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1 actin 14 adamantinoma 202, , 297 adenocarcinoma 136 adipocytes in hibernoma 149, 150 in lipoblastoma 148 in lipoma 141, 142, 145 in liposarcoma 152 in myelolipoma 151 adrenal gland tumors see myelolipoma AFH (angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma) 11, 17, , 109, , aggressive angiomyxoma 11, , 134, 135 AIDS 67 see also Kaposi s sarcoma ALK gene 35 ALK-1 protein (anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1) 16 alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 17, 19, , 268, 297 alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) 11, 17, , 295, 297 amyloidoma 239 anaplastic large cell lymphoma 16, 266 ancient schwannoma 69, 70 anesthesia, local, for biopsy 4 aneurysmal bone cyst 105, see also telangiectatic osteosarcoma angiogenesis 165 angiolipoma 141, 142 angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) 11, 17, , 109, , angiomyofibroblastoma , 134, 135 angiomyxoma, aggressive 11, , 134, 135 angiosarcoma 11, , , , 296 Antoni A/Antoni B areas in schwannomas 70 arthritis 94 aspiration, as used in FNA biopsy 3, 4 ASPS (alveolar soft part sarcoma) 11, 17, , 295, 297 ATF1 gene ATF1/EWS 285, 301 ATF1/FUS 294 atypical lipomatous neoplasms see liposarcoma, well differentiated B cell lymphoma see lymphoma (primary lymphoma of bone) Baker s cyst (synovial cyst) , 310 biopsy deciding which technique to use 1 3 procedures and equipment 3 5 what happens afterwards 5 7 bone cysts aneurysmal 105, simple , 310, 311 see also intraosseous epidermoid cyst; intraosseous ganglion; telangiectatic osteosarcoma bone-forming (osseous) lesions 198 differential diagnosis 135, 198, , 241 fibrous dysplasia , 214 fracture callous 214, myositis ossificans , 213, 214 ossifying fibromyxoid tumor , 135, 215 osteoblastoma , osteofibrous dysplasia (ossifying fibroma) 202, 214 osteoid osteoma osteosarcoma see osteosarcoma botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma , 258 brown fat tumor (hibernoma) 11, , cambium layer (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma) 256 capillary hemangioma 167 Carney s triad 226 cartilaginous tumors 220 chondroblastoma 37, 108, 109, 111, , chondroma , 240, 241, extraskeletal chondromyxoid fibroma , chondrosarcoma see chondrosarcoma differential diagnosis 37, 108, 109, 111, , 223, cavernous hemangioma 167 CD31 protein 14 CD34 protein 14, 146 CD68 protein 99, 103 CD99 protein 16 CD117 protein 16 17, 83 CDH11 gene 310 cellular schwannoma 69, centroblastic lymphoma 266 chenille bodies 48 chondroblastic osteosarcoma 207, , , 215, 242 chondroblastoma differential diagnosis 37, 108, 109, 111, chondroblasts 230, 231, 232 chondrocytes in chondroma 222 in chondrosarcoma 232, 234, 235, 236 in osteochondroma 215, 225 chondroid in chondroblastic osteosarcoma 211 in chondroma 221 in chondrosarcoma 235 compared with osteoid 207, 242 chondroma , 240, 241, extraskeletal chondromyxoid fibroma , chondrosarcoma 11, clear cell , 242 dedifferentiated , 239 differential diagnosis 135, 223, 225, 240, 242 extraskeletal myxoid 11, 17, , 135, 241, 242 grade I 223, 232, , 235, 236, 240 grade II 232, , 236, 240, 241, grade III 235, 236, 240, 241 mesenchymal 11, 242, , 269, 270 periosteal 239 CHOP gene 18, 140 CHOP/FUS 154, 157, 188 CHOP/TLS 127, 156 chordoma , 135, , 241, 242 chromosome abnormalities see cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics clear cell chondrosarcoma , 242 clear cell sarcoma 11, 17, , 295, 296, Codman s triangle 206 conventional giant cell tumor of bone 37, , 109, , 241 core biopsy 1, 2 3, 4 5 see also histology cysts 303 bone aneurysmal 105, simple , 310, 311 differential diagnosis 134, 135, epidermoid (intraosseous) , 310 ganglion , 134, 135, 304, 310, 311 synovial , 310 telangiectatic osteosarcoma 209, 211, 212, 308, 310, cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics 9, 10, 17 adamantinoma aggressive angiomyxoma

