Notes 7.5: Mitosis Gone Wrong

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1 Notes 7.5: Mitosis Gone Wrong

2 Central Dogma Review Information to make a protein is stored in a gene Gene: Segment of DNA that codes for a protein Proteins are used for: growth of tissue and organs, energy, repair, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, regulation of cell cycle

3 Cell Cycle Review Repeating set of events divided into three major phases Interphase: time between cell divisions - G 1 phase: cell growth - S phase: copying of DNA - G 2 phase: more growth and preparation for cell division M phase (mitosis): division of the nucleus Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm and cell

4 Cancer: Unregulated Cell Cycle

5 Why do we care about cancer? 2 nd Leading cause of death in the US, behind heart disease Around 500,000 Americans are expected to die this year from cancer The total economic impact of cancer in the US is estimated to be 228 billion dollars Taken from American Cancer Society and NIH

6 Normal Cells vs. Cancer Cells Normal Cells: Cell cycle regulates the replacement of cells Cancer Cells: Mis-regulation of the cell cycle Cells divide when they aren t supposed to Cells divide in a place they aren t supposed to Need to understand how the cell is coordinating this process Understanding can lead to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)

7 Controlling Cell Cycle Genes control cell cycle Cyclins: proteins that control cell cycle by acting at the checkpoints Signals that the cell is okay to proceed through various phases of the cell cycle

8 Controlling Cell Cycle Genes control cell cycle Cyclins: proteins that control cell cycle by acting like check points. Signals that the cell is okay to proceed through various phases of the cell cycle G1 checkpoint: Check cell is correct size G2 checkpoint: Check accuracy of DNA replication M checkpoint: Check spindle fiber connection

9 Chemotherapy Treatments Targets rapidly dividing cells Cannot tell difference between healthy cells and cancer cells (side effects include hair loss and low RBC count) Work at various stages to stop an overactive cell cycle 1. Inhibitors of Cell Growth (Growth Factor Proteins e.g. hormones) 2. Inhibitors of DNA Duplication 3. Inhibitors of Cell Division Where, when, and how do they work?

10 Cancer is a genetic disease Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic changes (mutations) Most cancers have a minimum of 6-9 different genes mutated Mutations in genes that code for checkpoint proteins (cyclins) in regulating cell cycle, leads to cancer Not a hereditary disease we do not pass on cancer to offspring We can inherit dispositions (susceptibility) to cancer

11 Cancer is a genetic disease Example: BRCA 1 & 2 mutation (BReast CAncer gene) BRCA gene prevents breast cancer (repair DNA mistakes that can lead to uncontrolled growth of tumors) BRCA 1 & 2 are tumor suppressor genes (keep tumors from growing) Mutated BRCA gene cannot work properly and person is more likely to develop breast cancer BRCA Mutation Risks: 1 in 8 woman will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime 45-65% of woman with BRCA will develop breast cancer before 70

12 Partner Assignment: Part 1 Cell Cycle Overview Cell Division On your sheet of paper, use these terms below to label the arrows at different stages to create your own cell cycle diagram. Cell Growth 2 Chromosome Duplication Chromosome Separation Cell Growth 1

13 Partner Assignment: Part 2 There are three major points where the cell checks the progress of the cell cycle to insure that all is ready to proceed to the next step. Place these three Checkpoints on your diagram: Check points Check point #1. Cell size big enough? DNA undamaged before copying? Check point # 2. All genetic material duplicated? Check point # 3. All chromosomes attached to spindle and aligned?

14 Group Assignment: Part 3 Chemotherapy Agents Indicate on your diagram where the three major types of chemotherapy agents would work: Inhibitors of DNA Duplication Inhibitors of Cell Growth Inhibitors of Cell Division

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