor. 3. APB is a glutamate analog that blocks the ON bipolar. 4. APB blocks the ON response in retinal ganglion cells; the OFF response and center/surround antagonism are unaffected. 5. APB blocks light edge response in cortex but has no effect on orientation, direction and spatial frequency selectivity. 6. APB reduces sensitivity for light increment. 7. The ON and OFF channels for rods arise in the inner retina. 8. In most primates there are only ON rod bipolars. The rod ON and OFF channels are created in the inner retina by amacrine cells. 9. Excitatory signals are generated for both light increment and light decrement by virtue of the ON and OFF channels.

43 The Electroretinogram LGN cell ERG b Monkey 5Spikes 25µv d a c ON OFF Squirrel ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF 1s Figure by MIT OCW.

The Visual System. Retinal Anatomy Dr. Casagrande February 2, Phone: Office: T2302 MCN

The Visual System. Retinal Anatomy Dr. Casagrande February 2, Phone: Office: T2302 MCN The Visual System Retinal Anatomy Dr. Casagrande February 2, 2004 Phone: 343-4538 Email: vivien.casagrande@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu Office: T2302 MCN Reading assignments and Good Web Sites Chapter 2 in Tovée,

More information

Construction of the Visual Image

Construction of the Visual Image Construction of the Visual Image Anne L. van de Ven 8 Sept 2003 BioE 492/592 Sensory Neuroengineering Lecture 3 Visual Perception Light Photoreceptors Interneurons Visual Processing Ganglion Neurons Optic

More information

The Midget and Parasol Channels

The Midget and Parasol Channels The visual and oculomotor systems Peter H. Schiller, year 2006 The Midget and Parasol Channels MIDGET SYSTEM PARASOL SYSTEM or Neuronal response profile ON OFF ON OFF time Midget system cones ON OFF ON

More information

September 9, 2013: The layout of the visual system, the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus

September 9, 2013: The layout of the visual system, the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus September 9, 2013: The layout of the visual system, the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus 1 Basic Wiring of the Visual System 2 The world seen by the two eyes Seen by both eyes Seen by both eyes

More information

Introduction to Physiological Psychology

Introduction to Physiological Psychology Introduction to Physiological Psychology Vision ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260.html This class n Sensation vs. Perception n How light is translated into what we see n Structure

More information

Dark and light adaptation: a job that is accomplished mainly in the retina

Dark and light adaptation: a job that is accomplished mainly in the retina Dark and light adaptation: a job that is accomplished mainly in the retina Dark adaptation: recovery in darkness (of sensitivity) and photoreceptor pigment. Light adaptation: The ability of the visual

More information

Parallel pathways in the retina

Parallel pathways in the retina Retinal origins of parallel pathways in the primate visual system Wednesday, September 23, 2015 Sherry, 2002 1 Parallel pathways in the retina Several different images of the outside world are sent simultaneously

More information

9.35 Sensation And Perception

9.35 Sensation And Perception MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.35 Sensation And Perception Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 9.35 Recitation 1 Eye

More information

Biological Bases of Behavior. 6: Vision

Biological Bases of Behavior. 6: Vision Biological Bases of Behavior 6: Vision Sensory Systems The brain detects events in the external environment and directs the contractions of the muscles Afferent neurons carry sensory messages to brain

More information

Figure 4-1. Layers of the Neural Retina.

Figure 4-1. Layers of the Neural Retina. Chapter 4. The Neural Retina Basic Organization At one level the retina works like film in a camera: it records the optical image that is focused onto it by the cornea and lens, and relays this information

More information

Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 6: Vision

Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 6: Vision Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 6: Vision This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display,

More information

postsynaptic), and each plasma membrane has a hemichannel, sometimes called a connexon)

postsynaptic), and each plasma membrane has a hemichannel, sometimes called a connexon) The Retina The retina is the part of the CNS that sends visual information from the eye to the brain. It very efficient at capturing and relaying as much visual information as possible, under a great range

More information

The Visual System. Organization of cell types Rod and cone photoreceptor systems

The Visual System. Organization of cell types Rod and cone photoreceptor systems The Visual System Basic anatomy of the eye The retina Organization of cell types Rod and cone photoreceptor systems Phototransduction Conversion of energy of light into changes in V m Adaptation and expansion

More information

Image Formation and Phototransduction. By Dr. Abdelaziz Hussein Lecturer of Physiology