2 alveolar soft part sarcoma 17, 288 aneurysmal bone cyst 310 angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma 17, 294 chondroma 223 chondrosarcoma 17, 129, 237, 262 clear cell sarcoma 17, 285, 301 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 17, 59 desmoplastic small round cell tumor 17, 260 epithelioid sarcoma, proximal-type 17, 281 Ewing sarcoma/pnet 9, 10, 17 18, 251, 269 fibromatosis 52 fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 17, 122 fibrosarcoma adult-type 61 infantile 17, 32 gastrointestinal stromal tumor 17, 19 20, 83 giant cell fibroblastoma 17, 30 giant cell tumor of bone 106 giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 97, 98 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor 17, 35 leiomyoma 64 leiomyosarcoma, pleomorphic 194 lipoblastoma 149 lipoma 17, 143, 146, 147 liposarcoma myxoid/round cell 17, 18, 127, 154, 156 well differentiated/dedifferentiated 17, 18, 154, 162, 191 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 76 myxoma 117 nodular fasciitis 44 osteochondroma 225 plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor 99 rhabdoid tumor 17, 283 rhabdomyosarcoma 17, 19, 258 alveolar 17, 19, 258 synovial sarcoma 17, 18 19, 80 cytokeratins 13, 292 cytology adamantinoma aggressive angiomyxoma 118 alveolar soft part sarcoma 286, 297 angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma , 293, angiomyofibroblastoma 119 angiosarcoma , , , 296 bone cyst aneurysmal , 310 simple 307, 310 chondroblastoma 37, 112, , chondroma , 226, chondromyxoid fibroma 227 chondrosarcoma , clear cell dedifferentiated 192 extraskeletal myxoid mesenchymal chordoma 130, clear cell sarcoma , 300 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans desmoplastic small round cell tumor 259 elastofibroma dorsi 48 epidermoid cyst (intraosseous) 305 epithelioid sarcoma 278, proximal-type 280, 296, 298 Ewing sarcoma , 271 fibromatosis infantile fibromatosis colli 23 24, 35 37, 38 fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 76, 121 fibrosarcoma adult-type 60 infantile 31 fibrous dysplasia 201 fibrous hamartoma of infancy 26, 37 fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma) foreign body granuloma 92 93, 108 fracture callous ganglion cyst 114, 304 gastrointestinal stromal tumor 11, 19 20, 81 giant cell fibroblastoma 29, 37, , 135 giant cell tumor of bone , giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 95 96, 97 98, 108 glomus tumor/variants 169 grading of sarcomas 6 7 granular cell tumor 160, 275, 294 hemangioendothelioma hemangioma , 168, 178 hibernoma 149, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor 34, 37 Kaposi s sarcoma 171, 178, 180 Langerhans cell histiocytosis , 297 leiomyoma 62 leiomyosarcoma 64 65, 87 pleomorphic lipoblastoma 148 lipoma intramuscular pleomorphic 147 spindle cell 145 liposarcoma dedifferentiated 159, 191 myxoid/round cell , 134, 137, , 162 pleomorphic , , well differentiated , 161 lymphoma of bone 265, 271 malignant fibrous histiocytoma/plus , 109, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor melanoma 180, 300 myelolipoma 150 myeloma myositis ossificans myxofibrosarcoma 85, myxoma , 117 neurofibroma 72 nodular fasciitis 37, 41 43, 85 non-ossifying fibroma 32 33, 37, olfactory neuroblastoma 263, 269 ossifying fibromyxoid tumor 120 osteoblastoma 203, 214 osteochondroma 215, osteoid osteoma 204 osteosarcoma , chondroblastic 207, , 242 giant-cell rich , 210 telangiectatic 209, 211, 310, 312 plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor proliferative fasciitis proliferative myositis rhabdoid tumor (extra-renal) 282, 296 rhabdomyosarcoma 36, 252, 268, 272 alveolar , 297 embryonal pleomorphic , 196 rheumatoid nodule 94 schwannoma 68 69, 85 solitary fibrous tumor synovial cyst 303 synovial sarcoma 77 78, 86, 277, 294, 299 dedifferentiated tumors see chondrosarcoma, dedifferentiated; liposarcoma, dedifferentiated dermatofibroma (fibrous histiocytoma) 11, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) 11, 17, see also giant cell fibroblastoma desmin 14 desmoid tumor see fibromatosis desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) 17, , 269, 270 elastofibroma dorsi 48 49, 84, 85 elderly patients 48, 106, 118, 123, 190 embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 251, , 258, 268 encasement sign (chordoma) 222, 223 enchondroma , 240, 241, endothelial differentiation markers 14 15, 146 eosinophilic granuloma 288 epidermoid cyst, intraosseous , 310 epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor 81, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma , 178, 179, 181 epithelioid hemangioma 166, 167 epithelioid leiomyoma 62, 63 epithelioid leiomyosarcoma 65, 67 epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 74, 76, 86 epithelioid osteosarcoma 207 epithelioid sarcoma 11, , proximal-type 17, , 295, 296, 298 epithelioid schwannoma 71 epithelioid tumors 275, see also individual types Epstein-Barr virus 67 equipment for core biopsy 4 5 for FNA 3, 4 ETV6/NTRK3 gene fusion 32 Ewing sarcoma , , adamantinoma-like 290, 292 cytogenetics 9, 10, 17 18, 251, 269, 292 immunohistochemistry 11, 16, 251 EWS gene 9, 17, 251, 269 EWS/ATF1 285, 301 EWS/FLI-1 16, EWS/NOR1 129 EWS/WT1 260 EXT1 gene

3 familial adenomatous polyposis 50 fasciitis see nodular fasciitis; proliferative fasciitis fat necrosis 142, 160, 161 FHI (fibrous hamartoma of infancy) 25 27, 36, 37 fibroblastoma see giant cell fibroblastoma fibrohistiocytic markers 15, 99, 103 fibrohistiocytic tumor fibromatosis 11, 49 52, 84, 85 abdominal extra-abdominal 49 infantile mesenteric (Gardner s syndrome) 50, 52 fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 12, 17, 76, 85, , 135 fibromyxoid tumor see ossifying fibromyxoid tumor fibrosarcoma 11 adult-type infantile 17, 30 32, 36 fibrous cortical defect (non-ossifying fibroma) 32 34, 36, 37, fibrous dysplasia , 214 fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) 25 27, 36, 37 fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma, sclerosing hemangioma) 11, see also angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma; malignant fibrous histiocytoma fine-needle aspiration (FNA) 1, 2 4 see also cytology FLI-1 protein 16 FLI-1/EWS gene fusion 16, floret-like giant cells (pleomorphic lipoma) 147 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 17, 247 Ewing sarcoma 9, 18, 251 lipoma 143 liposarcoma 18, 127, 154, 156 rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar 19, 258 synovial sarcoma 19 FNCLCC (Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer) grading system 6 foreign body granuloma 92 93, 108, 109 FOXO1A gene 19 fracture callous 214, FUS gene FUS/ATF FUS/CHOP 154, 157, 188 ganglion cyst , 134, 135, 304, 310, 311 ganglion-like cells Gardner s syndrome (mesenteric fibromatosis) 50, 52 gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) 11, 17, 19 20, 80 83, 84 genetics see cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics giant cell tumors 92 angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma 11, 17, , 