USE OF EXOSOMES IN TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH. Eva Colás Ortega Postdoc researcher IRBLleida

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1 USE OF EXOSOMES IN TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH Eva Colás Ortega Postdoc researcher IRBLleida

2 THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPE OF VESICLES RELEASED BY CELLS MICROVESICLES Size: nm Shape: irregular Markers: Integrins, selectins, CD40 ligand Lipids: Phosphatidylserine Origin: Plasma membrane EXOSOMES Size: nm Shape: cup-shaped Markers: Tetraspanins (CD63, CD9), Alix, TSG101, ESCRT Lipids: Cholesterol, sphingomyelin, ceramide, lipid rafts, phosphatidylserine Origin: Multivesicular endosomes

3 THE CONTENT OF EXOSOMES IS ENRICHED IN INFORMATIVE MATERIAL THAT REPRESENT THE CELL OF ORIGIN metabolites

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5 THE CONTENT OF EXOSOMES IS ENRICHED IN INFORMATIVE MATERIAL THAT REPRESENT THE CELL OF ORIGIN Proteins and RNAs are specifically coded to be included in exosomes Exosomes perform cell-independent microrna biogenesis inside the vesicle metabolites Melo et al. Cancer Cell Nov

6 EXOSOMES ARE A NEW WAY OF CELL-CELL COMUNICATION From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes metabolites

7 EXOSOMES PLAYS A ROLE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Intercellular communication Antigen presentation Immune suppression Transfer of signaling components Inflammation Formation/transfer of pathogenic proteins Cell adhesion Waste management and protection against stress Coagulation Vascular function and integrity Tissue repair Tissue differentiation

8 EXOSOMES PLAYS A ROLE IN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Autoimmunity Neurodegeneration Virus spreading Prion diseases Inflammation Cancer

9 EXOSOMES ARE PRODUCED BY MOST CELL TYPES AND SECRETED TO MOST BODY FLUIDS

10 EXOSOMES ARE DEFINITELY A GOOD SOURCE OF BIOMARKERS IN LIQUID BIOPSIES CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS CELL FREE DNA EXOSOMES

11 EXOSOMES ARE DEFINITELY A GOOD SOURCE OF BIOMARKERS IN LIQUID BIOPSIES Exosomes are extremely ABUNDANT (10 11 per ml of plasma) Are released by LIVING cells, so it gives a real picture of the tumor BUT ALSO of the body that contains the tumor: Exosomes are expected to represent TUMOR HETEROGENEITY Exosomes represent the INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, STROMAL CHANGES, AND OTHER SYSTEMIC CHANGES Carry a HUGE AND DIVERSE AMOUNT OF BIOACTIVE MATERIAL (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc) so we are not limited to mutational or transcriptional analysis HIGH QUALITY material: protected thanks to the EV membrane STORAGE is easy and economical: no need to add any component to the liquid biopsy. Preservation is done at -80ºC. As well as CTCs, exosomes present surface markers from the cell or origin WHICH ARE THE HANDICAPS?

12 ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OF EXOSOMES Ultracentrifugation Immunoaffinity against exosomal surface markers Precipitation with PEG

13 Ultracentrifugation High purity Low high-throughput Slow

14 ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OF EXOSOMES Ultracentrifugation High purity Low high-throughput Slow Immunoaffinity against exosomal surface markers High purity High-throughput Selection of subpopulations Precipitation with PEG

15 ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OF EXOSOMES Ultracentrifugation High purity Low high-throughput Slow Immunoaffinity against exosomal surface markers High purity High-throughput Selection of subpopulations Precipitation with PEG High-throughput Quick and easy Low purity

16 MONITORING EXOSOMES ISOLATION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMMUNOBLOT NANOPARTICLE TRACKING ANALYSIS

17 DIAGNOSTIC COMPANIES ARE FOCUSED ON EXOSOME-BASED PRODUCTS

18 Blood-Based Single Mutation Lung Cancer Diagnostics Two blood-based lung cancer diagnostics for launch in 2015 The initial targets are ALK and T790M Detection is possible at multiple time points during treatment without the need for a tissue sample Better understanding of lung cancer progression and treatment response at later disease stages Clinicians will be able to make more informed decisions about drug selection or clinical trial participation Urine-Based Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Urine-based prostate cancer diagnostic as a rule-out test for men who would otherwise be recommended for prostate needle biopsy Analyze 3 markers on RNA to identify men who do not need a biopsy Reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies without missing men who do need to be treated Blood-Based Solid Tumor Mutation Panel Diagnostic Solid tumor panel diagnostics for launch in 2015 Target 10 of the most relevant genes and over 400 mutations on both RNA and DNA present in lung, colon and breast cancers.

19 CANCER RESEARCH USE EXOSOMES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS RATHER THAN FOR MARKER DISCOVERY ANTICANCER VACCINES Exosomes transfer tumor antigens to Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and activate the immune response So, exosomes could be used in immunotherapy

20 CANCER RESEARCH USE EXOSOMES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS RATHER THAN FOR MARKER DISCOVERY ANTICANCER VACCINES EXOSOMES TARGETING In BREAST CANCER HER2+ PATIENT, exosomes derived from the tumor are able to sequester anti-her2 Ab (current therapy). HER2osome is a novel medical device, that reduces the circulatory presence of HER2 tumor-secreted exosomes in order to increase the bioavailability of current therapies Trastuzumab.

21 CANCER RESEARCH USE EXOSOMES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS RATHER THAN FOR MARKER DISCOVERY ANTICANCER VACCINES EXOSOMES TARGETING DRUG DELIVERY VIA EXOSOMES

22 EXOSOMES COULD BE USEFUL FOR MANY APPLICATIONS

23 EXOSOMES ARE PROMISING FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH