Sheep Brain Dissection

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1 Sheep Brain Dissection Mammalian brains have many features in common. Human brains may not be available, so sheep brains often are dissected as an aid to understanding the mammalian brain since he general structures and relative locations will be similar. However, the adaptations of the sheep differ from the adaptations of the human, so comparisons of their structural features may not be precise. The sheep is a quadruped; therefore the spinal cord is horizontal, unlike the vertical orientation in a bipedal human. Preserved sheep brains have a different appearance and are firmer than those removed from the cranial cavity, caused by the preservatives used. Materials Preserved Sheep Brain Dissecting Tray Dissecting Instruments Safety Wear your safety goggles and disposable gloves Perform dissections within dissecting pan to contain specimens and fluids Be careful when using sharp instruments such as scalpels, forceps, needles, and scissors Return or dispose of all materials properly (general - do not write) Wipe down table once materials are returned (general do not write) Wash hands thoroughly after completing the experiment (general do not write) Procedure Clean up and disposal directions are given on steps 26 and Review the glossary provided at the end of the guide 2. Refer to the Mammal Brain Section diagram at the end of the guide to help you observe and identify external and internal structures 3. Obtain a sheep brain 4. Place the brain on a dissecting tray, dorsal side up 5. Examine the surface of the brain for the presence of meninges. All layers of meninges should be present. Locate each of the following and briefly describe: A. dura mater B. arachnoid mater C. pia mater 6. Remove any layers of meninges by gently pulling them from the surface of the brain with forceps 7. Identify the cerebrum

2 8. With the sample still dorsal side up, locate the following structures on the specimen: A. left & right cerebral hemispheres B. gyrus (gyri) C. sulcus (sulci) F. parietal lobe G. temporal lobe H. occipital lobe D. longitudinal fissure E. frontal lobe I. cerebellum 9. Place the sample on the dissecting tray, ventral side up 10. Locate the following structures on the brain stem of the specimen: A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. spinal cord 11. Identify the olfactory bulb and optic chiasm The remainder of the cranial nerves, including most of the optic, and pituitary gland were cut when the brain was removed from the skull 12. Place the sample on the tray, dorsal side up 13. Gently bend the cerebellum and medulla oblongata slightly downward and away from the cerebrum as shown in the figure at the bottom of the page This will expose the superior and inferior colliculi Just behind the colliculi, the pineal may be slightly visible 14. Using your fingers, gently widen the longitudinal fissure to expose the corpus callosum 15. Insert a scalpel into the fissure and cut through the corpus callosum, continuing to cut through the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem until it has been divided into two longitudinal halves

3 16. Place the sample on the tray, cut side up 17. Locate the third and fourth ventricles 18. Examine each ventricle and try to identify the choroid plexus 19. Locate the following structures on the specimen: A. thalamus B. hypothalamus C. pineal gland D. midbrain E. medulla oblongata 20. In the medial section, the white matter of the cerebellum forms a branched, treelike pattern called the arbor vitae (tree of life) Identify the pattern 21. Using a scalpel, make a cross section through a cerebral hemisphere just anterior to the thalamus Only do this to one hemisphere. The other will remain intact for the lab practical. 22. Examine the section and identify the inner white matter and outer gray matter 23. Remove the cerebellum and remainder of the cerebral hemisphere by dissecting away everything dorsal to the floor of the lateral ventricle 24. This will expose an infolding of the cerebral cortex called the hippocampus 25. Remove the hippocampus and remainder of the thalamus 26. If additional time is necessary, place the brain in a bag with some preserving fluid 27. Once you have observed all the structures of the brain, dispose of the specimen as instructed Sheep Brain Lab Practical Thursday, March 15 The dissection component of this lab will count for 60% of this lab grade. The lab practical component of this lab will count for the remaining 40% of the lab grade. In the days between the dissection and the practical, you may come in to observe brains and further study the structures and locations The following structures are possible structures that may need to be identified using a sheep brain: A. dura mater B. pia mater C. cerebral hemisphere D. gyrus (gyri) E. sulcus (sulci) F. longitudinal fissure G. frontal lobe H. parietal lobe M. pons N. midbrain O. spinal cord P. olfactory bulb Q. optic chiasm R. corpus callosum S. thalamus T. hypothalamus I. temporal lobe U. pineal gland J. occipital lobe V. gray matter K. cerebellum W. white matter L. medulla oblongata

4 Name Period Date Glossary Arachnoid mater - middle of three layers (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Cerebellum - part of the brain that controls balance and muscle coordination; located inferior to the cerebrum. Cerebral aqueduct - channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles and containing cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrum - two hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure; largest portion of the mammalian brain. Choroids plexus - network of capillaries located in the roof of ventricles; contributes to production of cerebrospinal fluid. Corpus callosum - large band of nervous tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. Cortex - outer portion of the cerebrum. Cranial nerves - twelve pairs of nerves that leave the brain. Diencephalon - region of the brain made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus. Dura mater - tough connective tissue layer that serves as the outer layer of the meninges. Gray matter - areas of the brain and spinal cord containing cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; found in the cerebral cortex of the brain and inner portion of the spinal cord. Gyri - the folds of the cerebral cortex (singular = gyrus). Hippocampus - a region below the lateral ventricles; involved with emotional states and converting short- term memory to long-term memory. Hypophysis - pituitary gland; controls a number of endocrine glands. Hypothalamus - part of the diencephalon; inferior to the thalamus and responsible for regulation and maintenance of internal homeostasis by controlling body temperature, appetite, fluid balance, etc. Medulla - the most inferior portion of the brain stem; contains centers for heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Also contains reflex centers controlling coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, etc. Midbrain - the part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon. Olfactory bulb - contains cell bodies of neurons that synapse with neurons of the olfactory nerves. Optic chiasma - crossing point of the optic nerves. Pia mater - innermost of the meninges layers. Pineal body - endocrine gland located in the roof of the third ventricle; secretes melatonin. Pons - anterior to the medulla; contains nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum with other parts of the brain and spinal cord. Sulci - grooves between gyri of the brain (singular = sulcus). Thalamus - part of the diencephalon, superior to the hypothalamus; serves as a sensory relay center. Most sensory nerves enter it and their impulses are sent to the appropriate cerebral region. Ventricle - one of four cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. White matter - bundles of myelinated axons within the brain and spinal cord; found in the inner portions of the

5 Name Period Date cerebrum and outer regions of the spinal cord. Mammalian Brain Section Superior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct Pineal body Thalamus Third ventricle Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Sulcus Gyrus Cerebellum Olfactory bulb Fourth ventricle Optic nerve Central canal Spinal cord Medulla Pons Midbrain Hypophysis Hypothalamus

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