109, , of bone 37, , 109, , 241 differential diagnosis 36, 37, , 135, 241, foreign body granuloma 92 93, 108, 109 giant cell fibroblastoma 11, 17, 29 30, 36, 37, , 109, 135 malignant fibrous histiocytoma/plus , 109, osteosarcoma , 210 plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor rheumatoid nodule of tendon sheath 94 95, 109 diffuse 97 98, 108 localized 95 97, 108 GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) 11, 17, 19 20, 80 83, 84 Gleevec (imatinib) glomus tumor/glomangioma/glomangiomyoma , 178, 179 grading, of sarcomas 5 7 granular cell tumor 11, 160, , 294, 295 granulation tissue 178, 179 granuloma eosinophilic 288 foreign body type 92 93, 108, 109 growth factors 165 H-caldesmon 194 Hand-Schuller-Christian disease 288 hemangioendothelioma, epithelioid , 178, 179, 181 hemangioma , 178, 179 of bone hemangiopericytoma 52, 54, 169 see also solitary fibrous tumor hemosiderin in aneurysmal bone cyst 309 in angiosarcoma 180 in fibrous histiocytoma 56, 102 in giant cell tumor of bone 106 in giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 95, 96, 97, 98, 108 in Kaposi s sarcoma 172 herpesviruses 170 hibernoma 11, , high resolution melting amplicon analysis 17, 20, 83 histiocytes and histiocyte-like cells in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma 102, in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 58 epithelioid 92, 93, 94 in fibrous histiocytoma 56, 184, 185 foamy (xanthoma cells) 34, 56, 96, 109, 161 in synovial cyst 303 see also giant cell tumors histiocytoma see angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma; fibrous histiocytoma histology adamantinoma 292 aggressive angiomyxoma 118 alveolar soft part sarcoma 287 angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma , angiomyofibroblastoma 119 angiosarcoma , 181 bone cyst aneurysmal , 311 simple 307 chondroblastoma chondroma , 226 chondromyxoid fibroma chondrosarcoma 223, clear cell dedifferentiated 192 extraskeletal myxoid 128 mesenchymal 262 chordoma 131 clear cell sarcoma dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans desmoplastic small round cell tumor 260 elastofibroma dorsi 48 epidermoid cyst (intraosseous) 306 epithelioid sarcoma proximal-type 281 Ewing sarcoma 250 fibromatosis infantile 28 fibromatosis colli fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 122 fibrosarcoma adult-type 61 infantile 31 fibrous dysplasia 201 fibrous hamartoma of infancy fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma) foreign body granuloma 93 ganglion cyst 115, 304 gastrointestinal stromal tumor giant cell fibroblastoma 30, giant cell tumor of bone giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 96, 98 glomus tumor/variants grading of sarcomas 5 6 granular cell tumor hemangioendothelioma hemangioma 167, 168 hibernoma 150 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor 35 Kaposi s sarcoma Langerhans cell histiocytosis leiomyoma leiomyosarcoma 66 67, 87 pleomorphic lipoblastoma lipoma , 144 pleomorphic 147 spindle cell liposarcoma dedifferentiated 159, 191 myxoid/round cell , 149, 156, 162 pleomorphic 158, well differentiated 153, 161 lymphoma of bone 266 malignant fibrous histiocytoma/plus 107, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor myelolipoma 151 myeloma myositis ossificans myxofibrosarcoma 124 myxoma 116, 117 neurofibroma

