A. DeWerd. Michael Kissick. Larry. Editors. The Phantoms of Medical. and Health Physics. Devices for Research and Development.

Transcription

1 Larry Editors A. DeWerd Michael Kissick The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics Devices for Research and Development ^ Springer

2 Contents 1 Introduction to Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics Introduction History Phantom Materials Dosimetry Phantoms Phantom Construction Dosimeters Computational Phantoms Imaging Phantoms Scope of the Text Radiation Therapy Phantoms X-ray Imaging Phantoms Non-ionizing Radiation Phantoms Nuclear Medicine Phantoms Health Physics and Computational Phantoms Conclusion 12 References 12 Part I Phantoms of Radiation Therapy 2 Radiation Therapy Dosimetry Phantoms Introduction Need for Therapeutic Dosimetry Phantoms Overall Design Goals Literature Review Common Concepts for Dosimetry Phantoms Classification Phantom Geometry Phantom Composition Phantom Coordinate Systems Dose Measurement System Components Phantom Measurements 23 V

3 vi Contents 2.3 Water Phantoms Construction of Water Phantoms Characteristics of Water Phantoms Use of Water Phantoms Examples of Water Phantoms Non-Water Phantoms Construction of Non-Water Phantoms Characteristics of Non-Water Phantoms Examples of Non-Water Phantoms Use of Non-Water Phantoms Integrated Device Phantoms Construction of Integrated Phantoms Characteristics of Integrated Phantoms Examples of Integrated Phantoms Use of Integrated Phantoms Therapeutic Clinical Uses Installation and Acceptance Testing Calibration and Commissioning Periodic Performance Monitoring Planned Patient Dose Validating Future Directions Automated Data Collection, Analysis, and Management Materials that More Closely Mimic the Behavior of Tissue Variable Density Distribution (Deformable) Phantoms High-Resolution 3D Data Acquisition in Parallel In vivo Dose Measurement During Treatment Delivery 36 References 37 3 Anthropomorphic Phantoms for Radiation Oncology Medical Physics Introduction Anthropomorphic Body Phantoms ART Phantom RANDO Phantom ATOM Dosimetry Phantom Custom Body Phantoms Anthropomorphic Body-Part Phantoms Commercially Available Anthropomorphic Body-Part Phantoms 46

4 Contents vii Anthropomorphic Body-Part Phantoms Developed by a QA Service Organization or Institution for Their Own QA Purposes Summary 49 References 50 4 Motion Phantoms for Radiotherapy Introduction Motion in Radiation Therapy Prostate Motion Respiratory Motion Other Treatment Sites Affected by Motion Quality Assurance Using Motion Phantoms Measuring Patient Motion Accounting for Motion Amplitude Measuring the Impact of Motion Frequency Testing Motion Management Techniques Motion Phantom Designs Overview of Motion Phantom Requirements Commercial Motion Phantoms Custom Motion Phantoms Motion Phantoms of the Future Dosimetry with Motion Phantoms 69 References 70 5 Phantoms in Brachytherapy Introduction Brachytherapy Dosimetry Experimental Measurements Radiation Transport Simulations Therapy Simulation and Imaging Phantoms Surgical Simulation Brachytherapy Imaging Contouring Phantoms Equipment Compatibility Future of Brachytherapy Phantoms 84 References 85 Part II Imaging Phantoms 6 Imaging Phantoms: Conventional X-ray Imaging Applications Anthropomorphic Phantom for X-ray Imaging Head/Neck Phantom Torso Phantoms 97

5 VIM Contents Whole Body Phantom Phantoms for Acceptance and QC Tests Radiographic Systems Fluoroscopic Systems Ill 6.3 Vendor-Specific QA Tools Agfa Auto QC Tools Carestream DirectView Total Quality Tool for DR/CR System Fuji FCR 1 Shot Phantom Fuji FCR 1 Shot Phantom Plus GE Quality Assurance Process Future Development on Imaging Phantoms Web Resources 121 References Computer Tomography Phantom Applications Historical Perspective Acceptance and Quality Control Testing Phantoms for Accessing Dosimetry Phantoms for Accessing Image Quality Use of Phantoms in the Accreditation Process Anthropomorphic Phantoms for CT Applications Phantoms for Investigation of Specific Imaging and Dosimetry Issues Perspectives on Phantom Developments for Image Quality and Dosimetry in CT 135 References Mammography Phantoms Introduction Phantoms for Imaging Phantom for Quality Control and Accreditation Programs Contrast-Detail Phantom Phantoms for Dosimetry Anthropomorphic Phantoms for Mammographic Imaging Standard Phantom Use in the Future 153 References Phantoms for Ultrasound Experimentation and Quality Control Background Physical Parameters Required for Ultrasound Phantoms Sound Speed (Density and Acoustic Impedance)

6 Contents 9.3 Attenuation Scattering Mechanical Properties Multi-Modality Phantoms Based on TM Gels Applications of Phantoms in Ultrasound Image Quality Control Doppler Phantoms Current/Future Developments Summary 174 References Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Introduction General MRI Phantom Construction American College of Radiology Accreditation Phantom Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Phantom National Institute of Standards and Technology Phantom Magnetic Field Homogeneity Phantom Proton Relaxation Phantoms Diffusion Phantoms Temperature Considerations 194 References Nuclear Medicine and PET Phantoms Introduction Mathematical Phantoms Internal Radiation Dosimetry Image Reconstruction and Processing Physical Phantoms Calibrations Thyroid Uptake Scans Standardized Uptake Value Calibration Quality Assurance and Acceptance Testing Gamma Camera QC SPECT QC PET Phantoms Anthropomorphic Physical Phantoms Preclinical Imaging Phantoms Other Approaches to Physical Phantoms Summary 221 References 221

7 x Contents Part III Computational Phantoms 12 Computational Phantoms for Organ Dose Calculations in Radiation Protection and Imaging Introduction Computational Geometries Used for Phantoms The Evolution of Computational Phantoms First-Generation Stylized Phantoms (Prior to the 1990s) Evolution of Stylized Phantoms Second-Generation Voxel Phantoms (from late 1980 to Early 2000s) BREP Phantoms from 2000s to Present Applications of Computational Phantoms at RPI Monte Carlo Methods and Computer Codes Non-ionizing Radiation Applications Discussion and Conclusion 247 References Applications of Computational Phantoms Introduction Computational Phantoms in Medical Physics Applications to Radiation Therapy The Applications to CT Imaging The Applications to Nuclear Medicine Computational Phantoms in Health Physics Applications to Regulatory Procedures Applications to Environmental Exposures Applications to Nuclear Power Plant Exposures Discussion 278 References 280 Index 285