Student Lab #: Date. Lab: Gross Anatomy of Brain Sheep Brain Dissection Organ System: Nervous Subdivision: CNS (Central Nervous System)

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1 Lab: Gross Anatomy of Brain Sheep Brain Dissection Organ System: Nervous Subdivision: CNS (Central Nervous System) Student Lab #: Date 1 Objectives: 1. Learn the main components making up a motor neuron. 2. Identify and name organs, structures and landmarks of the central nervous system from external, transverse, and coronal views using a preserved sheep brain and laboratory models. 3. Understand the differences between gray and white matter of the central nervous system. 4. Identify and learn the structures participating in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain and spinal cord. Materials: Dissecting scopes (@ least 6) Motor neuron models Preserved sheep brain (3 total) Dissection tools (include scissors) and trays Knives Lab goggles and gloves (latex and non-latex) Broom bristles Brains from torso models Ventricle models Transverse spinal cord models with cervical vertebrae Diencephalon and brain stem models Spine model with spinal nerves Activity 1: Pre-class activity 1. Label figures 1, 5, 6, and 7 prior to our laboratory using your Essentials textbook.

2 2 Activity 2: The Structures making up a Motor Neuron Note: The red rectangle at the end of this model represents a section of skeletal muscle. Therefore, this model represents a motor neuron. Locate and learn the following structures on the motor neuron model. Once identified, recall the function of each. a. Neuron processes / Dendrites b. Nucleus c. Cell body d. Axon hillock e. Axon terminals f. Myelin sheath o Schwann cells Fig. 1 Label this figure using the terms above. Use this link to answer the questions below. I. What would be the effect on the electrical signals (action potential) moving across the axon of a nerve cell if the myelin sheaths were destroyed? II. What would be the effect on an individual if the myelin sheath in their brain and spinal cord were destroyed? Activity 3: Sheep Brain Dissection Warning: Wear gloves Let your instructor know if you are allergic to latex!!!! 1. Use your Laboratoy Manual (pg. 67) as a reference. 2. Obtain dissecting tools, tray, paper towels, disposable gloves, and bring them to your laboratory table. 3. Line the tray with 3 paper towels. 4. Obtain a brain and bring it to your lab bench. 5. Place the sheep brain on the tray dorsal side up. (Superior view of brain) Critical thinking!

3 3 6. Observe the tough outer membrane (dura mater) one of the three meninges covering part or the entire brain (Fig in text). To what structure of the ethmoid bone is the dura mater securely attached?. 7. Locate the longitudinal fissure, which separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Collectively, the cerebral hemispheres are known as the cerebrum. 8. If your brain is missing the dura mater, pay close attention to its remnants along the longitudinal fissure, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. Consequently, the cerebrum will already be exposed (Skip to step 11). 9. If your brain has the dura mater, use scissors to make a sagittal incision along the longitudinal fissure (as shown in Fig. 2) to expose the entire cerebrum and review the image below. Then, carry out step 10. Image obtained from: Fig Remove enough dura mater (if present) to observe the cerebellum. 11. Observe the gyri (ridges) and the sulci (grooves). The sulci are used as landmarks to divide the surface of the cerebrum into regions such as, frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. 12. Locate and identify the frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and 2 occipital lobes of the brain in your specimen. 13. Make a 1/2 coronal incision from the most anterior portion of the frontal lobe. Turn it so that the coronal plane is up and view it under the dissecting scope. 14. Under the dissecting scope observe the cerebral cortex made up of gray and white matter. I. What is gray matter composed of? Critical thinking! II. III. What is white matter composed of? What is the purpose of all the folding seen on the cerebrum?

4 15. Turn the brain over to observe the ventral surface of the brain as shown in Figure The most obvious structure seen on the ventral surface of the brain is the optic chiasma, where the two optic nerves cross over each other forming an X shape. Locate the optic chiasma. 17. Locate the pons, medulla oblongata, pituitary gland, olfactory bulbs, and optic nerves in your specimen and review Fig. 3. The pituitary gland might be missing in your specimen. 18. Do note that the optic chiasma, pituitary gland, olfactory bulbs, and optic nerves are NOT part of the Central Nervous System. Image obtained from: 4 Fig Use a scalpel to cut the brain completely in half along the longitudinal fissure. 20. The corpus callosum had been connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. Recall that the corpus callosum allows for communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. It is here where the axons from the right and left cerebral hemispheres cross over. 21. You will see a hollow space ventral to the corpus callosum in each brain half. Each space is one of the lateral ventricles that contained cerebrospinal fluid in a living organism.

5 22. Label the occipital and frontal lobes, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, cerebellum, and corpus callosum in figure 4. Image obtained from: 5 Fig. 4 Activity 4: Midsagittal View of the Internal Structures of the Human Brain Use the midsagittal section of a human brain from the torso model to label and learn the following structures: 1. Cerebral cortex 2. Gray and white matter 3. Corpus callosum 4. Diencephalon a. Thalamus b. Third ventricle Fig Hypothalamus a. Pituitary gland 6. Epithalamus a. Location of choroid plexus 7. Brain stem a. Midbrain i. Cerebral aqueduct 8. Pons 9. Medulla oblongata 10. Cerebellum a. Fourth ventricle (anterior to the ) Fig. 5

6 Activity 5: Ventricles of the Brain Use Figure 7.18 in your Essentials textbook showing the ventricles of the brain and examine the ventricles of the brain model. Keep in mind that the ventricles are spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 6 Use the ventricles of the brain model to label and learn the following: 1. Lateral ventricles (Left and Right) a. Anterior horns b. Posterior horns c. Inferior horns 2. Third ventricle 3. Cerebral aqueduct 4. Fourth ventricle Fig. 6 Model representing the ventricles in the human brain

7 7 Activity 5: Spinal Cord with Meninges Encased by a Vertebra (pl. vertebrae) Study the transverse sectioned model of the spinal cord protected by a vertebra. Refer to Figure 7.21 in your Essentials textbook 1. Gray matter: Dorsal, Lateral, Ventral horns 2. White matter 3. Meninges a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid mater c. Pia mater 4. Epidural space (seen in model, absent in the cranium) 5. Spinal nerve a. Dorsal root ganglia b. Ventral root Fig. 7 Label this figure using the terms above.

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