4 nodular fasciitis non-ossifying fibroma olfactory neuroblastoma ossifying fibromyxoid tumor osteoblastoma osteochondroma 225 osteoid osteoma 205 osteosarcoma plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor 99 proliferative fasciitis 47 proliferative myositis rhabdoid tumor (extra-renal) 283 rhabdomyosarcoma alveolar 257 embryonal pleomorphic rheumatoid nodule 94 schwannoma solitary fibrous tumor synovial cyst 303 synovial sarcoma 79 80, 86 HMB45 antibody 15 HMGA2 gene 119 imaging see radiography imatinib mesylate immunoblastic lymphoma 266 immunohistochemistry 9 17 adamantinoma 292 aggressive angiomyxoma 11, 118 alveolar soft part sarcoma 11, 287 angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma 11, 103, 294 angiomyofibroblastoma 119 angiosarcoma 11, 177 bone cyst, aneurysmal 310 chondroblastoma 232 chondroma 223 chondromyxoid fibroma 229 chondrosarcoma 11, 237 clear cell 239 dedifferentiated 192 extraskeletal myxoid 11, 129 mesenchymal 11, 262 chordoma 131, 137 clear cell sarcoma 11, 285 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 11, 59 desmoplastic small round cell tumor 260 epithelioid sarcoma 11, 280, 281, 296 Ewing sarcoma/pnet 11, 16, 251 fibromatosis 11, 52 fibromatosis colli 25 fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 12, 122 fibrosarcoma 11, 32, 61 fibrous hamartoma of infancy 27 fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma) 11, 57 gastrointestinal stromal tumor 11, 83 giant cell fibroblastoma 11, 30, 101 giant cell tumor of bone 106 giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 97, 98 glomus tumor/variants 170 granular cell tumor 11, 277 hemangioendothelioma 174 hemangioma 167, 169 hibernoma 11, 150 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor 35 Kaposi s sarcoma 172 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 290 leiomyoma 64 leiomyosarcoma 11, 67 pleomorphic 194 lipoma pleomorphic 12, 147 spindle cell 12, 146 liposarcoma 11, 158, 159, 190 lymphoma of bone 12, 266 malignant fibrous histiocytoma/plus 107, 186 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 12, 76, 86 myeloma myxoma 12, 117 neurofibroma 73 nodular fasciitis 44 non-ossifying fibroma 34 olfactory neuroblastoma 264 ossifying fibromyxoid tumor 121 osteosarcoma 213 pleomorphic sarcoma 194 plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor 99 proliferative fasciitis 47 proliferative myositis 46 rhabdoid tumor (extra-renal) 11, 283, 296 rhabdomyosarcoma 12, 188, 258 schwannoma 12, 71 solitary fibrous tumor 12, 55 synovial sarcoma 12, 80, 87 incisional biopsy 2 infants fibrous hamartoma of infancy 25 27, 36, 37 infantile fibromatosis infantile fibrosarcoma 17, 30 32, 36 infections in Kaposi s sarcoma 170 testing for 93, 94 inflammatory liposarcoma 152, 153 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) 17, 34 35, 36, 37 inflammatory pseudo tumor 34 intermediate filament proteins 13 14, 292 intraosseous epidermoid cyst , 310 intraosseous ganglion 306 intraosseous hemangioma Kaposi s sarcoma , 178, 179, 180 karyotype 9 keratin (cytokeratins) 13, 292 Kimura s disease 166 KIT gene 19 20, 83 see also CD117 Langerhans cell histiocytosis , 295, 297 leiomyoma 61 64, 86 leiomyosarcoma 11, differential diagnosis 64, 84, 86, 87 88, 195 pleomorphic , 195 Letterer-Siwe disease 288 lipoblastoma , 160, 161 lipoblasts in myxoid liposarcoma 125, 126, 137, 154 in pleomorphic liposarcoma 157, 158, 161, 189 in well differentiated liposarcoma 153 lipoma angiolipoma 141, 142 differential diagnosis 140, 142, 143, 160 intramuscular myelolipoma , 160 myolipoma 141, 142, 143 pleomorphic 12, , 160 spindle cell 12, 17, , 160 see also hibernoma lipoma-like liposarcoma 152, 153 lipomatous tumors, differential diagnosis 140, liposarcoma 11 dedifferentiated 18, , differential diagnosis 134, , 142, 158, 160, myxoid , 154, 155 cytogenetics 17, 18, 127, 154, 156 differential diagnosis 134, 135, , 142, 149, 160, 161, pleomorphic , 160, 161, , round cell 154, , 160 well