SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
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1 Exam Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 12.3 Using Figure 12.3, match the following: 1) Site of efferent soma. 2) Site of axons and afferent neurons. 3) Site of sensory soma. 4) Gray commissure. 5) Site containing central canal. 6) Multipolar neurons are common here. 1
2 MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 7) Auditory area. 8) Primary sensory cortex. 9) Somatic motor cortex. 10) Premotor area. A) Occipital B) Frontal C) Temporal D) Parietal 11) Visual area. 12) Taste (gustatory) area. 13) Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning. Match the following: 14) A major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei. 15) This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience. A) Primary motor cortex B) Thalamus C) Prefrontal area D) Hypothalamus 16) The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts. 17) This area is the main visceral control center of the body. TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 18) Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. 19) Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons. 20) The spinal cord ends at the level of L1. 21) Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. 22) The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant. 23) The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain. 24) The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro. 2
3 25) Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other. 26) The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space. 27) One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing. 28) Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 29) The arbor vitae refers to: A) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum. B) cerebellar white matter. C) cerebellar gray matter. D) flocculonodular nodes. 30) The brain stem consists of the: A) midbrain only. B) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain. C) midbrain, medulla, and pons. D) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla. 31) Spinocerebellar tracts: A) give rise to conscious experience of perception. B) terminate in the spinal cord. C) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum. D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. 32) The spinal cord has gray matter on the: A) inside, white matter on the outside, and a dorsal motor root. B) outside, white matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root. C) outside, white matter on the inside, and a dorsal motor root. D) inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root. 33) The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A) dura and epidura B) arachnoid and pia C) arachnoid and dura D) arachnoid and epidura 34) The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the: A) medulla. B) midbrain. C) pons. D) cerebrum. 35) Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in: A) the thalamus. B) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. C) sympathetic ganglia. D) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord. 3
4 36) The fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres is the: A) longitudinal fissure. B) lateral fissure. C) parieto-occipital fissure. D) central fissure. 37) The rough, thick, leathery meningeal layer is the: A) subarachnoid. B) arachnoid. C) dura mater. D) pia mater. 38) A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a: A) furrow. B) sulcus. C) fissure. D) gyrus. 39) The cerebrospinal fluid: A) is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles. B) is formed mostly by the choroid plexuses. C) enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space. D) is secreted by the arachnoid villi. 40) The central sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from temporal B) parietal from occipital C) temporal from parietal D) frontal from parietal 41) The hypothalamus: A) is the thermostat of the body since it regulates temperature. B) is an important auditory and visual relay center. C) mediates sensations. D) has the Pulvinar body as part of its structure. 42) The white matter of the spinal cord contains: A) soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. B) unmyelinated nerve fibers only. C) myelinated nerve fibers only. D) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. 43) An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in: A) spinal shock only. B) paraplegia. C) quadriplegia. D) hemiplegia. 44) Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called: A) sulci. B) gyri. C) fissures. D) ganglia. 45) Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are: A) pyramidal and corticospinal. B) segmental and nigrostriatal. C) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine. D) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal. 4
5 46) An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the: A) primary visual area. B) visual association area. C) lateral geniculate body. D) calcarine cortex. 47) The function of commissures is to connect: A) areas of cortex with lower centers. B) pyramidal cells with corresponding cerebellar cells. C) corresponding areas of the two hemispheres. D) adjacent areas of gray matter within a cerebral hemisphere. 48) The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the: A) thalamus. B) limbic system. C) reticular formation. D) pyramids. 49) Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A) red blood cells B) glucose C) protein D) potassium 50) Mr. Hom was injured in an accident that completely severed his spinal cord at the level of T12. You would expect to find all of the following except: A) slurred speech. B) loss of sensation below the level of injury. C) paralysis of the lower extremities. D) lack of perspiration in the affected area. 51) Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except: A) loss of body temperature control. B) loss of proprioception. C) production of excessive quantities of urine. D) pathologic sleep. 