Nervous System: An Introduction. HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School
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1 Nervous System: An Introduction HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School
2 Function of the Nervous System 3 overlapping functions SENSORY INPUT - Monitor changes inside and outside of the body; these changes are called STIMULI. INTEGRATION - Processes and interprets changing stimuli to decide. MOTOR OUTPUT - Effects a response via activating effectors (muscles or glands).
3 Working Together The Nervous System works with the Endocrine System to provide ELECTRICAL and CHEMICAL control of ALL body processes.
4 Structural Organization Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord All neurons not in brain or spinal cord Responsible for Integration Responsible for sensory input and motor output
5 Functional Organization Peripheral Nervous System Sensory/Afferent Moves information TOWARD the CNS Motor/Efferent Moves information AWAY FROM the CNS Autonomic Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscles and all glands Somatic/Motor Voluntary control of skeletal muscles Sympathetic Fight-or-Flight Parasympathetic Resting-or- Digesting
6 Autonomic Continuum Rest or Digest Fight or Flight
7 Cells of the Nervous System 2 categories Neurons transmit electrical impulses Sensory neurons = receptors Integration neurons = integrate/think Motor neurons = effect a change through muscles and/or glands Neuroglia = Nerve glue Protect, insulate, and support delicate neurons
8 Cells of the Nervous System Neuroglia = Nerve Glue Astrocytes Star-shaped cell that provides a scaffold to hold neurons in specific locations. Oligodendrocytes Insulates neurons for speedy transmission of electrical impulses; similar to insulation for electrical wires. Ependymal Cells Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Microglial cells Small white blood cells that destroy pathogens and cell debris.
9 Cells of the Nervous System Neurons/Nerves 3 main parts Dendrite: receives info from neighboring neurons. Cell body: living portion of the neuron; contains the nucleus and organelles. Axon: sends info to neighboring neurons.
10 Appearance Location Function BiPolar 2 extensions on opposite ends of cell body Special senses in skull Collect sensory info for sight, hearing, smell, taste UniPolar 1 continuous extension, cell body pushed to side Special senses far from brain Collect sensory info for pain, pressure, touch MultiPolar Many dendrites, single long axon Brain Form networks that span distance Anaxonic Cannot tell dendrites from axon Brain Form close-knit networks
11 Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar Anaxonic
12 Neuronal Networks Connection of individual neurons Forms synapses Axon and dendrite(s) The more dendrites communicating with a single neuron, the wider the network
13 Synapses Connection between 2 neurons Axon (neuron #1) and Dendrite (neuron #2) Stimulation of neuron causes release of neurotransmitter into the synapse Neurotransmitter must dock onto membrane of next neuron for simulation to continue
14 Cells of the Nervous System Synapse Space in between neighboring neurons. Contains neurotransmitters; chemicals that are released to control info/activity in brain. Types of Synapses Neuron-to-Neuron Found throughout Nervous System Neuron-to-Muscle Neuromuscular Neuron-to-Gland Neuroglandular
15
16 Protection of the CNS Meninges What Are They? Connective tissue outer protection covering of the brain. Layers Dura mater Arachnoid mater Circulates CSF Pia mater CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid What is It? A watery substance How Does it Offer Protection? It bathes the brain and cushions from trauma. How is it Formed? In a Dense capillary bed by called the CHOROID PLEXUS
17 Meninges
18 Protection of the CNS Blood-brain barrier What is It? A tight network of capillary beds that are both SELECTIVE - Keeps some things out and other allows other things in. DIRECTIONAL - Moves INTO the brain not OUT OF the brain How Does it Work? Acts as a successively smaller filters to keep substances from entering the circulation of the brain and spinal cord.
19 Lobular Organization
20 Divisions of the Brain Cerebral Cortex: high order processes; speech, language, cognition. Cerebellum: responsible for the coordination of muscle activity. Pons: relays sensory info from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex. Medulla oblongata: the primitive brain; controls heart rate, respirations, hunger, thirst. Diencephalon: important in the integration of the nervous and endocrine system/temperature control
21 The Brain
22 Structural Organization Cerebrum Processing Integration Memory storage
23 Structural Organization Cerebellum Adjusts ongoing movement Muscle memory
24 Structural Organization Diencephalon Thalamus Relay center Hypothalamus Emotions Autonomic functions Hormone production
25 Structural Organization Mesencephalon Visual and auditory processing Reflex control Maintains consciousness
26 Structural Organization Pons Connects brainstem to cerebellum Somatic and visceral motor control.
27 Structural Organization Medulla Oblongata Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
Nervous System: An Introduction. HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School
Nervous System: An Introduction HAP Susan Chabot Lemon Bay High School Function of the Nervous System 3 overlapping functions SENSORY INPUT - Monitor changes inside and outside of the body; these changes
action potential afferent neuron Weblike; specifically, the weblike middle layer of the three meninges. arachnoid astrocytes autonomic nervous system
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