differentiated 17, 18, , 160, lymphoma (primary lymphoma of bone) 12, , 269, 271 Maffucci syndrome 223 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aneurysmal bone cyst 308 desmoid tumor 50 ganglion cyst 114 giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 95, 97 hemangioma 165 lipoma 140, 143 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 74 neurofibroma 72 schwannoma 68 malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) (pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma, PLUS) , 109, see also angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma; fibrous histiocytoma malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma) 12, 73 76, 84, 86, 195 McCune-Albright syndrome 200 MDM2 gene 18, 143, 147, 154, 162, 191 melan-a (MART-1) protein 15, 190 melanoma 15, 195, compared with angiosarcoma 180 compared with ASPS 297 compared with clear cell chondrosarcoma 242 compared with clear cell sarcoma 296 compared with pleomorphic liposarcoma 190, 194 melanoma of soft parts (clear cell sarcoma) 11, 17, , 295, 296, melanosomal markers

5 mesenchymal chondrosarcoma 11, 242, , 269, 270 mesothelioma 177 MFH see malignant fibrous histiocytoma molecular diagnostics see cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics muscle differentiation markers myelolipoma , 160 myeloma , 269, 271, 296 MyoD1 protein 14 myofibroblastic tumor, inflammatory 17, 34 35, 36, 37 myogenin myolipoma 141, 142, 143 myositis, proliferative myositis ossificans , 213, 214 myxoid tumors 114 aggressive angiomyxoma 11, , 134, 135 angiomyofibroblastoma , 134, 135 chondrosarcoma 11, 17, , 135, 241, 242 chordoma , 135, , 241, 242 differential diagnosis , 215, 242 chondrosarcoma/chordoma 241, 242 liposarcoma 142, 149, 160, 161, fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 12, 17, 76, 85, , 135 ganglion cyst , 134, 135, 304, 310, 311 liposarcoma 17, 18, , differential diagnosis 134, 135, , 142, 149, 160, 161, myxofibrosarcoma 12, 85, , 134, 135 myxoma 12, 134, 135 intramuscular juxta-articular 117 ossifying fibromyxoid tumor , 135, 215 NCC (National Comprehensive Cancer) Network guidelines 5 NCI (National Cancer Institute) grading system 5 6 needles used in core biopsy 4 5 used in FNA 3, 4 neurilemoma see schwannoma neuroblastoma 269 olfactory , 269, 270 neurofibroma neurofibromatosis type I 71 72, 74 neurofibromatosis type II 68, 72 neurofibrosarcoma see malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor nodular fasciitis 37, 41 44, 84, 85 nodular tenosynovitis see tendon sheath; giant cell tumors non-ossifying fibroma (fibrous cortical defect) 32 34, 36, 37, olfactory neuroblastoma , 269, 270 Ollier s disease 223 osseous tumors 198 differential diagnosis 135, 198, , 241 fibromyxoid tumor , 135, 215 fibrous dysplasia , 214 fracture callous 214, myositis ossificans , 213, 214 osteoblastoma , osteofibrous dysplasia (ossifying fibroma) 202, 214 osteoid osteoma osteosarcoma see osteosarcoma osteoblastic differentiation markers 15 osteoblastoma , osteoblasts in myositis ossificans 199 in osteoblastoma 203 in osteoid osteoma 205 in osteosarcoma 110, , 210, 211, 217 osteocalcin 15 osteoclast-like giant cells in aneurysmal bone cyst 309 in chondroblastoma 231, 232 in giant cell tumor of bone 103, 104, 105, 111 in giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 95, 98 in malignant fibrous histiocytoma/plus 106, 107, 184 in myositis ossificans 199 in non-ossifying fibroma 34 in osteosarcoma 110, 111, 207, 210 osteofibrous dysplasia (ossifying fibroma) 202, 214 osteoid in aneurysmal bone cyst 309 in clear cell chondrosarcoma 238 compared with chondroid 206, 242 in osteosarcoma 212, 