Image Formation and Phototransduction. By Dr. Abdelaziz Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Image Formation and Phototransduction By Dr. Abdelaziz Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Vision Vision is a complex process through which an image of the external environment is formed on the photosensitive

More information

Foundations. 1. Introduction 2. Gross Anatomy of the Eye 3. Simple Anatomy of the Retina

Foundations. 1. Introduction 2. Gross Anatomy of the Eye 3. Simple Anatomy of the Retina Foundations 2. Gross Anatomy of the Eye 3. Simple Anatomy of the Retina Overview Central and peripheral retina compared Muller Glial Cells Foveal Structure Macula Lutea Blood supply to the retina Degenerative

More information

THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus

THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus Perceived color of light is determined by 3 characteristics (properties of electromagnetic energy): 1. Hue: the spectrum (wavelength) of light (color)

More information

Lecture 3 Vision 2 The Retina

Lecture 3 Vision 2 The Retina Lecture 3 Vision 2 The Retina All lecture material from the following two links: 1) http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/bcontex.htm 2) http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~redneu/2013/books/principles%20of%20neural%20science%20%20kandel/gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw2/ovidweb.cgisidnjhkoalgmeho00dbookimagebookdb_7c_2fc~32.htm

More information

CS294-6 (Fall 2004) Recognizing People, Objects and Actions Lecture: January 27, 2004 Human Visual System

CS294-6 (Fall 2004) Recognizing People, Objects and Actions Lecture: January 27, 2004 Human Visual System CS294-6 (Fall 2004) Recognizing People, Objects and Actions Lecture: January 27, 2004 Human Visual System Lecturer: Jitendra Malik Scribe: Ryan White (Slide: layout of the brain) Facts about the brain:

More information

Neuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing

Neuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing Neuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing Question No. 1 of 10 needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed. 1. Which of the following statements

More information

Lighta part of the spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy. (the part that s visible to us!)

Lighta part of the spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy. (the part that s visible to us!) Introduction to Physiological Psychology Vision ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ /~ksweeney/psy260.html Lighta part of the spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy (the part that s visible to us!)

More information

2/3/17. Visual System I. I. Eye, color space, adaptation II. Receptive fields and lateral inhibition III. Thalamus and primary visual cortex

2/3/17. Visual System I. I. Eye, color space, adaptation II. Receptive fields and lateral inhibition III. Thalamus and primary visual cortex 1 Visual System I I. Eye, color space, adaptation II. Receptive fields and lateral inhibition III. Thalamus and primary visual cortex 2 1 2/3/17 Window of the Soul 3 Information Flow: From Photoreceptors

More information

Vision Phototransduction of light By. Prof/Faten zakareia Physiology Dept College of Medicine King Saud University

Vision Phototransduction of light By. Prof/Faten zakareia Physiology Dept College of Medicine King Saud University Vision Phototransduction of light By Prof/Faten zakareia Physiology Dept College of Medicine King Saud University Objectives: -List and compare functional properties of rods and cones in scotopic and photopic

More information

Vision Seeing is in the mind

Vision Seeing is in the mind 1 Vision Seeing is in the mind Stimulus: Light 2 Light Characteristics 1. Wavelength (hue) 2. Intensity (brightness) 3. Saturation (purity) 3 4 Hue (color): dimension of color determined by wavelength

More information

Chapter 2 The Retinal Processing of Photoreceptor Signals

Chapter 2 The Retinal Processing of Photoreceptor Signals Chapter 2 The Retinal Processing of Photoreceptor Signals Jan Kremers, Luiz Carlos L. Silveira, Neil R.A. Parry, and Declan J. McKeefry Abstract Color vision is the ability to perceive differences in the

More information

Vision I. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota

Vision I. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota Vision I Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Eye Cornea Sclera Conjunctiva 2 Eye The conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelids and outer surface of the sclera. 3

More information

THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus

THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus Perceived color of light is determined by 3 characteristics (properties of electromagnetic energy): 1. : the spectrum (wavelength) of light (color) 2.

