Organiza?on of the nervous system. Organiza?on of the nervous system. BIOL 164 Human Biology Ch 8 The Nervous System. I. CNS (Central Nervous System)
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1 BIOL 164 Human Biology Ch 8 The Nervous System Organiza?on of the nervous system I. CNS (Central Nervous System) brain and spinal cord: central command center integrates and coordinates all voluntary and involuntary nervous func9ons; the decider II. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) nerves (spinal and cranial): carry messages to and from CNS A. Sensory (afferent) division: brings sensory informa9on from receptors to CNS II. PNS (con9nued) Organiza?on of the nervous system B. Motor (efferent) division: carries motor commands from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) 1. Soma?c NS: voluntary (conscious) control of skeletal muscle 2. Autonomic NS: involuntary (unconscious) control of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands a. Sympathe?c division: prepares body to deal with stressful or emergency condi9ons fight or flight b. Parasympathe?c division: regulates organ func9ons for general body maintenance during nonstressful 9mes rest anddigest
2 Organiza?onal chart of the nervous system Protec?on of CNS Meninges: Dura mater (outermost) Arachnoid mater (middle) CSF in subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia maters also found in hollow internal spaces brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord Besides cushioning and support, CSF also nourishes Pia mater (innermost) CNS also protected from harmful substances in blood by blood brain barrier formed mainly by non leaky capillaries and astrocytes White maner vs. gray maner White maner a lot of myelin present Myelinated axons (with some unmyelinated axons mixed in); myelinated by Schwann cells in PNS Oligodendrocytes in CNS Gray maner litle myelin present Nerve cell bodies and dendrites Unmyelinated axons Interneurons and synapses Neuroglia (astrocytes, etc.)
3 The brain About 3 pounds, 100 billion neurons, and 1 trillion glial cells 4 main parts of the brain Diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus 4. Brain stem = midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata General func?ons of brain parts
4 General func?ons of brain parts Features of cerebrum 2 hemispheres (separated by the longitudinal fissure) Each hemisphere controls or senses from opposite side of body The 2 hemispheres look the same, but o[en have different func9ons Main connec9on/communica9on between hemispheres: corpus callosum (white mater) Gyri (singular: gyrus): ridges/folds that increase surface area of outer gray mater (= cerebral cortex) Sulci (singular: sulcus): grooves between the ridges/folds Corpus callosum Gyri Sulci Cerebral cortex Cerebrum Main func9ons: conscious thoughts, intellectual func9ons, processing of sensory info, voluntary motor commands 4 main lobes in each hemisphere: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
5 Func?onal areas of cerebrum Sensory areas Associa9on areas awareness of sensa9ons interpret (give meaning to) and integrate sensa9ons; higher order processing Motor areas control voluntary movement Note that correspondence between func7on and region is imprecise due to indis7nct boundaries and overlap Primary somatosensory area (cortex) Awareness of general body sensa9ons: Touch Pressure Pain Vibra9on Taste Temperature Size of area dedicated to each body part propor9onal to number of that body part s peripheral sensory receptors i.e., rela9ve sensi9vity Higher func?oning associa?on areas General interpreta?on area integrates info from all sensory associa9on areas, Phineas Gage (1848) prefrontal lobotomy? compares to sensory memories for big picture recogni9on Prefrontal cortex (frontal associa?on area) highest level processing: abstract thinking, long term planning, logic, ra9onality, judgment, cause effect, reasoning, mo9va9on, individuality, personality
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