Nervous Systems: Part IV The organiza8on and func8on of major parts of the nervous system.
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1 Nervous Systems: Part IV The organiza8on and func8on of major parts of the nervous system.
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3 KP1: The Peripheral Nervous System handles inputs/outputs while the Central Nervous System makes decisions/processes CNS Organs: Brain Spinal Cord PNS Divisions: Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Ganglia
4 KP2: The brain is composed of white and gray maher. White: Myelinated neurons (helps us think/process) Gray: Unmyelinated neurons (coordinates signals)
5 KP3: The spinal cord sends signals originasng from the brain to the body and handles reflexes The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain are hollow and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a colorless fluid produced in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. CSF occupies the subacrachnoid space of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Cushions the brain and spinal cord Provides nutrients and remove wastes
6 KP4: Glia are cells that support, nourish, and regulate neurons Many types exist: Embryonic radial glia: form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate Astrocytes: induce cells lining capillaries in the CNS to form Sght juncsons, resulsng in a blood-brain barrier and restricsng the entry of most substances into the brain
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8 KP5: Vertebrates have regionally specialized brains SpecializaSon needed to perform diverse funcsons These structures arise during embryonic development
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10 The Cerebrum or Cortex: The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain associated with higher brain funcson such as thought and acson, percepson, voluntary movement, and cognisve funcsons (learning and memory). The cerebral cortex is parscularly extensive in mammals In humans it consists of 80% of brain mass and is highly convoluted to increase surface area. 10
11 LeM cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Cerebral cortex Corpus callosum Cerebrum Basal nuclei Cerebellum Adult brain viewed from the rear
12 Diencephalon Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Brainstem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord
13 Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Child
14 CEREBELLUM Part of the hind brain. InformaSon processing Balance, posture and coordinason Monitors motor and visual and auditory commands received from the cortex. Helps in learning and remembering motor skills. 14
15 Corpus Callosum A thick band of axons that enables the right and lec cerebral hemispheres to communicate. The lec side of the cortex receives informason from, and controls the movement of, the right side of the body, and vice versa. Each cerebral hemisphere is specialized for different tasks-e.g., the right for face recognison and the lec for language. 15
16 Hypothalamus The structure is involved in funcsons including homeostasis, emoson, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic nervous system. In addison, it controls the pituitary and coordinates with the adrenal glands via the hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis. 16
17 Hippocampus: memory center This part of the mid-brain is important for learning and memory ConverSng short term memory to more permanent memory For recalling spasal relasonships in the world about us 17
18 The Limbic System (EmoSonal Brain) The limbic system includes a group of structures surrounding the brain stem (from the LaSn Limbus, border). Amygdala, hippocampus, parts of the thalamus, hypothalamus EmoSons, mosvason, olfactory, behavior and memory. The focus of emosonal memory is the amygdala. 18
19 Language and Speech Studies of brain acsvity have mapped areas responsible for language and speech Broca s area in the frontal lobe is acsve when speech is generated Wernicke s area in the temporal lobe is acsve when speech is heard These areas belong to a larger network of regions involved in language.
20 InformaSon Processing The cerebral cortex receives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors Somatosensory receptors provide informason about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the posison of muscles and limbs The thalamus directs different types of input to dissnct locasons
21 Frontal Lobe FuncSon Frontal lobe damage may impair decision making and emosonal responses but leave intellect and memory intact The frontal lobes have a substansal effect on execusve funcsons of thinking and making decisions.
22 Central Nervous System (informa8on processing) Afferent neurons Peripheral Nervous System Efferent neurons Sensory receptors Autonomic nervous system Motor system Control of skeletal muscle Internal and external s8muli Sympathe8c division Parasympathe8c division Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands Enteric division
23 Peripheral Nervous System FuncSons Motor System: Neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles mainly as a response to external ssmuli. Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary control over organs Parasympathe8c Nervous System: Rest and digesson Sympathe8c nervous System: Fight or flight 23
24 Review of Independent PracSce: The cerebrum or cortex: Cerebellum: Corpus Callosum: Hypothalamus: Hippocampus: The Limbic System: 24
25 Exit Ticket: Think-pair-share: If a woman with a severed corpus callosum viewed a photograph of a familiar face, first in the lec field of vision and then in the right field, why would it be difficult for her to put a name to the face in either field? 25
26 EXIT TICKET Response: Each cerebral hemisphere is specialized for different parts of this task- the right for face recognison and the lec for language. Without an intact corpus callosum, neither hemisphere can take advantage of the other s processing abilises. 26
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