More information

Test of visual pathway function

Test of visual pathway function The visual system Test of visual pathway function Suppose you have a patient who may have some damage to the visual pathways leading to visual cortex, for example from multiple sclerosis. How could you

More information

Sensory Systems Vision, Audition, Somatosensation, Gustation, & Olfaction

Sensory Systems Vision, Audition, Somatosensation, Gustation, & Olfaction Sensory Systems Vision, Audition, Somatosensation, Gustation, & Olfaction Sarah L. Chollar University of California, Riverside sarah.chollar@gmail.com Sensory Systems How the brain allows us to see, hear,

More information

Visual Physiology. Perception and Attention. Graham Hole. Problems confronting the visual system: Solutions: The primary visual pathways: The eye:

Visual Physiology. Perception and Attention. Graham Hole. Problems confronting the visual system: Solutions: The primary visual pathways: The eye: Problems confronting the visual system: Visual Physiology image contains a huge amount of information which must be processed quickly. image is dim, blurry and distorted. Light levels vary enormously.

More information

Light passes through the lens, through the inner layer of ganglion cells and bipolar cells to reach the rods and cones. The retina

Light passes through the lens, through the inner layer of ganglion cells and bipolar cells to reach the rods and cones. The retina The visual system Light passes through the lens, through the inner layer of ganglion cells and bipolar cells to reach the rods and cones. The retina 0.5 mm thick The retina 0.5 mm thick The photosensors

More information

Introduction to Full Field ERGs

Introduction to Full Field ERGs Introduction to Full Field ERGs ISCEV Full Field ERG Standard (Recording protocols and their physiological basis) Laura J. Frishman, PhD University of Houston October 17, 2016 Cellular origins and mechanisms

More information

M Cells. Why parallel pathways? P Cells. Where from the retina? Cortical visual processing. Announcements. Main visual pathway from retina to V1

M Cells. Why parallel pathways? P Cells. Where from the retina? Cortical visual processing. Announcements. Main visual pathway from retina to V1 Announcements exam 1 this Thursday! review session: Wednesday, 5:00-6:30pm, Meliora 203 Bryce s office hours: Wednesday, 3:30-5:30pm, Gleason https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdw7pvgz0um M Cells M cells

More information

What do we perceive?

What do we perceive? THE VISUAL SYSTEM Aditi Majumder What do we perceive? Example: Switch off the light in room What we perceive Not only the property of the scene But also that of the visual system Our perception is filtered

More information

Elementary Motion Analysis Using a Retina-Inspired Neural Network

Elementary Motion Analysis Using a Retina-Inspired Neural Network Elementary Motion Analysis Using a Retina-Inspired Neural Network Tyler W. Garaas tgaraas@cs.umb.edu Visual Attention Laboratory Computer Science Department University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey

More information

High sensitivity rod photoreceptor input to blue-yellow color opponent pathway in macaque retina

High sensitivity rod photoreceptor input to blue-yellow color opponent pathway in macaque retina High sensitivity rod photoreceptor input to blue-yellow color opponent pathway in macaque retina Greg D. Field 1, Martin Greschner 1, Jeffrey L. Gauthier 1, Carolina Rangel 2, Jonathon Shlens 1,3, Alexander

More information

OPTO 5320 VISION SCIENCE I

OPTO 5320 VISION SCIENCE I OPTO 5320 VISION SCIENCE I Monocular Sensory Processes of Vision: Color Vision Mechanisms of Color Processing . Neural Mechanisms of Color Processing A. Parallel processing - M- & P- pathways B. Second

More information

Sense system. Introduction The visual system Hearing. Introduction to sensory mechanisms

Sense system. Introduction The visual system Hearing. Introduction to sensory mechanisms Sense system Introduction The visual system Hearing Introduction to sensory mechanisms Sensory receptors & sense organs Sensory neurons & Receptor cells Adequate stimulus threshold Transduction Receptor

More information

eye as a camera Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel (KSJ), Fig 27-3

eye as a camera Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel (KSJ), Fig 27-3 eye as a camera Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel (KSJ), Fig 27-3 retinal specialization fovea: highest density of photoreceptors, aimed at where you are looking -> highest acuity optic disk: cell-free area, where

More information

Prof. Greg Francis 7/31/15

Prof. Greg Francis 7/31/15 s PSY 200 Greg Francis Lecture 06 How do you recognize your grandmother? Action potential With enough excitatory input, a cell produces an action potential that sends a signal down its axon to other cells