217, 242 osteoid osteoma osteonectin 15, 239 osteosarcoma differential diagnosis 36, 198, 214, 215, , 242 giant-cell rich 109, 111 telangiectatic 308, 310, subtypes chondroblastic 207, , , 215, 242 epithelioid 207 giant-cell rich , 210 high-grade intramedullary , 210, 211, 214 low-grade central/intramedullary 210, 211, 213, 214 parosteal 210, 211, 212 periosteal , 211, 215 pleomorphic 207 small cell 207, 209, 212 telangiectatic 209, 211, 212, 308, 310, parosteal osteosarcoma 210, 211, 212 PAX3/PAX7-FOXO1A gene fusion 19 PDGFRA gene 83 PECAM-1 see CD31 protein pediatric tumors 23, bone cysts 306 chondroma 220 fibrous hamartoma of infancy 25 27, 36, 37 giant cell fibroblastoma 11, 17, 29 30, differential diagnosis 36, 37, 109, 135 hemangioma 165, 178 infantile fibromatosis infantile fibrosarcoma 17, 30 32, 36 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor 17, 34 35, 36, 37 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 288 lipoblastoma , 160, 161 non-ossifying fibroma 32 34, 36, 37, osteoblastoma 203 osteochondroma , , 241 osteosarcoma 205 retinoblastoma 64, 67 rhabdomyosarcoma (embryonal form) 251, , 258, 268 periosteal chondroma (parosteal chondroma) 220 periosteal chondrosarcoma 239 periosteal osteosarcoma , 211, 215 peripheral nerve sheath tumor, malignant 12, 73 76, 84, 86, 195 permeation pattern (chondrosarcoma) 223 physaliferous cells (chordoma) 130, 131, 136, 242 pigmented villonodular synovitis (diffuse giant cell tumor of tendon sheath) 97 98, 108 pilar leiomyoma 61, 62, 63, 64 plasmacytoma (myeloma) , 269, 271, 296 pleomorphic carcinoma 183, 194, 195 pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma , 195 pleomorphic lipoma 12, , 160 pleomorphic liposarcoma , 160, 161, , pleomorphic osteosarcoma 207 pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma , 195, 196 pleomorphic sarcomas 183, see also individual tumor types pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (PLUS) (malignant fibrous histiocytoma, MFH) , 109, plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) , 249, , cytogenetics 17 18, 251 see also Ewing sarcoma prognosis 5, 13 gastrointestinal stromal tumor 82 leiomyosarcoma 64 proliferative fasciitis 46 47, 85 proliferative myositis radiography 213 adamantinoma 290, 297 bone cyst aneurysmal 308, 310 simple 307 chondroblastoma 229 chondroma , 226, 242 chondromyxoid fibroma 226 chondrosarcoma 192, 232, 237, 243, 261 chordoma 129, 136 Ewing sarcoma 248 fibromatosis (desmoid tumor) 50 fibrous dysplasia

6 fracture callous 217 ganglion cyst 114 giant cell tumor of bone 103, 111 giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 95, 97 hemangioma 165, 168 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 288 lipoma 140, 143 liposarcoma 124, 152, 154, 159, 191 lymphoma of bone 264 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 74 myeloma 266 myositis ossificans 198 neurofibroma 72 non-ossifying fibroma 32, 38 osteoblastoma 203, 214 osteochondroma 215, 224 osteoid osteoma 204 osteosarcoma 198, 205, 206, 216 giant-cell rich 109 telangiectatic 311 schwannoma 68 synovial sarcoma 77, 277 radiotherapy 7 Reed-Sternberg-like cells 133, 134 renal cell carcinoma 160, 242, 294, 297 retinoblastoma 64, 67 rhabdoid tumor 17, 295 extra-renal 11, 278, , 296 rhabdomyoma 12, 294 rhabdomyosarcoma 12, alveolar 17, 19, , 268, 297 classification differential diagnosis 36, 196, 268, 269, , 297 embryonal , 258, 268 pleomorphic , 195, 196 rheumatoid nodule rosettes in Ewing sarcoma/pnet 249, 250, 269, 271 in fibromyxoid sarcoma 122 in olfactory neuroblastoma 264, 269 round cell liposarcoma , 160 S-100 protein sample preparation 4 sarcoma botryoides , 258 