Nervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain

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1 Nervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain

2 Can you survive when part of your brain is destroyed? 2

3 Essential Knowledge 3.D.2 2. Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. 3

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5 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

6 What accounts for the difference between white and gray matter? Gray matter White matter Ventricles

7 Cerebrospinal Fluid The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain are hollow and filled with cerebrospinal fluid The cerebrospinal fluid is filtered from blood and functions to cushion the brain and spinal cord as well as to provide nutrients and remove wastes

8 Glia Glia have numerous functions including to nourish, support, and regulate neurons Embryonic radial glia form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate Astrocytes induce cells lining capillaries in the CNS to form tight junctions, resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substances into the brain

9 Central Nervous System (information processing) Afferent neurons Peripheral Nervous System Efferent neurons Sensory receptors Autonomic nervous system Motor system Control of skeletal muscle Internal and external stimuli Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands Enteric division

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11 Central Nervous System (information processing) Afferent neurons Peripheral Nervous System Efferent neurons Sensory receptors Autonomic nervous system Motor system Control of skeletal muscle Internal and external stimuli Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands Enteric division

12 The Vertebrate Brain Is Regionally Specialized Specific brain structures are particularly specialized for diverse functions These structures arise during embryonic development

13 Human Embryonic Brain Development 13

14 Embryonic brain regions Brain structures in child and adult Forebrain Midbrain Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) Midbrain (part of brainstem) Hindbrain Metencephalon Myelencephalon Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem) Mesencephalon Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain Hindbrain Diencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon Midbrain Pons Forebrain Telencephalon Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Embryo at 1 month Embryo at 5 weeks Child

15 Brain structures in child and adult Forebrain Midbrain Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) Midbrain (part of brainstem) Hindbrain Myelencephalon Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem) Mesencephalon Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain Hindbrain Diencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon Midbrain Pons Forebrain Telencephalon Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Embryo at 1 month Embryo at 5 weeks Child

16 Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Child

17 Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Cerebral cortex Corpus callosum Cerebrum Basal nuclei Cerebellum Adult brain viewed from the rear

18 Diencephalon Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Brainstem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

19 Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex (decision making, planning) Motor cortex (control of skeletal muscles) Somatosensory cortex (sense of touch) Parietal lobe Sensory association cortex (integration of sensory information) Broca s area (forming speech) Visual association cortex (combining images and object recognition) Temporal lobe Auditory cortex (hearing) Wernicke s area (comprehending language) Cerebellum Occipital lobe Visual cortex (processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition)

20 Language and Speech Studies of brain activity have mapped areas responsible for language and speech Broca s area in the frontal lobe is active when speech is generated Wernicke s area in the temporal lobe is active when speech is heard These areas belong to a larger network of regions involved in language

21 Information Processing The cerebral cortex receives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors Somatosensory receptors provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the position of muscles and limbs The thalamus directs different types of input to distinct locations

22 Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Leg Hip Trunk Neck Head Knee Hip Toes Genitalia Jaw Tongue Primary motor cortex Tongue Pharynx Abdominal organs Primary somatosensory cortex

23 Knee Hip Toes Jaw Tongue Primary motor cortex

24 Leg Hip Trunk Neck Head Genitalia Tongue Pharynx Abdominal organs Primary somatosensory cortex

25 Frontal Lobe Function Frontal lobe damage may impair decision making and emotional responses but leave intellect and memory intact The frontal lobes have a substantial effect on executive functions of thinking making decisions.

26 Created by: Debra Richards Coordinator of Secondary Science Programs Bryan ISD Bryan, TX