More information

Visual Information Processing in the Primate Brain

Visual Information Processing in the Primate Brain In: Handbook of Psychology, Vol. 3: Biological Psychology, 2003 (Gallagher, M. & Nelson, RJ, eds) pp. 139-185; New York: John Wyley & Sons, Inc. CHAPTER 6 Visual Information Processing in the Primate Brain

More information

Psy393: Cognitive Neuroscience. Prof. Anderson Department of Psychology Week 3

Psy393: Cognitive Neuroscience. Prof. Anderson Department of Psychology Week 3 Psy393: Cognitive Neuroscience Prof. Anderson Department of Psychology Week 3 The Eye: Proof for the existence of God? And then there was light Optics Perception Absorption Eye is receiver not sender Plato

More information

Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, Motion perception and pursuit eye movements

Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, Motion perception and pursuit eye movements Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, 2013 Motion perception and pursuit eye movements 1 Topics: 1. The responses of neurons to motion in various brain regions. 2. Mechananisms for creating motion-selective

More information

The Cellular Basis of Electroretinogram (ERG) Signals

The Cellular Basis of Electroretinogram (ERG) Signals The Cellular Basis of Electroretinogram (ERG) Signals Laura J. Frishman, PhD University of Houston October 19, 2015 Cellular origins and mechanisms of generation of the various waves of the ERG Sherry,

More information

1. The responses of on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells

1. The responses of on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells 1. The responses of on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells 2. Responses of an on-center ganglion cell to different light conditions 3. Responses of an on-center ganglion cells to different light

More information

Neuroanatomy, Text and Atlas (J. H. Martin), 3 rd Edition Chapter 7, The Visual System, pp ,

Neuroanatomy, Text and Atlas (J. H. Martin), 3 rd Edition Chapter 7, The Visual System, pp , Normal CNS, Special Senses, Head and Neck TOPIC: FACULTY: LECTURE: READING: RETINA and CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS P. Hitchcock, Ph.D. Department Cell and Developmental Biology Kellogg Eye Center Friday, 20

More information

Eye physiology and phototransduction. Zoran Đogaš

Eye physiology and phototransduction. Zoran Đogaš Eye physiology and phototransduction Zoran Đogaš Eye geometry Nervus opticus Pupillary reflex and accommodation Clinical Sy Myopia Hypermetropia Photoreceptors ROD CONE Photoreceptors The photoreceptor

More information

FIRST MIDTERM EXAM October 18, 2011 BILD2

FIRST MIDTERM EXAM October 18, 2011 BILD2 FIRST MIDTERM EXAM October 18, 2011 BILD2 WRITE YOUR NAME ON ALL 6 PAGES. ANSWER ALL 10 QUESTIONS (100 POINTS). CONFINE YOUR ANSWERS TO THE SPACE ALLOWED. If you would like to write on the back of the

More information

ASSUMPTION OF COGNITIVE UNIFORMITY

ASSUMPTION OF COGNITIVE UNIFORMITY The Human Brain cerebral hemispheres: two most important divisions of the brain, separated by the longitudinal fissure corpus callosum: a large bundle of axons that constitutes the major connection between

More information

PARALLEL PATHWAYS FOR SPECTRAL CODING

PARALLEL PATHWAYS FOR SPECTRAL CODING Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000. 23:743 775 Copyright by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved PARALLEL PATHWAYS FOR SPECTRAL CODING IN PRIMATE RETINA Dennis M. Dacey Department of Biological Structure and The

More information

Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!!

Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! BI 358 Lecture 18 Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! I. Announcements Quiz 5 returned at end of lecture. Eye Dissection & Vision lab next Tuesday > Lecture by Dr. Sims! Final Quiz

More information

Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!!

Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! BI 358 Lecture 18 Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! I. Announcements Quiz 5 returned at end of lecture. Eye Dissection & Vision lab next Tuesday > Lecture by Dr. Sims! Final Quiz

More information

Name Biology 125 Midterm #2 ( ) Total Pages: 9

Name Biology 125 Midterm #2 ( ) Total Pages: 9 Name - 1 - Biology 125 Midterm #2 (11-15-07) Part 1: (30 pts) Part 2: (40 pts) Part 3: (6 pts) Part 4: (12 pts) Part 5: (12 pts) Total Pages: 9 Total Score: (100 pts) 1 Name - 2 - Part 1: True or False.

