Cell Cycle and Mitosis

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1 Ch 4 BIOL 100 Cell Cycle and Mitosis The Key Roles of Cell Division Cell division Cellular reproduc2on An ability of organisms that best dis2nguishes living things from nonliving ma:er Cell Division Unicellular organisms Cellular division reproduces the en2re organism Mul2cellular organisms depend on cell division for: Development from a fer2lized cell Growth Repair Cell cycle Life of a cell from forma2on to its own division Cell division is an integral part 100 µm 200 µm 20 µm (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development (c) Tissue renewal 1

2 Cellular Organiza?on of the Gene?c Material Genome All the DNA in a cell May be a single DNA molecule prokaryo2c cells or Many DNA molecules eukaryo2c cells Chromosomes Packaged DNA molecules in a cell One molecule of DNA equals one chromosome Human range 51 million million base pairs per chromosome Each eukaryo2c species Has a characteris2c number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus Soma?c cells Non-reproduc2ve cells Germ cells Cellular Organiza?on of the Gene?c Material have two of each type of chromosome Diploid - 46 Make Gametes Reproduc2ve cells: sperm and eggs Only one of each chromosome Haploid - 23 Cellular Organiza?on of the Gene?c Material Chroma?n Complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division In Eukaryo2c chromosomes Typical DNA form when not ac2vely dividing 2

3 Chromosome Distribu?on During Eukaryo?c Cell Division Prepara2on for cell division DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense Sister chroma?ds Duplicated chromosome Two copies which separate during cell division Centromere Junc2on point of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chroma2ds are a:ached Fig µm Chromosomes DNA molecules Chromosome arm Centromere Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Sister chromatids Separation of sister chromatids Centromere Sister chromatids Eukaryo2c cell division consists of: Mitosis Division of the duplicated genome Cytokinesis Meiosis Types of Eukaryo?c Cell Division Division of the cytoplasm A varia2on of cell division for making gametes Yields non-iden2cal daughter cells Only one set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell Haploid 3

4 Phases of the Cell Cycle The cell cycle consists of 2 phases Mito?c (M) phase mitosis and cytokinesis Interphase cell growth copying of chromosomes in prepara2on for cell division Phases of the Cell Cycle - Interphase Interphase about 90% of the cell cycle can be divided into subphases: G 1 phase first gap S phase Synthesis of duplicate DNA G 2 phase second gap G 1 MITOTIC (M) PHASE Cytokinesis Mitosis S (DNA synthesis) G 2 Phases of the Cell Cycle - Mito?c Phase Mitosis is conven2onally divided into five phases: Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis is well underway by late telophase PLAY 4

5 Interphase (G2) Diffuse chroma2n duplicated state G2 of Interphase Chromatin Centrosomes (with centriole (duplicated) pairs) Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane Nonkinetochore microtubules Nucleolus s2ll present G2 of Interphase Chromosomes not Fragments visible Early mitotic Aster Centromere spindle of nuclear envelope under light microscope Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule Chroma2n begins Centrosomes to condense begin to migrate G2 of Interphase Spindle begins to Chromatin Centrosomes (with centriole grow (duplicated) pairs) Early mitotic Aster spindle G2 of Interphase Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane Centromere Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule Chromsomes fully condensed Nuclear membrane broken down Centrosomes establish poles Spindle fibers a:ach to kinetochores G2 of Interphase Chromatin Centrosomes (with centriole (duplicated) pairs) Early mitotic Aster spindle G2 of Interphase Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane Centromere Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule 5

6 Fig. 12-6c Metaphase plate Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase plate Metaphase Chromosomes line up at metaphase Single file Guided by Cleavage furrow Nucleolus spindle fibers Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope Fig. 12-6c Anaphase Sister chroma2ds separate Now Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase daughter plate chromosomes Migrate to poles Cleavage furrow Nucleolus Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Spindle fibers shorten Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope Fig. 12-6c Telophase Daughter chromosomes reach poles Metaphase Begin to Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Nuclear Metaphase decondense plate membranes form Cleavage furrow Nucleolus Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis begins Cleavage furrow forms Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope 6

7 The Mito?c Spindle: A Closer Look Mito?c spindle Apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis Centrosome Microtubule organizing center During prophase assembles spindle microtubules Consists of two centrioles The centrosome replicates two centrosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell spindle microtubules grow out from them The Mito?c Spindle Kinetochore A:achment point for microtubules of spindle Protein structure bound to DNA at centromere Cytokinesis: A Closer Look Animal cells Plant cells cytokinesis occurs by cleavage, a cleavage furrow a cell plate forms during cytokinesis Cleavage furrow 100 µm Daughter cells Contractile ring of microfilaments (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) Vesicles cell plate Wall of parent cell Cell plate 1 µm New cell wall Daughter cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM) 7

8 PLAY Animal Mitosis PLAY Sea Urchin (Time Lapse) Binary Fission Prokaryotes (Eubacteria and archaebacteria) Reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission Single chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replica?on) two daughter chromosomes ac2vely move apart Fig Origin of replication E. coli cell Two copies of origin Cell wall Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome 8

9 Fig Origin of replication E. coli cell Two copies of origin Cell wall Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Origin Origin Fig Origin of replication E. coli cell Two copies of origin Cell wall Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Origin Origin Fig Origin of replication E. coli cell Two copies of origin Cell wall Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Origin Origin 9

10 Regula?on of the Cell Cycle The frequency of cell division varies with the type of cell Muscle cells Neurons Hepatocytes These cell cycle differences result from regula2on at the molecular level Signaling molecules The Cell Cycle Control System Cell cycle control system Regulated by both internal and external controls Has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops un2l a go-ahead signal is received G 1 checkpoint G 1 Control system S M G 2 M checkpoint G 2 checkpoint G 1 checkpoint Appears most important cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G 1 checkpoint, it will usually complete the S, G 2, and M phases and divide No go-ahead signal The Cell Cycle Control System Cells exits cycle, switching into G 0 phase - a non-dividing state G 0 G 1 checkpoint G 1 G 1 (a) Cell receives a go-ahead signal (b) Cell does not receive a go-ahead signal 10

11 Stop/Go Signs: Signals at the Checkpoints Internal signal M checkpoint kinetochores not a:ached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase External signals Growth factors proteins released by certain cells that s2mulate other cells to divide platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) s2mulates the division of human fibroblast cells in culture Stop/Go Signs: Signals at the Checkpoints Other external signals density-dependent inhibi?on crowded cells stop dividing anchorage dependence Most animal cells must be a:ached to a substratum in order to divide Anchorage dependence Density-dependent inhibition Density-dependent inhibition 25 µm (a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells 25 µm Transforma?on A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell which forms tumors Benign tumor Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal 2ssue Abnormal cells remain at the original site Malignant tumors Invade surrounding 2ssues Can metastasize expor2ng cancer cells to other parts of the body, possibly form secondary tumors Tumor Lymph vessel Blood vessel Glandular tissue Cancer cell Metastatic tumor 1 A tumor grows 2 Cancer cells 3 Cancer cells spread 4 from a single invade neigh- to other parts of cancer cell. boring tissue. the body. Cancer cells may survive and establish a new tumor in another part of the body. 11

12 You should now be able to: 1. Describe the structural organiza2on of the prokaryo2c genome and the eukaryo2c genome 2. List the phases of the cell cycle; describe the sequence of events during each phase 3. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteris2c of each phase 4. Draw or describe the mito2c spindle, including centrosomes, kinetochore microtubules 5. Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants 6. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria 7. Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle controls 8. Dis2nguish between benign, malignant, and metasta2c tumors 12

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