VOLUME 1: NEURORADIOLOGY INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK, RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLIED PHYSICS IN IMAGING. Section 1: Neuroradiology including Head and Neck

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1 Contents VOLUME 1: NEURORADIOLOGY INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK, RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLIED PHYSICS IN IMAGING Section 1: Neuroradiology including Head and Neck 1. Evaluation of Plain X-ray Skull: A Systematic Approach 3 Niranjan Khandelwal, Sudha Suri 2. Normal Anatomy of Brain on CT and MRI 16 Paramjeet Singh 3. Normal Cerebral Angiography 37 Shailesh B Gaikwad, Ajay Kumar 4. Advances in Computed Tomography Technology 44 Niranjan Khandelwal, Paramjeet Singh, Sameer Vyas 5. Advances in Neuroimaging Techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 55 Paramjeet Singh, Niranjan Khandelwal 6. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 72 Niranjan Khandelwal, Paramjeet Singh 7. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 92 Ajay Garg 8. Imaging and Interventions in Cerebral Ischemia 98 Shailesh B Gaikwad 9. Imaging of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 118 Niranjan Khandelwal, Vivek Gupta 10. Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms 136 NK Mishra 11. Endovascular Management of Arteriovenous Malformations 157 Shailesh B Gaikwad, NK Mishra 12. Endovascular Management of Carotid-cavernous Fistulas 175 NK Mishra 13. Central Nervous System Infections 186 Sapna Singh, Veena Chowdhury 14. White Matter Diseases and Metabolic Brain Disorders 240 Sumedha Pawa, 15. Current Trends in Imaging of Epilepsy 272 Shailesh B Gaikwad 16. Imaging of Supratentorial Brain Tumors 284 Shailesh B Gaikwad 17. Imaging of Infratentorial Tumors 306 Ajay Garg 18. Sellar and Parasellar Lesions 326 Paramjeet Singh, Niranjan Khandelwal

2 xvi Diagnostic Radiology 19. Intraventricular Lesions 350 Niranjan Khandelwal, Paramjeet Singh 20. Imaging of the Temporal Bone 366 Vivek Gupta, Niranjan Khandelwal 21. Imaging of the Globe and Orbit 386 Sanjay Sharma, Smriti Hari, Deep N Srivastava 22. Imaging of the Paranasal Sinuses 403 Vivek Gupta, Niranjan Khandelwal 23. Imaging of the Neck Spaces 427 Veena Chowdhury, Sapna Singh 24. Thyroid Imaging 462 Alpana Manchanda 25. Malignancies of Upper Aerodigestive Tract 490 Sanjay Thulkar, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Sanjay Sharma 26. Imaging of Skull Base Lesions 512 Atin Kumar, Ashu Seith Bhalla 27. Maxillofacial Imaging: Imaging of Cysts, Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions of the Jaw 528 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Atin Kumar, Sanjay Thulkar 28. Craniovertebral Junction Anomalies 552 Niranjan Khandelwal, Vivek Gupta 29. Endovascular Management of Craniofacial Vascular Lesions 569 Ajay Kumar, Niranjan Khandelwal 30. Imaging of Head Trauma 582 Shivanand Gamanagatti, Atin Kumar, Arun Kumar Gupta 31. Imaging of Facial Trauma 602 Ajay Kumar, Vivek Gupta 32. Imaging of Acute Spinal Trauma 615 Sameer Vyas, Niranjan Khandelwal, Paramjeet Singh 33. Imaging of Spinal Neoplasms 627 Ajay Garg 34. Spinal Vascular Malformations 645 NK Mishra 35. Imaging of Low Backache 655 Raju Sharma, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Arun Kumar Gupta 36. Localization in Clinical Neurology 678 Manish Modi, Sudesh Prabhakar 37. Basic Neuropathology 689 Kirti Gupta, Rakesh Kumar Vasishta Section 2: Recent Advances and Applied Physics in Imaging 38. Ultrasound Instrumentation: Practical Applications 703 Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Akshay Kumar Saxena, Mukesh Kumar Yadav 39. Image Optimization in Ultrasound 716 Rashmi Dixit

3 Contents xvii 40. Ultrasound Elastography: Principles and Application 735 Veenu Singla, Tulika Singh, Anindita Sinha 41. Computed Tomography Hardware: An Update 753 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Arun Deep Arora 42. Dual-energy Computed Tomography 762 Arun Kumar Gupta, Manisha Jana 43. Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging 780 Veena Chowdhury 44. Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation: An Update Image Optimization in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 826 Jyoti Kumar 46. Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging 844 Devasenathipathy Kandasamy, Raju Sharma 47. Functional Magnetic Resonance: Perfusion and Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging 858 Niranjan Khandelwal, Sameer Vyas 48. Magnetic Resonance Angiography 870 Ajay Kumar, Sameer Vyas, Naveen Kalra 49. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pulse Sequences: An Evolution 882 Vivek Gupta, Niranjan Khandelwal 50. Digital Radiography: An Update 889 Alpana Manchanda 51. Digital Mammography 902 Smriti Hari, Chandrashekhara SH, Surabhi Vyas 52. Fluoroscopy and Digital Subtraction Angiography 911 Deep N Srivastava, Madhusudhan KS 53. Tools in Interventional Radiology 929 Atin Kumar, Chandan Jyoti Das 54. Magnetic Resonance Contrast Media Ultrasound Contrast Agents 952 Shashi Bala Paul, Manisha Jana 56. Iodinated Contrast Media: An Update 971 Chandrashekhara SH, Sanjay Thulkar 57. Contrast Reactions and Its Management 979 Gaurav S Pradhan, Rajat Jain 58. Picture Archiving and Communication System and Radiology Information System 989 Shivanand Gamanagatti, Devasenathipathy Kandasamy, Arun Kumar Gupta 59. Evidence-based Radiology 999 Sanjay Sharma, Manisha Jana 60. Radiation Hazards and Radiation Units 1009 Pratik Kumar, Anil K Pandey 61. Radiation Protection 1018 Sapna Singh

4 xviii Diagnostic Radiology 62. Planning a Modern Imaging Department 1039 SC Bansal, Niranjan Khandelwal, Ajay Gulati 63. Recent Advances in Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance 1053 Rakesh Kumar, Anil Chauhan 64. Common Drugs Used in an Imaging Department 1070 Anupam Lal, Vivek Gupta, Manphool Singhal 65. Molecular Imaging 1080 Anish Bhattacharya, BR Mittal 66. Ethical and Legal Issues in Radiology 1087 Mandeep Kang, Manavjit Singh Sandhu VOLUME 2: GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY, GENITOURINARY AND PEDIATRIC IMAGING Section 3: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Imaging 67. Current Status of Conventional Techniques and Advances in Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging 1097 Arun Kumar Gupta, Atin Kumar, Chandan Jyoti Das 68. Nontraumatic Acute Abdomen 1105 Mandeep Kang, Veenu Singla 69. Imaging in Abdominal Trauma 1122 Atin Kumar, Sanjay Thulkar 70. Imaging of the Esophagus 1139 Sumedha Pawa, 71. Benign Lesions of Stomach and Small Intestine 1158 Gaurav S Pradhan 72. Malignant Lesions of the Stomach and Small Intestine 1173 Sanjay Thulkar, Arun Kumar Gupta 73. Abdominal Tuberculosis Nontubercular Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 1212 Birinder Nagi, Anupam Lal, Manphool Singhal 75. Colorectal Malignancies 1230 Naveen Kalra, Mandeep Kang 76. Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract 1248 Anupam Lal, Mahesh Prakash 77. Imaging of Appendix Liver Anatomy and Techniques of Imaging 1275 Smriti Hari 79. Benign Focal Lesions of the Liver 1287 Sapna Singh, Veena Chowdhury 80. Malignant Focal Lesions of the Liver 1312 Raju Sharma, Madhusudhan KS