More information

A MULTI-STAGE COLOR MODEL REVISITED: IMPLICATIONS FOR A GENE THERAPY CURE FOR RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS

A MULTI-STAGE COLOR MODEL REVISITED: IMPLICATIONS FOR A GENE THERAPY CURE FOR RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS Abstract for Chapter A MULTI-STAGE COLOR MODEL REVISITED: IMPLICATIONS FOR A GENE THERAPY CURE FOR RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS Katherine Mancuso 1, Matthew C. Mauck 2, James A. Kuchenbecker 1, Maureen Neitz

More information

Sensation and Perception. A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristics B. Perception: making complex interpretations

Sensation and Perception. A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristics B. Perception: making complex interpretations I. Overview Sensation and Perception A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristics B. Perception: making complex interpretations C. Top-Down vs Bottom-up Processing D. Psychophysics -- thresholds 1.

More information

Test Bank Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception

Test Bank Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception Test Bank Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Our perception of the environment depends on a. the properties of the objects in the environment. b. the properties of the electrical

More information

The Eye. Cognitive Neuroscience of Language. Today s goals. 5 From eye to brain. Today s reading

The Eye. Cognitive Neuroscience of Language. Today s goals. 5 From eye to brain. Today s reading Cognitive Neuroscience of Language 5 From eye to brain Today s goals Look at the pathways that conduct the visual information from the eye to the visual cortex Marielle Lange http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/mlange/teaching/cnl/

More information

Sleep-Wake Cycle I Brain Rhythms. Reading: BCP Chapter 19

Sleep-Wake Cycle I Brain Rhythms. Reading: BCP Chapter 19 Sleep-Wake Cycle I Brain Rhythms Reading: BCP Chapter 19 Brain Rhythms and Sleep Earth has a rhythmic environment. For example, day and night cycle back and forth, tides ebb and flow and temperature varies

More information

PSY 214 Lecture 5 (09/19/2010) (Vision) Dr. Achtman PSY 214. Lecture 5 Topic: Introduction to Vision Chapter 3, pages 55-71

PSY 214 Lecture 5 (09/19/2010) (Vision) Dr. Achtman PSY 214. Lecture 5 Topic: Introduction to Vision Chapter 3, pages 55-71 Corrections: No corrections needed Announcements: After the completion of chapter 4 a movie will be shown First test is October 3, 2011 Dr. Achtman is available during her office hours The test will include

More information

Plasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development

Plasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development Plasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development Jessica R. Newton and Mriganka Sur Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences Picower Center for Learning & Memory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge,

More information

A biophysically realistic Model of the Retina

A biophysically realistic Model of the Retina A biophysically realistic Model of the Retina Melissa Louey Piotr Sokół Department of Mechanical Engineering Social and Psychological Sciences The University of Melbourne University College Utrecht Melbourne,

More information

Nervous System. 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands. 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data

Nervous System. 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands. 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data Nervous System 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands 3. Transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands 4. Transmits

More information

COURSE: OPTO 328 Physiology of Vision I

COURSE: OPTO 328 Physiology of Vision I COURSE: OPTO 328 Physiology of Vision I UNITS: 2 + 0 = 2. TUTOR: Dr. Ali A Abusharha RECOMMENDED TEXTS: 1) Visual Perception by Cornsweet. 2) Physiology of the Eye by Hugh Davson. 3) OPTOMETRY by Keith

More information

Early Stages of Vision Might Explain Data to Information Transformation

Early Stages of Vision Might Explain Data to Information Transformation Early Stages of Vision Might Explain Data to Information Transformation Baran Çürüklü Department of Computer Science and Engineering Mälardalen University Västerås S-721 23, Sweden Abstract. In this paper

More information

Module H NERVOUS SYSTEM

Module H NERVOUS SYSTEM Module H NERVOUS SYSTEM Topic from General functions of the nervous system Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical & functional perspectives Gross & microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue

More information

Photoreceptors Rods. Cones

Photoreceptors Rods. Cones Photoreceptors Rods Cones 120 000 000 Dim light Prefer wavelength of 505 nm Monochromatic Mainly in periphery of the eye 6 000 000 More light Different spectral sensitivities!long-wave receptors (558 nm)

More information

Biology/ANNB 261 Exam 2 Spring, 2006 Name

Biology/ANNB 261 Exam 2 Spring, 2006 Name Biology/ANNB 261 Exam 2 Spring, 2006 Name Multiple Choice: 1. are responsible for phosphorylation of receptor proteins, whereas are responsible for dephosphorylation of receptor proteins. a) Kinases; phosphatases*

