14 - Central Nervous System. The Brain Taft College Human Physiology

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1 14 - Central Nervous System The Brain Taft College Human Physiology

2 Development of the Brain The brain begins as a simple tube, a neural tube. The tube or chamber (ventricle) is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid serves to cushion the brain and spinal cord. Nervous Tissue Chamber (ventricle) filled with fluid called cerebral spinal fluid. CSF serves to cushion brain.

3 Development of the Brain At 3-4 Weeks - we see further development of the brain and can see the major divisions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain become apparent. By 5 weeks - 1. Forebrain becomes the telencephalon and diencephalon. a. The telencephalon will become the cerebrum = (Cerebral Hemispheres) b. The diencephalon will become the thalamus, and hypothalamus. 2. Midbrain becomes the mesencephalon = Midbrain 3. Hindbrain becomes the metencephalon and myelencephalon. a. The metencephalon becomes the pons, and cerebellum. b. The myelencephalon becomes the medulla oblongata. Oblongata

4 Development of the Brain With greater development, we begin to see extensive convolutions of the cerebrum above, and the cerebellum below.

5 Component Structures of the Brain Telencephalon - Cerebrum Function: the cerebrum perceives information, directs motor responses, is the center of intellect, memory, language, and consciousness. The cerebrum is subdivided by convolutions. In terms of the convolutions, Grooves or depressions are called a sulcus or fissure. Rounded or elevated portions of the convolutions are called a gyrus.

6 Component Structures of the Brain Cerebrum It is important to note that the convolutions are not a random pattern. The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres. Within each of the hemispheres, the fissures divide the cerebrum further into lobes. The lobes of the cerebrum are located on its outer surface known as the cerebral cortex. (Cortex means bark) The cerebral cortex is the gray matter of the cerebrum. It consists of approximately 12 to 15 billion nonmyelinated neuron cell bodies.

7 Component Structures of the Brain Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex The lobes of the cerebral cortex are named for the bones of the cranium that overlay them. Functions: 1. Frontal Lobe -- the frontal lobe is a primary motor area, also known as the somatomotor area. It is responsible for voluntary movement. It is also responsible for speech in part. 2. Parietal Lobe -- the parietal lobe is a general sensory area. Therefore it is completely afferent in its function. 3. Occipital Lobe -- the occipital lobe is primarily responsible for vision. It is sometimes called the visual cortex. 4. Temporal Lobe -- the temporal lobe is the auditory area. It is of primary importance for hearing and some speech. It is sometimes called the auditory cortex.

8 Component Structures of the Brain Frontal Lobe = Motor/Speech Parietal Lobe = Sensory Occipital Lobe = Vision Temporal Lobe = Hearing and Speech Sensory Motor/Speech Vision Hearing Speech

9 As stated earlier, the fissures that can be seen on the lobes of the cerebral cortex, are not a random pattern. The fissures serve to separate areas of the brain with different functions. About 100 different functions have been isolated for different convolutions of the brain. How? This was originally done by inserting electrodes into different parts of the brain and monitoring the activity of the brain. New equipment, is less invasive. MRI computers can now monitor the slight temperature changes that take place in the brain as blood flows into areas that become active during different activities. Functional Areas of the Brain

10 White Matter of the Cerebrum The white matter of the cerebrum is located beneath the cerebral cortex. It consists largely of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts. 1. Commissural Fibers Commissural fibers serve to connect the 2 cerebral hemispheres. They make up a structure called the corpus callosum. Function: Coordinates actions on one side of the body with actions on the other. 2. Projection Fibers - Projection fibers serve to connect the cerebral cortex to the lower brain and spinal cord. They tie the cerebrum to the rest of the nervous system and to the receptors and effectors of the body. 3. Association Fibers Association fibers serve to connect the lobes within a hemisphere. Corpus Callosum

11 White Matter of the Cerebrum Basal Ganglia The white matter of the cerebrum contains several groups of nuclei called the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus). Function: controls motor function, regulates muscle tone, and coordinates rhythmic movements on a minute to minute basis (e.g. arm swinging while walking). Works with cerebellum to coordinate smooth movement with the cerebrum. Disturbances in function lead to disease. Parkinson s disease -The substantia nigra, part of the basal ganglia located below the thalamus, has been implicated in Parkinson s disease also known as shaky palsy, due to loss of dopamine secretion. Parkinson s disease appears in people in the age group of 50 to 65 and causes tremors of the limbs, slow movements, and postural changes.

12 Examples of basal ganglia (nuclei) in the white matter of the brain

13 Asymmetry of the Brain The brain can be thought of as 2 hemispheres connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Sensations from one side the body are most commonly perceived in the cerebral hemisphere on the opposite side of the body. For example: Vision of the left eye is controlled by the right hemisphere, and vice versa. The 2 cerebral hemispheres are asymmetrical in some structure and function. If the left temporal lobe of the brain is damaged, you will commonly observe language difficulties. If the right temporal lobe is damaged, there are no such difficulties. In dyslexia (difficulty in reading), the left temporal lobe is typically smaller than a right.

14 Asymmetry of the Brain The 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum have the following responsibilities: Left hemisphere Right hemisphere Speech Visual -- spatial relationships Language Dreaming Analytical problem solving Musical ability A right handed person will have a larger left temporal lobe, left occipital lobe, and right frontal lobe. 90% of people are left hemisphere dominant & (right handed). A left handed person usually is right hemisphere dominant and shows no asymmetry (may be ambidexterous).

15 Diencephalon Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus - The thalamus is a relay center for sensory information going to the cerebrum. The upper portion of the thalamus is called the epithalamus that contains the pineal gland. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone, that controls sleepiness and biological rhythms. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is extremely important. It controls many vegetative functions. That is, functions that are not under voluntary control. The hypothalamus is of primary importance in the maintenance of homeostasis. It is an integrating center for important homeostatic functions and serves as an important link between the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. Many axons extend to sympathetic and parasympathetic nuclei in the brain stem and spinal cord. Pineal

16 Functions of Hypothalamus= Homeostasis 1. Control of pituitary gland & ANS It secretes several hormones that influence the pituitary gland. 2. Temperature regulation. 3. Control of appetite. 4. Water balance and intake. 5. Gastric secretion. The hypothalamus is also involved in emotion as a part of the limbic system. The limbic system is important in the expression of fear, rage, and instinctual sexual behavior. The limbic system has special neurotransmitters called endorphins which are natural opiates that lessen pain and stress.

17 Mesencephalon or Midbrain The midbrain serves a relay center between the forebrain and hindbrain. Contains the cerebral aqueduct which connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

18 Metencephalon Pons and Cerebellum Pons - The pons relays motor information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. Cerebellum The cerebellum is the center for motor coordination of body movements. It is important in maintaining equilibrium and in the coordination of antagonistic muscles.

19 Myelencephalon Medulla Oblongata The medulla oblongata is sometimes called the brain stem. However, the brain stem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata serves to regulate some vital and nonvital body functions. Vital functions Nonvital Functions Respiration center Sneezing Heart rate (cardiac center) Blood vessel diameter (vasomotor center) Coughing Vomiting Swallowing *The medulla oblongata is where the crossing of fiber tracts (decussation) takes place and is responsible for the right side of the brain controlling what takes place on the left side of the body and vice versa.

20 Reticular formation The reticular formation is found within the brain stem and regulates consciousness, that is, whether you are awake, sleeping, or dreaming. This is called the reticular activating center (RAS). The RAS responds to ears (alarm clock), eyes (light of morning), or painful stimuli which arouse the cortex.

21 THE FEMALE BRAIN

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