sarcomas grading 5 7 selection of treatment 7 see also individual tumor types schwannoma (neurilemoma) 12, 67 71, 84, sclerosing hemangioma (fibrous histiocytoma) 11, sclerosing liposarcoma 152, 153 small round cell neoplasms 247 desmoplastic 17, , 269, 270 differential diagnosis 36, , 296, 297 Ewing sarcoma/pnet see Ewing sarcoma lymphoma of bone 12, , 269, 271 mesenchymal chondrosarcoma 11, 242, , 269, 270 myeloma , 269, 271, 296 olfactory neuroblastoma , 269, 270 osteosarcoma 207, 209, 212 rhabdomyosarcoma see rhabdomyosarcoma solitary fibrous tumor 12, 52 55, 84, 85 somatic leiomyoma 61, 63 specimen preparation 4 spindle cell tumors 23, 41 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 11, 17, differential diagnosis 35 39, 83 88, 109, 135, 160, 195, 295 elastofibroma dorsi 48 49, 84, 85 fibromatosis 11, 49 52, 84, 85 infantile fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 12, 17, 76, 85, , 135 fibrosarcoma 11 adult-type infantile 17, 30 32, 36 fibrous hamartoma of infancy 25 27, 36, 37 fibrous histiocytoma 11, gastrointestinal stromal tumor 11, 17, 19 20, 80 83, 84 giant cell fibroblastoma 11, 17, 29 30, differential diagnosis 36, 37, 109, 135 hemangioma 167 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor 17, 34 35, 36, 37 leiomyoma 61 64, 86 leiomyosarcoma 11, 64 67, 84, 86, see also pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma lipoma 12, 17, , 160 see also pleomorphic lipoma malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 12, 73 76, 84, 86, 195 neurofibroma nodular fasciitis 37, 41 44, 84, 85 non-ossifying fibroma 32 34, 36, 37, proliferative fasciitis 46 47, 85 proliferative myositis schwannoma 67 71, 84, solitary fibrous tumor 12, 52 55, 84, 85 synovial sarcoma 12, 17, 18 19, 76 80, 277 differential diagnosis 84, 86 87, , spine hemangioma 168 osteoblastoma 203 staging of tumors 1 storiform pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma 108, 109, 185 synovial cyst , 310 synovial sarcoma 12, 17, 18 19, 76 80, 277 differential diagnosis 84, 86 87, , SYT-SSX gene fusion 18 19, 80 TEL gene fusion 32 telangiectatic osteosarcoma 209, 211, 212, 310 differential diagnosis 308, 310, tendon sheath, giant cell tumors 94 95, 109 diffuse 97 98, 108 localized 95 97, 108 thrombomodulin 15 tigroid pattern (rhabdomyosarcoma) 253 TLS-CHOP gene fusion 127, 156 torticollis, infantile (fibromatosis colli) 23 25, 35 37, 38 TPM3-ALK and TPM4-ALK gene fusions 35 translocations 17 aggressive angiomyxoma 119 alveolar soft part sarcoma 288 aneurysmal bone cyst 310 chondrosarcoma 129, 262 clear cell sarcoma 285, 301 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 59 Ewing sarcoma/pnet 10, 17 18, 251, 292 fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade 122 giant cell fibroblastoma 30 giant cell tumor of tendon sheath 97 infantile fibrosarcoma 32 lipoma 143 myxoid liposarcoma 18, 127, 154 rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar 19, 258 synovial sarcoma 18 19, 80 treatment, selection of 1, 5, 7 Triton tumor 76 Ulex europeus 1 agglutinin 15 USP6 gene 310 vascular tumors 165 angiosarcoma 11, , , , 296 differential diagnosis , 296 glomus tumor/variants , 178, 179 hemangioendothelioma , 178, 179, 181 hemangioma , 178, 179 Kaposi s sarcoma , 178, 179, 180 leiomyosarcoma 64, 67 Verhoeff stain (elastin stain) 48, 49 Verocay bodies 69, 70, 82, 85 vertebral hemangioma 168 vertebral osteoblastoma 203 vestibular schwannoma 68 vimentin 13 Wagner-Meissner bodies 73 Wilms tumor 269 WT1 protein 16 WT1/EWS gene fusion 260 X-rays see radiography xanthoma cells (foamy histiocytes) 34, 56, 96, 109, 161 xanthomatous change in giant cell tumor of bone 104,