More information

Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology

Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Nervous system development Part of the ectoderm

More information

THE VISUAL SYSTEM Dan Tollin, PhD

THE VISUAL SYSTEM Dan Tollin, PhD Nervous System Block Visual System - September 19-20, 2016 THE VISUAL SYSTEM Dan, PhD The visual system can detect the detailed form of objects, slight movement of objects, can work effectively in very

More information

Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway

Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway CHAPTER 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway Joseph F. Rizzo III RETINA Physiology Embryology of the Eye and Retina Blood Supply Basic Anatomy and Physiology POSTGENICULATE

More information

ANAT2010. Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018

ANAT2010. Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018 ANAT2010 Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018 Table of Contents Lecture 13: Pain and perception... 3 Lecture 14: Sensory systems and visual pathways... 11 Lecture 15: Techniques in Neuroanatomy I in vivo

More information

Chapter 17, Part 1! The Special Senses! SECTION 17-1! Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli!

Chapter 17, Part 1! The Special Senses! SECTION 17-1! Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli! Chapter 17, Part 1! The Special Senses! SECTION 17-1! Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli! 2! 1! Olfaction A Chemical Sensation! Olfactory epithelium!

More information

Parallel streams of visual processing

Parallel streams of visual processing Parallel streams of visual processing RETINAL GANGLION CELL AXONS: OPTIC TRACT Optic nerve Optic tract Optic chiasm Lateral geniculate nucleus Hypothalamus: regulation of circadian rhythms Pretectum: reflex

More information

MITOCW watch?v=_xtuxlxav78

MITOCW watch?v=_xtuxlxav78 MITOCW watch?v=_xtuxlxav78 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To

More information

Visual System. By: Jordan Koehling

Visual System. By: Jordan Koehling Visual System By: Jordan Koehling What is the Visual System Photoreceptors are the type of sensory neuron involved in sight. It is part of the CNS and allows us to see our surroundings using visual light

More information

V1 (Chap 3, part II) Lecture 8. Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Fall 2017

V1 (Chap 3, part II) Lecture 8. Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Fall 2017 V1 (Chap 3, part II) Lecture 8 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Fall 2017 Topography: mapping of objects in space onto the visual cortex contralateral representation

More information

Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline

Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience

More information

9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007

9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 9.01 Recitation (R02)

More information

NEUROSCIENCE. Barbora Cimrová

NEUROSCIENCE. Barbora Cimrová NEUROSCIENCE Barbora Cimrová Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (NS) structure, organization, function of its parts and its functioning as a whole unit traditionally: branch of

More information

Senses are transducers. Change one form of energy into another Light, sound, pressure, etc. into What?

Senses are transducers. Change one form of energy into another Light, sound, pressure, etc. into What? 1 Vision 2 TRANSDUCTION Senses are transducers Change one form of energy into another Light, sound, pressure, etc. into What? Action potentials! Sensory codes Frequency code encodes information about intensity

More information

NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3

NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES Neurons communicate with other neurons or target cells at synapses. Chemical synapse: a very narrow

More information

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C Warm Up What is a neurotransmitter? What is the

More information

Bio11 schedule. Chapter 13 and 14. The Nervous System. The Nervous System. Organization of Nervous Systems. Nerves. Nervous and Sensory Systems

Bio11 schedule. Chapter 13 and 14. The Nervous System. The Nervous System. Organization of Nervous Systems. Nerves. Nervous and Sensory Systems Bio11 schedule Lecture Nervous system and senses Lab Current events reports (10 pts) Urinalysis Lecture exam 2 Thursday Feb 24 Same format as before Study guide will be posted Your total points so far

More information

Neural circuits PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 05. Rods and cones

Neural circuits PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 05. Rods and cones Neural circuits PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 05 Why do you need bright light to read? Rods and cones Photoreceptors are not evenly distributed across the retina 1 Rods and cones Cones are most dense in

More information

NEURAL CIRCUITS AND SYNAPSES FOR EARLY STAGE VISUAL PROCESSING. Michael B. Manookin

NEURAL CIRCUITS AND SYNAPSES FOR EARLY STAGE VISUAL PROCESSING. Michael B. Manookin NEURAL CIRCUITS AND SYNAPSES FOR EARLY STAGE VISUAL PROCESSING by Michael B. Manookin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Neuroscience)