5 Contents xix 81. Diffuse Liver Diseases 1328 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Harsh Kandpal, Sanjay Thulkar 82. Imaging of Obstructive Biliopathy 1340 Raju Sharma, Harsh Kandpal 83. Clinical Aspects of Liver Cirrhosis: A Perspective for the Radiologists 1359 Shashi Bala Paul, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Arun Kumar Gupta, Subrat Kumar Acharya 84. Imaging and Interventions in Pancreatitis 1370 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Chandan Jyoti Das 85. Tumors of Pancreas 1392 Veena Chowdhury 86. Imaging in Portal Hypertension 1417 Veena Chowdhury, Rashmi Dixit 87. Hepatic Venous Outflow Tract Obstruction 1431 Naveen Kalra, Niranjan Khandelwal 88. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 1441 Deep N Srivastava, Shivanand Gamanagatti 89. Interventions in Obstructive Biliopathy 1452 Mandeep Kang, Naveen Kalra 90. Interventional Treatment of Liver Tumors 1460 Deep N Srivastava, Shivanand Gamanagatti 91. Percutaneous Nonvascular Gastrointestinal Tract Interventions 1471 Shivanand Gamanagatti, Deep N Srivastava 92. Interventional Radiology in Portal Hypertension 1481 Naveen Kalra, Niranjan Khandelwal Section 4: Genitourinary Imaging 93. Current Status of Conventional Techniques in Urogenital Imaging 1491 Naveen Kalra, Manavjit Singh Sandhu 94. Ultrasound of Urogenital Tract: Techniques and Normal Appearances Computed Tomography of Urogenital Tract: Techniques and Normal Appearances 1516 Sapna Singh, Veena Chowdhury 96. MRI of Urogenital Tract: Techniques and Normal Appearances 1541 Paramjeet Singh, Sameer Vyas 97. Current Status of Nuclear Medicine in Urinary Tract Imaging 1551 Rakesh Kumar, Shamim Ahmed Shamim, Rama Mohan Reddy 98. Current Status of Urographic Contrast Media 1568 Sumedha Pawa, Gaurav S Pradhan 99. Tubercular Infection of the Urinary Tract 1578 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Arun Kumar Gupta, Raju Sharma 100. Nontubercular Infections of the Urinary Tract 1593 Naveen Kalra, Ajay Kumar 101. Pathology of Renal Tumors 1602 Kusum Joshi

6 xx Diagnostic Radiology 102. Pathology of Gynecological Malignancies 1615 Radhika Srinivasan 103. Imaging in Renal Tumors Imaging of Urinary Bladder and Urethra 1652 Anupam Lal, Paramjeet Singh 105. Imaging of the Prostate Gland 1669 Paramjeet Singh, Anupam Lal 106. Renal Cystic Diseases 1679 Veena Chowdhury 107. Renovascular Hypertension 1697 Niranjan Khandelwal, Anupam Lal, Manphool Singhal 108. Renal Parenchymal Disease and Renal Failure 1713 Anupam Lal, Hina Arif Mumtaz 109. Renal Transplant 1729 Ajay Gulati, Manavjit Singh Sandhu 110. Imaging of Obstructive Uropathy and Diseases of Ureter 1740 Mahesh Prakash, Mandeep Kang 111. Urinary Tract Trauma 1756 Atin Kumar, Shivanand Gamanagatti 112. Imaging the Adrenal Gland 1771 Raju Sharma, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Arun Kumar Gupta 113. Retroperitoneum 1795 Smriti Hari, Atin Kumar 114. Nonvascular Interventions in the Urinary Tract 1814 Mandeep Kang, Anupam Lal, Naveen Kalra 115. Vascular Interventions in the Genitourinary Tract 1823 Shivanand Gamanagatti, Deep N Srivastava 116. Imaging in Female Infertility 1837 Rashmi Dixit 117. Benign Diseases of the Female Pelvis 1856 Alpana Manchanda, Veena Chowdhury 118. Imaging in Gynecological Malignancies 1883 Sanjay Thulkar, Smriti Hari 119. Imaging of Scrotum 1903 Anupam Lal, Manphool Singhal 120. Male Infertility and Erectile Dysfunction 1918 Deep N Srivastava, Sanjay Thulkar Section 5: Pediatric Imaging 121. Technical Considerations in Pediatric Imaging 1933 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Arun Kumar Gupta, Amar Mukund 122. Recent Advances in Pediatric Radiology 1944 Akshay Kumar Saxena, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi

7 Contents xxi 123. Interventions in Children 1953 Gurpreet Singh Gulati, Sanjiv Sharma, Amar Mukund, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Shivanand Gamanagatti Part A: Vascular Interventions Gurpreet Singh Gulati, Sanjiv Sharma Part B: Nonvascular Interventions Amar Mukund, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Shivanand Gamanagatti 124. Imaging of Pediatric Trauma 1974 Shivanand Gamanagatti, Atin Kumar 125. Neonatal Respiratory Distress 1992 Akshay Kumar Saxena, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi 126. Childhood Pulmonary Infections 2003 Jyoti Kumar 127. Chest Masses 2023 Sanjay Thulkar, Arun Kumar Gupta 128. Pediatric Airway 2036 Ashu Seith Bhalla 129. Developmental Anomalies of Gastrointestinal Tract 2057 Alpana Manchanda, Sumedha Pawa 130. Imaging of Anorectal Anomalies 2083 Arun Kumar Gupta 131. Gastrointestinal Masses in Children 2094 Arun Kumar Gupta 132. Hepatic and Pancreatic Masses in Children 2112 Akshay Kumar Saxena, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Naveen Kalra 133. Childhood Biliopathies 2131 Veena Chowdhury 134. Congenital Anomalies of the Urinary Tract 2159 Smriti Hari, Arun Kumar Gupta 135. Urinary Tract Infections (Including VUR and Neurogenic Bladder) 2181 Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Akshay Kumar Saxena 136. Renal and Retroperitoneal Masses Evaluation of Female Pelvis and Testicular Abnormalities 2219 Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Akshay Kumar Saxena 138. Imaging of Intersex Disorders 2241 Sanjay Sharma, Arun Kumar Gupta 139. Skeletal Dysplasias 2253 Gaurav S Pradhan 140. Skeletal Maturity Assessment 2274 Arun Kumar Gupta 141. Spinal Dysraphism 2279 Raju Sharma, Ankur Gadodia 142. Imaging of Pediatric Hip 2298

8 xxii Diagnostic Radiology 143. Benign Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Conditions 2329 Mahesh Prakash, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi 144. Pediatric Malignant Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors 2343 Manisha Jana, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Deep N Srivastava 145. Congenital Brain Anomalies 2353 Niranjan Khandelwal 146. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy 2366 Atin Kumar, Arun Kumar Gupta 147. Cranial Sonography 2384 Rashmi Dixit, Veena Chowdhury 148. Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain 2403 Vivek Gupta, Niranjan Khandelwal, Paramjeet Singh 149. Pediatric Brain Tumors 2426 Shailesh B Gaikwad, Ajay Garg 150. Metabolic Disorders of the Brain 2444 Sapna Singh, Veena Chowdhury VOLUME 3: CHEST AND CARDIOVASCULAR, MUSCULOSKELETAL, AND BREAST IMAGING Section 6: Chest and Cardiovascular Imaging 151. Chest X-ray: Techniques and Anatomy 2485 Mahesh Prakash, Manavjit Singh Sandhu 152. Multidetector Computed Tomography of Chest: Techniques and Anatomy 2496 Deep N Srivastava, Atin Kumar, Shivanand Gamanagatti 153. Basic Patterns of Lung Diseases 2510 Sumedha Pawa, Sapna Singh 154. Radiographic Manifestations of Pulmonary Tuberculosis 2539 Mandeep Kumar Garg, Naveen Kalra 155. Nontubercular Pulmonary Infections Imaging of the Tracheobronchial Tree 2566 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Raju Sharma 157. Imaging of Interstitial Lung Disease 2591 Smriti Hari, Sanjay Sharma, Deep N Srivastava 158. Pulmonary Manifestations in Immunocompromised Host (HIV and Solid Organ Transplant Patients) 2607 Mandeep Kang 159. Chest in Immunocompromised Host (Hematological Infections and Bone Marrow Transplant) 2617 Sanjay Sharma, Sanjay Thulkar 160. Imaging the Mediastinum 2626 Raju Sharma, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Arun Kumar Gupta 161. Imaging of Solitary and Multiple Pulmonary Nodules 2647 Veena Chowdhury, Sapna Singh 162. Lung Malignancies 2677 Sanjay Thulkar, Smriti Hari, Arun Kumar Gupta

9 Contents xxiii 163. Intensive Care Chest Radiology 2700 Akshay Kumar Saxena, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Madhu Gulati 164. Imaging in Pulmonary Thromboembolism 2709 Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Akshay Kumar Saxena 165. Imaging in Thoracic Trauma 2721 Atin Kumar, Shivanand Gamanagatti 166. Imaging of Pleura Imaging of the Diaphragm and Chest Wall 2758 Sameer Vyas, Anupam Lal 168. Bronchial Artery Embolization 2772 Shivanand Gamanagatti, Ashu Seith Bhalla 169. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions in Chest 2784 Naveen Kalra, Mandeep Kang, Anupam Lal 170. Chest X-ray Evaluation in Cardiac Disease 2796 Sanjiv Sharma, Gurpreet Singh Gulati, Priya Jagia 171. Imaging in Ischemic Heart Disease 2804 Gurpreet Singh Gulati, Sanjiv Sharma, Priya Jagia 172. Imaging Approach in Children with Congenital Heart Disease 2818 Priya Jagia, Sanjiv Sharma, Gurpreet Singh Gulati 173. Imaging in Cardiomyopathies 2827 Priya Jagia, Gurpreet Singh Gulati, Sanjiv Sharma 174. Imaging Evaluation of Cardiac Masses 2834 Gurpreet Singh Gulati, Priya Jagia, Sanjiv Sharma 175. Imaging Diagnosis of Valvular Heart Disease 2847 Priya Jagia, Sanjiv Sharma, Gurpreet Singh Gulati 176. Imaging of the Pericardium 2856 Jyoti Kumar 177. Nuclear Medicine in CVS and Chest 2870 Chetan D Patel, Madhavi Chawla 178. Imaging of Aorta 2882 Niranjan Khandelwal, Vivek Gupta 179. Imaging of Peripheral Vascular Disease 2900 Rashmi Dixit Section 7: Musculoskeletal and Breast Imaging 180. Diagnostic Approach to Focal Bone Lesions: Conventional Radiography, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2925 Shivanand Gamanagatti, Raju Sharma 181. Basic Principles and Current Concepts of Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2940 Raju Sharma, Shivanand Gamanagatti 182. Nuclear Medicine Imaging for Musculoskeletal Disorders 2953 Rakesh Kumar, Punit Sharma, Arun Malhotra 183. Angiography and Interventions in Musculoskeletal Lesions 2966 Deep N Srivastava

10 xxiv Diagnostic Radiology 184. Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints 2979 Gaurav S Pradhan, Veena Chowdhury 185. Nontubercular Bone and Joint Infections 2993 Manphool Singhal, Niranjan Khandelwal 186. Tuberculosis of the Spine 3006 Rashmi Dixit 187. Noninfective Inflammatory Arthritis 3023 Mandeep Kang, Mahesh Prakesh 188. Nontubercular Infections of the Spine 3041 Sameer Vyas, Manavjit Singh Sandhu 189. Degenerative Disease of the Spine and Joints 3055 Jyoti Kumar, Sumedha Pawa 190. Skeletal Disorders of Metabolic and Endocrine Origin 3080 Alpana Manchanda, Arun Kumar Gupta 191. Osteoporosis 3112 Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Vivek Gupta, Niranjan Khandelwal 192. Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions 3127 Mahesh Prakash, Niranjan Khandelwal 193. Malignant Bone Tumors Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee 3168 Sapna Singh 195. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hip and Pelvis Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Shoulder and Temporomandibular Joints 3236 Mahesh Prakash, Paramjeet Singh 197. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Bone Marrow Disorders 3262 Veena Chowdhury 198. Radiological Evaluation of Appendicular Trauma 3285 Atin Kumar, Arun Kumar Gupta 199. Imaging of Soft Tissue Lesions 3299 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Sanjay Thulkar 200. A Systematic Approach to Imaging of Breast Lesions 3322 Smriti Hari, Sanjay Thulkar, Arun Kumar Gupta 201. Benign and Malignant Lesions of the Breast 3350 Smriti Hari, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Sanjay Thulkur 202. Breast Interventions 3373 Smriti Hari, Sanjay Thulkur 203. PET-CT in Management of Breast Cancer 3389 Rakesh Kumar, Punit Sharma, Arun Malhotra Index 3401