Unduplicated. Chromosomes. Telophase

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1 10-2 Cell Division The Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis Prophase Cytokinesis G 1 S G 2 Chromatin in Parent Nucleus & Daughter Cells Chromatin Daughter Nuclei Telophase Mitotic Anaphase Metaphase Use what you ve learned about the cell cycle, chromosomes, and cell structure & function to label the following in the diagrammatic cells: Interphase, G1, s,, Chromatin, S, G2,, Chromatin, Parent Nucleus, Mitosis, Prophase, Mitotic, Metaphase,, Anaphase,, Telophase, Daughter Nuclei, Cytokinesis, Daughter Cells

2 10-2 Cell Division Prophase Asters s Parent Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Centromere Sister Chromatids During prophase, duplicated chromatin condenses into duplicated mitotic chromosomes made up of two sister chromatids attached at the centromere. The nuclear envelope begins to break down, while the centrosomes, each with a pair of centrioles, begin to move away from each other forming the spindle between them.

3 10-2 Cell Division Metaphase Sister Chromatids Centromere (Kinetochore) Asters Kinetochore Non-kinetochore Metaphase Plate (Equator) The spindle is fully formed as non-kinetochore microtubules extending from both asteranchored centrosomes at each pole, push against each other, elongating the cell. Kinetochore microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the centromeres of each duplicated chromosome and move the them into a line along the metaphase plate (equator).

4 Centromere (Kinetochore) 10-2 Cell Division Anaphase Asters Kinetochore Non-kinetochore Metaphase Plate (Equator) Non-kinetochore microtubules of the spindle continue to elongate the cell. The centromeres of each duplicated chromosome divide, allowing the kinetochore microtubules to separate the sister chromatids (now non-duplicated chromosomes), and begin moving them toward opposite poles of the parent cell.

5 10-2 Cell Division Telophase (decondensing) Cleavage Furrow of Cytokinesis Nuclear Envelopes of Daughter Nuclei Once unduplicated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, they begin to decondense back to unduplicated chromatin, as nuclear envelopes reform around them, forming daughter nuclei. The spindle breaks down as the microtubules reassemble the cytoskeletons (not shown) of the future daughter cells. Microfilaments (actin) encircle the cell equator and contract, forming the cleavage furrow, the beginning of cytokinesis.

6 10-2 Cell Division Cytokinesis Nuclear Envelopes of daughter nuclei Daughter Cells Chromatin Microfilaments (actin) continue to contract, deepening the cleavage furrow and eventually pinching the parent cell into two daughter cells. Nuclear envelopes complete formation around the now fully decondensed unduplicated chromatin, producing complete daughter nuclei. Each daughter cell contains one centrosome with one pair of centrioles and enters the G 1 phase of interphase. Although somewhat smaller, the daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.

7 10-2 Cell Division Cytokinesis in Plants Ring of actin microfilaments Plant Cells Vesicles fusing along the cell plate Frog Embryo As described on the previous slide, in animal cells like this frog embryo, a ring of microfilaments (actin) forms around the equator of the cell and contracts, pinching the parent cell in two. In plant cells, the cell wall requires a different cytokinetic mechanism. Vesicles from golgi line up along the metaphase plate (equator) and fuse together forming a cell plate separating the daughter cells with two plasma membranes. Cell wall material (cellulose) is then constructed between the plasma membranes, completing separation (membrane wall wall membrane).

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