52) White matter of the spinal cord: A) is composed of myelinated fibers only. B) ascends to higher PNS centers. C) contains the anterior and posterior spinocerebral tracts. D) has afferent fibers carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptors. 53) Which association is most accurate? A) sensory-anterior B) motor-anterior C) motor-medial D) sensory-medial 54) Which statement about coma is true? A) Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time. B) Coma is rarely caused by damage to brain stem structures. C) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. D) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. 55) Which is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A) contusion B) swelling C) hemorrhage D) concussion 5
6 56) White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations, with the exception of the: A) corticospinal tracts. B) corpus callosum. C) cerebral cortex. D) outer surface of the spinal cord. 57) Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the: A) thalamus. B) somatosensory cortex. C) spinal cord. D) medulla. 58) Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the: A) premotor cortex. B) primary motor cortex. C) spinal cord. D) rubrospinal tracts. SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 59) The fourth ventricle is continuous with the of the spinal cord. 60) The large tract that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the. 61) The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the. 62) The are valvelike and protrude externally through the dura mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood. 63) Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the horn. 64) The includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. 65) rhythm is a 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness. 66) Describe the cause of hydrocephalus and explain why this condition is much more serious in adults than in newborns. 67) What is the importance of the fact that the outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres is convoluted? 68) What is the cauda equina and why is it given this name? 69) What seven areas of the body is the hypothalamus in control of? 70) What is the limbic system? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 71) Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show, and what would probably be seen if her brain were examined? 72) A patient was admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. The nurse assesses his muscle strength and determines that he has right-sided weakness. Based on this assessment data what part of the brain was injured? 6
7 Answer Key Testname: 12-CNS.TST SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 1) C 2) B 3) E 4) A 5) A 6) C MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 7) C 8) D 9) B 10) B 11) A 12) D 13) B 14) B 15) C 16) A 17) D TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 18) TRUE 19) FALSE 20) TRUE 21) TRUE 22) TRUE 23) TRUE 24) FALSE 25) TRUE 26) TRUE 27) TRUE 28) FALSE MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 29) B 30) C 31) C 32) D 33) B 34) A 35) B 36) A 37) C 38) B 39) B 40) D 41) A 1
8 Answer Key Testname: 12-CNS.TST 42) D 43) B 44) B 45) A 46) B 47) C 48) C 49) A 50) A 51) B 52) C 53) B 54) A 55) D 56) C 57) A 58) A SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 59) central canal 60) corpus callosum 61) pituitary gland 62) arachnoid villi 63) posterior (dorsal) 64) diencephalon 65) Circadian 66) Hydrocephaly refers to a blockage of the normal circulation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the meninges and ventricles. If CSF is allowed to accumulate, excessive pressure could be exerted on the brain. In newborns, the fontanels allow the skull to enlarge, while in adults, the cranial bones are fused and no expansion is possible. 67) The cerebral cortex is only 2-4 mm thick; however, the convolutions effectively triple the cortical surface area. As a result, the cortex accounts for 40% of the total brain mass and functions in all conscious activity, including movement, sensory perception, thinking, and memory. 68) The cauda equina is a collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal and is given this name because of its resemblance to a horse's tail. This arrangement reflects the different rates of growth between the vertebral column and spinal cord. Because the column grows more rapidly than the cord, the lower nerves must "chase" their exit points inferiorly, thus forming the cauda equina. 69) 1. ANS. 2. Center of emotional responses. 3. Body temperature regulation. 4. Regulation of food intake. 5. Regulation of water balance and thirst. 6. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycles. 7. Control of the endocrine functions. 70) This is an area of the brain that is in control of our emotions, such as fear, anger, love, hate, etc. It can be acted upon by smell (the smell of a gas, perfume, dead animals), memories, taste, sight, and self will. 2
9 Answer Key Testname: 12-CNS.TST ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 71) Mrs. Sagalov is likely to show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion. Her brain, particularly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, is likely to show senile plaques (clumps of cells and fibers around a protein core) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers within neuron cell bodies). 72) Damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex paralyzes the body muscles controlled by these areas. If the stroke is in the left hemisphere, the right side of the body will be weak or paralyzed. 3
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