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1 Gary Myers, CIH Industrial Hygienist Argonne National Laboratory DISTRIBUTION OF M I S DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED dlj

2 ... The ELF Controversy For more than two decades, a controversy has been building about the effects, or lack thereof, of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (primarily 6 Hz) on humans. In recent years, it has become a "consumer item" in the sense that it is a frequent topic of books, magazine articles, and news programs. In this presentation, we will review the history of the controversy, discuss the current state of knowledge, and try to put the claimed risks into perspective. Gary myers is certified in the comprehensive practice of industrial hygiene by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene. He holds a master's degree in physics and has twenty-five years experience in the recognition, evaluation, and control of non-ionizing radiation hazards. DISCLAIMER ' This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those-of the United States Government or any agency thereof. -~..

3 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. I

4 1- ELF = Extremely Low Frequency (5-6 Hz) EMF = ElectroMagnetic Fields Characteristics of ELF-EMF: Wavelength -5 km F Couple poorly to the body b Strictly speaking, not "radiation" F All exposures are in the near field Electric field ( -voltage) F Exists at all times F Poor penetration, easy to shield F Quantified as Volts per meter (V/m) Magnetic field (-current) b Exists only when current is flowing F Good penetration, difficult to shield F Can induce voltages & currents in the body F Quantified as milligauss (mg) Non-ionizi ng

5 I. ' History: e e 195s b b b Scientific concern about RF, microwaves U.S.D.O.D. spent $13 million Biological & physiological endpoints Conclusion: thermal effects Soviet studies Behavioral endpoints Conclusion: nonthermal effects 196s Public concern about RF, microwaves USASI/ANSI standard, 1966 Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act, 1968 b U.S. Navy ELF (45 Hz) communications Spent $8 million between I969 and 1977 on health effects research Conclusion: no serious or nonreversible health effects

6 197s b U.S.E.P.A. created 1972 b IEEEKOMAR formed 1972 b Power Over the People, L. Young 1973 F New York State Public Service Commission hearings 1975 The Zapping of America, PI Brodeur 1977 Bioelectromagnetics Society formed 1978 Wertheimer & Leeper published 1979 Surrogate exposure metric Conclusion: ELF magnetic field exposure associated with child hood leukemia

7 ELF-EMF have been blamed for: Suicide Depression Spontaneous abortion Fetal abnormalities Learning disabilities Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Alzheimer's disease Cancers, mostly leukemia and brain

8 This has resulted in worldwide research efforts, with U.S. funding running: Federal b US. Navy, $2 million/yr b HHS/NCI/NIEHS, $4 million/yr b b b DOE/NIEHS (RAPID), $65 million/5 yrs 1994 Federal funding > $1 2 million In 1994, 9 Federal agencies conducted research State b CA and FL, each > $1 million b CA hasnapproved >$7 million b Nearly all states are conducting literature rev i e vvs Private b Electric Power Research Institute spent $5 million through 1991, $16 million/yr in I992 and 1993 Worldwide, nearly $1 billion has been spent on ELF health effects (mostly cancer) research. The total cost is estimated to exceed $23 billion.

9 F c3 Y

10 I IO Occupational Studies Worldwide Meta-analysis, prior to 1893 Large Utility Worker studies c

11 It looks like something may be happening! But, consider... a a a a Nearly all of these studies include a risk ratio of 1. (no risk) within their 95% CI Several studies show RR< 1 (ELF prevents cancer?) All positive residential results have been obtained by using exposure surrogates; all residential studies that actually have measured fields have been negative No laboratory studies have shown evidence of cancer initiation, and only two have shown promotion of chemically-induced cancer No animal studies have been unequivocally positive a The per capita use of electric power (and presuma.bly exposures) has increased twentyfold since 194, and 35 times since 192, but the incidence of cancer has not*

12 Then, there are the "Hill Criteria": I. How strong is the association? A strong association is one with RR 25; therefore, the association is weak 2. How consistent are the results of the studies? Even positive results are inconsistent with each other, and some studies are internally inconsistent; therefore, consistency is weak 3. Is there a dose-response relationship? None has been found (but Savitz 95 hints) 4. Is there laboratory evidence for an association? Very little, none replicated 5. ls there a plausible mechanism? No, and from what is known of the physics and biology involved, there is no reason even t o suspect an association

13 What factors could explain the positives? Inadequate dose assessment F Widespread use of surrogate metrics F What aspect of exposure is involved? Average field strength Peak field strength Field strength "Windows" Rate of change of field strength Duration of exposure Confounders F Chemical exposure F Socioeconomic class F Traffic density Inappropriate controls F Difficult to obtain a good control group when risk factors are poorly known Publication bias F Positive studies are more likely to be reported by investigators (job security), and published by journals F Examdes are known

14 On the other hand... The weak, but frequently positive associations shown by many epidemiologic studies, while not compelling, are difficult to ignore There are known bioeffects from ELF: b At high field strengths, induced voltages and currents exceed natural values b Promotes bone healing b Changes cellular Ca++ ion efflux Two animal studies have shown promotion of chemically-induced breast cancer

15 So, these are the choices: ELF is not associated in any way with cancer ELF is a promoter or co-promoter of cancer ELF is an initiator of cancer - a carcinogen, albeit a weak one

16 Putting the worst in perspective: ELF'S strongest (but still very weak) associations are with very rare cancers (childhood leukemia incidence is 1 in 1,); doubling the chance of contracting a rare disease results in a risk that is still small A 1994 study (Savitz) showed that children who: F eat t w o hamburgers per week have a RR of 3 for leukemia F eat t w o hot dogs per week have a RR of 3 for brain cancer F eat I2 hot dogs per month have a RR of 9.5 for leukemia F are fathered by men who eat hot dogs "often" have a RR of 11 for leukemia Compare these RRs with those attributed t o ELF exposure - I.5 for leukemia, 1.9 for brain cancer Bottom line: if there is a risk, it is very small, especially in comparison with other risks w e readily accept

17 What exposure standards currently exist? ACGIH (occ): 1, mg NRPB (UK) (both): '13,3 6 Hz ICNIRP (occ, short-term): 5, mg (occ, cont) : 5, (pub, short-term): 1, (pub, cont) : 1, The average American home background 6 Hz field strength is 2.1 mg (85% range:.5-4 mg) Recommendations* for continuous public exposure range from 2-1 mg

18 6 Hz Magnetic Field Strength 1 Common Household Exposures inches 1 foot Distance 2 feet Dist Line + HH wiring 23kV 2' Range TV Iron Analog clock Fluorescent light Elect shaver 4 feet

19 n Electric Blankets 4 6 Hz Field Strength at 5 cm I Peak Average 35 3 IO 5 L.I Conventional Low field

20 I Prudent Avoidance: Reduce expoures without great expense or lifestyle changes Most of us already practice it for: F Sunlight F Lightning F Chemicals Reduce lengthy exposures v Move beds away from power drops F Move analog clocks further from beds F Use electric blankets only to warm.beds before retiring F Choose incandescent desk lighting Reduce high exposures F Don't stand next to operating toasters, microwave ovens, dishwashers, copiers F Shave with a blade Prudent Avoidance presumes a more-or-less conventional dose-response relationship

21 United States Office Of Radiation 42-R-92-8 Environmental Protection And Indoor Air December 1992 Agency (663J) SEPA EMF In Your Environment Magnetic Field Measurements Of Everyday Electrical Devices : ,., '.,.. I *..... *

22

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