Production and dosimetry of simultaneous therapeutic photons and electrons beam by linear accelerator: a monte carlo study
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1 Production and dosimetry of simultaneous therapeutic photons and electrons beam by linear accelerator: a monte carlo study Navid Khledi 1, Azim Arbabi 2, Dariush Sardari 1, Mohammad Mohammadi 3, Ahmad Ameri 2 1- Department of Medical Radiation, Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2- Department of Radiotherapy, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Medical Physics, Hamedan Medical University, Hamedan, Iran
2 Outline A. Introduction 1. Advantages and disadvantages of treatment by Electron Beam 2. Advantages and disadvantages of treatment by Photon Beam 3. Advantages of mixed Photon and Electron Beam 4. Literatures B. The aims of current study C. Materials and Methods D. Results and discussion E. Conclusion 2
3 1. Advantages and disadvantages of treatment by Electron Advantages: Energy deposition in a small volume Applicable for shallow tumor treatment Lesser dose delivery to normal tissues beyond of the tumor Disadvantages: Small penetration depth Dependency of the dose distribution to the density heterogeneity Dependency to the flatness of the irradiated surface Increment of the penumbra with depth Small fields problem Req 3
4 2. Advantages and disadvantages of treatment by Photon Advantages: High penetration depth Applicable for deep tumor treatment Low dependency with heterogeneity and flatness of surface Low dependency of beam profile penumbra with depths Disadvantages: Dose delivery to normal tissues beyond of tumor Low dose level for superficial parts (for superficial tumors treatment) 4
5 3. Advantages of mixed Photon and Electron Beam Small mixed beam Reduction of dose distribution with density heterogeneity (in comparison with pure electron) Reduction of dose distribution with irradiated surface flatness (in comparison with pure electron) Improvement of profile penumbra changes (in comparison with pure electron) Reduction of the delivered dose to beyond of the tumor (in comparison with pure photon) No need to removing the applicator between the electron and photon mode Semi-deep tumors treatment It is a new type of beam 5
6 4. Literatures review Mu et al. (Acta Oncologica, 2004) 6
7 4. Literatures review (Semi-deep tumors treatment, Mu et al.) 10MV Photon 10-25MeV Electron Dose distribution for both the photon IMRT plan (upper part) and the mixed electron and photon beam plan (lower part(, Mu et al. (Acta Oncologica, 2004) 7
8 4. Literatures review (Semi-deep tumors treatment, Korevaar et al) Isodose plots of a flat, 40MeV electron beam(a), an intensity modulated, 40MeV/25MV mixed beam with a non-axis mix ratio of 0.8/0.2 (b), and a flat, 25MV photon beam (Korevaar et al., Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1999) 8
9 B. The aims of current study General Aims: Simultaneous Mixed Electron and Photon Beam Performing the simulation for water phantom and Nasal phantom Specific Aims: Monte carlo simulation (and measurement in the next stage) Treatment by mixed beam without removing the applicator after the exposing by electron beam Simulation of the Linac Head and mixed beam production components [and Production of the components (perforated Lead layer, scattering foil, beam blockers, and the Nasal phantom)] 9
10 C. Materials and Methods Varian Clinical Linear Accelerator 16 MeV Electron beam 10x10 cm 2 applicator Perforated Lead targets with 1 and 2 mm thickness Steel scattering foil for scattering the passed electrons from the punched target MCNPX monte carlo code Punched Lead target (b) The used geometry in the monte carlo simulation for producing the mixed beam, placed above of the applicator. a) The exited electron beam from the head of linac collimator incidence on the b) perforated Lead target, c1) The first steel scattering foil for reducing the intensity of center of electron beam, c2) The second scattering foil, d) The Lead shield for blocking the scattered photons and electrons, e) The applicator holder tray 10
11 C. Materials and Methods 11
12 C. Materials and Methods 12
13 C. Materials and Methods Mesh-Tally Type 3 13
14 D. Results and discussion The tuning of the simulation Energy cut-off: and 0.03 MeV for electron and photon The peak energy and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of initial electron beam (before the primary scattering foil) were obtained 0.42 and MeV. The penumbra 20%-80%, the distance between 20% and 80% dose points of profile curve 14
15 D. Results and discussion The simulations with the mixed beam production layers The PDDs of cm 2 field size for the mixed beam produced by 1 and 2 mm Lead targets with various punches diameters. 15
16 D. Results and discussion The comparing of the PDDs for different beams The comparison of beam profiles of pure 16 MeV electron and the mixed beam produced by 1 mm target configuration (Left), and comparison of beam profile for and 2 mm targets configurations (Right). 16
17 D. Results and discussion (small fields) The PDD curves of mixed beam (1 mm target, 0.3 cm punches diameters) and 16 MeV electron beam for 4 4 cm 2, 6 6 cm 2, and cm 2 cut-outs. The beam profile of mixed beam (1 mm target, 0.3 cm punches diameters) and 16 MeV electron beam for 4 4 cm 2 and 6 6 cm 2 cut-outs. 17
18 D. Results and discussion The PDD and Profile parameters of different beams. Field Size (cm 2 ) PDD Profile 1 mm Target 2 mm Target No Targ et 16 MeV Electro n 6 MV Photon D 0 (%) R 100 (cm) R 50 (cm) R P (cm) R P' (cm) X-Ray (%) Penumbra Penumbra 80/20 (cm) Chang es (%) Depth (cm) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 0.2 cm punches cm punches cm punches cm punches cm punches cm punches (Scattering foils only) (Simulated) (Measured) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
19 D. Results and discussion (Nasal Phantom) Pure 16 MeV Electron beam Mixed Electron and Photon beam 19
20 E. Conclusion A new type of therapeutic beam. Future types of linacs. No need to remove or insert the add-ons. The maximum dose depth of the mixed beams were in the range of 1.5 cm. Which is similar to 6 MV photon beam, but the dose gradient was more similar to the electron beam. The surface dose was between electron and photon beam. The 2 mm target showed a better capabilities in the most cases of penumbra, cut-out, and PDD parameters changes. Applicabe for semi-deep targets and small targets without dramatic changes in the PDD. The better stability in penumbra changes by depth, compared with the pure electron beam. No dramatic changes in dose distribution for non-flat irradiated surface and heterogeneous densities. 20
21 21
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