The Brain and Cranial Nerves Student Objectives
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1 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Student Objectives Chapter 14 Textbook and Laboratory Manual Name the major regions of the brain and describe their functions Name the ventricles of the brain and describe their locations Name the connections between the ventricles List and describe the layers of protection and support for the brain Discuss formation, circulation and removal of cerebrospinal fluid Discuss the functions of cerebrospinal fluid Describe the anatomical differences between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord Describe the location and functions of the medulla oblongata List the main components of the medulla oblongata and specify their functions Describe the location and functions of the pons List the main components of the pons and specify their functions Describe the location and functions of the cerebellum List the main components of the cerebellum and specify their functions Describe the location and functions of the mesencephalon List the main components of the mesencephalon and specify their functions Describe the location and functions of the diencephalon List the main components of the diencephalon and specify their functions Identify the major anatomical subdivisions of the cerebrum Specify the functions of the major anatomical subdivisions of the cerebrum Describe the locations and functions of the motor, sensory, and association areas of the cerebral cortex Discuss the relationship between the right and left cerebral hemispheres Explain the main functions of the limbic system List the main components of the limbic system and specify their functions Explain the primary functions of the cranial nerves Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and roman numerals on models or diagrams State the function of each pair of cranial nerves Terms for review: Recall the definitions of the following terms Ganglia Nerves Neurons Nerve fibers Nerve tracts Gray matter White matter Nuclei Terms: Define the following terms aphasia cerebral lateralization circadian rhythms I. An introduction to the organization of the brain A. Functions of the brain B. Major regions of the brain 1. brain stem a. medulla oblongata b. midbrain c. pons 2. cerebellum 3. diencephalon a. thalamus
2 b. hypothalamus 4. cerebrum C. ventricles of the brain 1. lateral ventricles a. interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) b. septum pellucidum 2. third ventricle a. cerebral aqueduct (mesencephalic aqueduct, aqueduct of the midbrain, aqueduct of Sylvius) 3. fourth ventricle a. central canal b. lateral apertures c. medial aperture II. Protection and support of the brain A. Cranial bones B. Meninges 1. dura mater a. endosteal layer (periosteal layer) b. dural sinuses i superior sagittal sinus c. meningeal layer 2. subdural space 3. arachnoid mater a. subarachnoid space b. arachnoid villi 4. pia mater C. cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) 1. functions a. differences between blood and CSF 2. circulation a. choroid plexus i ependymal cells b. arachnoid granulations i arachnoid villi D. blood supply to the brain E. blood brain barrier 1. astrocytes 2. tight junctions 3. areas where blood brain barrier not intact a. portions of hypothalamus b. posterior pituitary gland c. pineal gland d. choroid plexus III. Anatomy of the Brain A. Brain stem 1. medulla oblongata 2. pons 3. midbrain a. superior colliculi b. inferior colliculi B. Cerebellum (little brain) 1. cerebellar hemispheres 2. arbor vitae
3 3. cerebellar cortex C. Diencephalon 1. thalamus 2. hypothalamus a. associated structures i optic chiasm ii pituitary gland iii mammillary bodies 3. epithalamus a. pineal gland (body) D. cerebrum 1. right and left cerebral hemispheres 2. Organization of cerebral gray and white matter a. cerebral cortex (cortical area) b. white matter i mostly myelinated axons association tracts transmit in same hemisphere commissures transmit between the two hemispheres projection tracts ascending and descending tracts ii corpus callosum c. nuclei i basal ganglia 3. surface features of cerebrum a. lobes i frontal lobe ii parietal lobe iii occipital lobe iv temporal lobe b. gyrus i precentral gyrus ii postcentral gyrus c. sulcus i central sulcus ii lateral sulcus d. fissure i longitudinal fissure ii transverse fissure IV. Physiology of the Brain A. Brainstem 1. The medulla oblongata 2. The pons 3. The mesencephalon (midbrain) a. superior colliculi b. inferior colliculi c. red nucleus d. substantia nigra 4. Reticular formation B. Cerebellum
4 C. The diencephalon 1. Hypothalamus a. mammillary bodies 2. Thalamus a. epithalamus i pineal gland (pineal body) D. The cerebrum 1. basal nuclei (ganglia) 2. functional areas of the cerebral cortex a. Motor and sensory areas of the cortex i motor areas primary motor cortex (primary motor area) precentral gyrus broca s speech area (Broca area) usually on left side only ii sensory areas primary somatosensory cortex postcentral gyrus primary auditory cortex primary gustatory cortex primary olfactory cortex - uncus primary visual cortex iii association areas motor association area (premotor cortex) somatosensory association area visual association area auditory association area iv Integrative centers General interpretive area (Wernicke s area, agnostic area) usually on left side only recognizes spoken words translates word into thoughts Prefrontal cortex Frontal eye field V. Higher order functions A. The limbic system 1. Functions 2. Major structures a. Prefrontal cortex b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. Thalamus e. Amygdala f. Mammillary bodies g. Basal nuclei B. Memory 1. Memories 2. Memory trace (engram) 3. Synaptic plasticity 4. Types a. Fact (declarative) memory b. Skill (procedural) memory 5. Classes a. Immediate memory b. Short term (primary) memory
5 i Working memory c. Long term memory 6. Memory consolidation 7. Formation and storage a. Increased neurotransmitter release b. Facilitation / potentiation c. Formation of additional synaptic connections or neurotransmitter receptors C. Consciousness and sleep 1. States of consciousness a. Conscious b. Unconscious i Sleep ii Coma c. Arousal 2. Brain waves: alpha, beta, theta, delta (slow) waves 3. Sleep a. Non-REM sleep: stages 1-4 b. REM VI. Cranial Nerves A. Number and name of cranial nerves I. Olfactory: smell II. Optic III. Oculomotor: eye mover IV. Trochlear: pulley V. Trigeminal: three twins VI. Abducens: away VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear: vestibule of ear/equilibrium and cochlea of ear for hearing IX. Glossopharyngeal: tongue/throat X. Vagus: wanderer XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal: below the tongue B. Ways to remember names 1. On old Olympus towering top a friendly Viking grew vines and hops 2. Oh, Oh, Oh, to touch and feel a good vein, ah heaven 3. On occasion, our trusty truck acts funny very good vehicle anyhow OLd (OLfactory) OPie (OPtic) OCcasionally (OCulomotor) TRies (TRochlear) TRIGonometry (TRIGeminal) And (Abducens) Feels (Facial) VEry (VEstibulocochlear) GLOomy (GLOssopharyngeal) VAGUe (VAGUs) And (Accessory) HYPOactive (HYPOglossal)
6 C. Sensory, motor, or mixed 1. Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More D. Testing cranial nerve function 1. DO NOT DO THE FOLLOWING TESTS a. V: touch cornea b. VII: taste c. IX, X i Touch uvula ii Taste Clinical applications: Agnosia Alzheimer's disease Amnesia (anterograde, retrograde) Aphasia Ataxia Bell s palsy Cerebral palsy Cerebrovascular diseases Concussion Contralateral neglect syndrome Dyskinesias Dyslexia Encephalitis Epilepsy Huntington s chorea Hydrocephalus Lobotomy Meningitis Migraine headache Narcolepsy Parkinson s disease Prosopagnosia Schizophrenia Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) Subdural hemorrhage
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