More information

Chapter 2--Introduction to the Physiology of Perception

Chapter 2--Introduction to the Physiology of Perception Chapter 2--Introduction to the Physiology of Perception Student: 1. Our perception of the environment depends on A. the properties of the objects in the environment. B. the properties of the electrical

More information

Sensitivity and Adaptation in the Retina

Sensitivity and Adaptation in the Retina Sensitivity and Adaptation in the Retina Visual transduction single photon sensitivity dark current rhodopsin Ca ++ vs cgmp as the messenger amplification Operating range of vision saturation, threshold,

More information

Welcome to CSE/NEUBEH 528: Computational Neuroscience

Welcome to CSE/NEUBEH 528: Computational Neuroscience Welcome to CSE/NEUBEH 528: Computational Neuroscience Instructors: Rajesh Rao (rao@cs.uw) Adrienne Fairhall (fairhall@uw) TA: Rich Pang (rpang@uw) 1 Today s Agenda F Course Info and Logistics F Motivation

More information

Cell Types, Circuits, and Computation

Cell Types, Circuits, and Computation Rava Azeredo da Silveira, PhD 1 and Botond Roska, PhD, MD 2 1 Department of Physics and Department of Cognitive Studies École Normale Supérieure Paris, France 2 Neural Circuit Laboratories Friedrich Miescher

More information

Vision. Vision. Vision. Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 6. Rod cells. E = hν = hc λ

Vision. Vision. Vision. Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 6. Rod cells. E = hν = hc λ Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 6 Question of the Day: Who has better color vision, a human or a mantis shrimp? involves the transduction of light energy to an nerve signal.

More information

Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system

Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system Parallel pathways from the retina to the cortex Visual input is initially encoded in the retina as a 2D distribution of intensity. The retinal

More information

Lecture 14. Insect nerve system (II)

Lecture 14. Insect nerve system (II) Lecture 14. Insect nerve system (II) Structures (Anatomy) Cells Anatomy How NS functions Signal transduction Signal transmission Overview More on neurons: ions, ion channel, ligand receptor Signal transduction:

More information

Part 11: Mechanisms of Learning

Part 11: Mechanisms of Learning Neurophysiology and Information: Theory of Brain Function Christopher Fiorillo BiS 527, Spring 2012 042 350 4326, fiorillo@kaist.ac.kr Part 11: Mechanisms of Learning Reading: Bear, Connors, and Paradiso,

More information

Special Senses. Mechanoreception Electroreception Chemoreception Others

Special Senses. Mechanoreception Electroreception Chemoreception Others Special Senses Mechanoreception Electroreception Chemoreception Others Recall our receptor types Chemically regulated: Respond to particular chemicals Voltage regulated: respond to changing membrane potential

More information

Blockade of Glutamate-Mediated Activity in the Developing Retina Perturbs the Functional Segregation of ON and OFF Pathways

Blockade of Glutamate-Mediated Activity in the Developing Retina Perturbs the Functional Segregation of ON and OFF Pathways The Journal of Neuroscience, July 1, 1998, 18(13):5019 5025 Blockade of Glutamate-Mediated Activity in the Developing Retina Perturbs the Functional Segregation of ON and OFF Pathways Silvia Bisti, 1,2

More information

ID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2001

ID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2001 ID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2001 As always, the Skidmore Honor Code is in effect, so keep your eyes foveated on your own exam. I tend to think of a point as a minute, so be sure to spend the appropriate amount

More information

Function of the Nervous System

Function of the Nervous System Nervous System Function of the Nervous System Receive sensory information, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands to form a response Composed of neurons (functional unit of the nervous system)

More information

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling The Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons are composed of a cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles; Dendrites which are extensions

More information

Ganglion cell analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT) Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD

Ganglion cell analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT) Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD Ganglion cell analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT) Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD Figure 1. Normal OCT of the macula (cross section through the line indicated on the fundus photo)

More information

Neurobiology: The nerve cell. Principle and task To use a nerve function model to study the following aspects of a nerve cell:

Neurobiology: The nerve cell. Principle and task To use a nerve function model to study the following aspects of a nerve cell: Principle and task To use a nerve function model to study the following aspects of a nerve cell: INTRACELLULAR POTENTIAL AND ACTION POTENTIAL Comparison between low and high threshold levels Comparison

More information