Brainstem and Cerebellum
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1 Brainstem and Cerebellum Lecture two Objectives: 1. Identify radiological anatomy of brain stem and cerebellum. 2. Compares CT and MRI imaging of brain stem and cerebellum. 3. Recognize the imaging findings in common diseases involving brain stem and cerebellum. Red: important Green: Doctor s notes Grey: Extra
2 Brain Divisions: Brainstem: Three parts from superior to inferior: 1- Mid brain. 2- Pons (biggest part). 3- Medulla Oblongata Page2
3 Midbrain: Radiological Features: At the level of circle of willis (circle that feeds the brain) and every structure is important to recognize the level/location. 1- Anteriorly two cerebral peduncles separated by interpeduncular fossa. 2- Posteriorly four rounded prominences (superior and inferior colliculi). Interpeduncle aqueduct** Superior/inferior Colliculus* MRI T2WI Peduncle CT Midbrain 1.Superior colliculus. 2.Inferior colliculus. (both are more clear in sagittal radiographes) 3.Cerebral peduncle. 4.Interpeduncular cistern. Sagittal T1WI Axial T2WI Page3 You have to know the differences between CT and MRI pictures. MRI: shows the soft tissue clearly and bones appear with grey color. CT: Bones appear white in color. * The half circles. ** The small white spot.
4 Petrous bone CT+ Pons: CT+ Basilar artery Radiological Features: Basilar artery (comes from joining 2 vertebral arteries) lies in groove anteriorly. Posterior surface of the pons forms the upper part of the floor of the 4th ventricle. Bony anterior relation: clivus* bone centrally and petrous temporal bones laterally. 2 3 P p P pons 1. 4th ventricle**. 2. basilar artery***. 3. middle cerebellar peduncle. 1 MRI Axial T2WI Medulla Oblongata: 1 MRI Sagittal T1WI Radiological Features: 1. The ventral median fissure is seen anteriorly with the pyramid laterally ^ 2. The 4th ventricle is seen posteriorly *Behind the puititary gland. CT+ ** The black triangle. MRI Axial T2WI ***Black spot. ^ To know how to diffrenciate this image of M.O. from the previous one in the pons, you can observe the butterfly-like or diamond like shape inside the circle, which represents the 2 arteries that will unite later to form the basilar artery in the pons. medulla Page4
5 Cerebellum: Radiological Features: On axial Ct & MRI the cerebellum is separated from the pons by the 4th ventricle*. Connected to the pons on each side by middle cerebellar peduncle. it is bounded anteriorly by petrous temporal bone. P CT+ Petrous bone Page5 cerebellum *The 4 th ventricle is between the pons and cerebellum.
6 Radiological Features: 1. Cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three pairs of cerebellum peduncles: Superior: connected to the midbrain. Middle: connected to the pons. Inferior: connected to medulla oblongata. Two cerebellar hemisphere with midline vermis (Sulcus between 2 hemispheres) Cerebellar Tonsil MRI Sagittal T1WI MRI Axial T2WI Vermis Axial CT Common Diseases of Brain and Cerebellum* 1. Acute infarction due to basilar artery thrombosis** ***thrombosis CT MRI Axial FLAIR MRI Axial T2WI Page6 *Doctor note: Pathology is too advanced for you (focus on the anatomy more). **Hyper-dense=lighter (white) e.g. Skull. Hypo-dense=darker (black) Brain parenchyma.
7 2. Brainstem Glioma Sagittal MRI Axial MRI T2WI T1W1 3. Ependymoma intramedullary tumor Axial MRI T2WI Sagittal MRI T1WI contrast Coronal MRI T1WI contrast Axial MRI T1WI contrast 4. Hemangioblastoma intramedullary tumor Sagittal MRI T1WI contrast Axial MRI T2W1 Coronal MRI T1WI contrast Page7
8 5. Cavernous Angioma Sagittal MRI T1WI Axial MRI T2WI Axial MRI SWI CT Page8 How do we diagnose a patient? We should do CT scan to see if is there any abnormal changes, and then we do MRI to specify if these changes are acute, subacute or chronic.
9 Group Leaders: Hanin Bashaikh Mohammed Alduayj Group Members: DxFZPSQ_hXoiFt7229xWYDo References: Aseel Badukhon Ghaida Alsaeed Lama Altamimi Leena Alwakeel Najd Altheeb Stephanie Ryan, Anatomy for Diagnostic imaging, 2 nd Edition, Pages Jamie Weir, Peter Abraham, Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy 3rd Edition, Pages Peter Armstrong, diagnostic imaging, 5 th Edition, Pages ( ) Contact Page9 Radiology436@gmail.com
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Chapter1 Pathological reaction to disease Normal anatomy Figures 1.1 1.6 2 4 Brain swelling and internal herniation Figures 1.7 1.15 5 9 Epilepsy Figures 1.16 1.18 9 10 Cerebellar atrophy Figures 1.19
Central Nervous System (CNS) -> brain and spinal cord. Major Divisions of the nervous system:
Central Nervous System (CNS) -> brain and spinal cord Major Divisions of the nervous system: Afferent (sensory input) -> cell bodies outside of the central nervous system (CNS), carry info into the CNS
The Brain and Cranial Nerves Pg. 129
The Brain and Cranial Nerves Pg. 129 Three Main Regions of the Brain Forebrain Cerbral hemispheres Diencephalon Midbrain Brain stem Hindbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Forebrain Interprets sensory