Genomics Up Close And Personal: What Are The Implications For Cancer Nursing? Candy Cooley Head of Education

Transcription

1 Genomics Up Close And Personal: What Are The Implications For Cancer Nursing? Candy Cooley Head of Education

2 Aims of this session Understand how genomic information will change your clinical practice Remind you about the difference between genetic alteration and inherited disease Explore how you will translate the science to explain the implications for your patient and their treatment decisions

3 Genomic healthcare uses many pieces of genetic information to inform the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Genetics is now often used when changes to just one or a pair of genes or chromosomes results in a condition, some of which are strongly inherited.

4 2 Years ago in Prague Practical Application????? Translational medicine Prognostication Pharmacogenetics Validation

5 Practical Application????? Clinical Practice Personalisation Translational medicine Prognostication Pharmacogenetics

6 What is a genome? Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). The "genome" of any given individual is unique; mapping "the human genome" involves sequencing

7 In genomic healthcare many pieces of genetic information from the human Genome are used to: Refine diagnoses and understand diseases Individualise clinical care Predict drug effects Diagnose infections and track epidemics Develop new therapies The DNA of every person is 99.9% identical, but that 0.1% difference can affect our health, susceptibility to disease, and responses to medication

8 Gene expression Many diseases are characterised by multiple genetic mutations. Identifying the spectrum of mutations in a patient s cancer cell may provide a means for diagnosing the specific subtype of cancer involved

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11 Multiple causes of genomic alterations

12 Diagnosis Cancer is an interplay between genes and environment 1 major gene alteration or a combination of factors which influence risk and diagnostic factors The genome of the patient and the genome of the cancer influence the treatment decisions

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14 Multi-Step Carcinogenesis (eg, Colon Cancer) Loss of APC Activation of K-ras Loss of 18q Loss of p53 Other alterations Hyper- Inter- Normal Early Late proliferative mediate Carcinoma Metastasis epithelium adenoma adenoma epithelium adenoma ASCO

15 Why is genomic information different?

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17 100,000Genome Project UK Personal Genome Project Canada (PGP-C)

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23 Media Hype

24 HER2 HER2 is a protein in a group known as epidermal growth factor receptor Everyone has HER2 in their body naturally Amplification or over expression of HER2 is a biomarker and target for treatment

25 HERCEPTIN (monoclonal antibody trastuzumab) Only works when there are a proliferation of HER2 receptors Has a wide range of very serious side effects including: heart damage, infusion reactions leading to shortness of breath and allergic response

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28 Treatments that work on specific cancers melanoma About 90% of mutations found in BRAF in patients with melanoma are due to one particular tumour-causing mutation. This change in one copy of the gene leads to its being activated constantly, and not responsive to the usual control in the MAPK (ERK) pathway. Molecular modelling experiments, which took into account the shape of the enzyme, led to the design of a compound (PLX4032) which is a highly specific inhibitor of the mutated enzyme. One example where this has been successful is vemurafenib (Zelboraf) although the side effects in 10% of patients are problematic

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30 Cancer Growth Blockers A cancer growth blocker blocks the growth factors that trigger the cancer cells to divide and grow. Scientists are looking at different ways of doing this such as Lowering levels of the growth factor in the body Blocking the growth factor receptor on the cancer cell Blocking the signals inside the cell that start up when the growth factor triggers the receptor

31 Types of anti angiogenesis treatment There are different types of drugs that block blood vessel growth, including: Drugs that block blood vessel growth factor Drugs that block signalling within the cell Drugs that affect signals between cells

32 Drugs that block blood vessel growth factor Some drugs block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from attaching to the receptors on the cells that line the blood vessels. This stops the blood vessels from growing. A drug that blocks VEGF is bevacizumab (Avastin). It is also a monoclonal antibody. Drugs that block signalling within the cell Some drugs stop the VEGF receptors from sending growth signals into the blood vessel cells. These treatments are also called cancer growth blockers or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Sunitinib (Sutent) is a type of TKI that blocks the growth signals inside blood vessel cells. It is used to treat kidney cancer and a rare type of stomach cancer called gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). Drugs that affect signals between cells Some drugs act on the chemicals that cells use to signal to each other to grow. This can block the formation of blood vessels. Drugs that work in this way include thalidomide and lenalidomide (Revlimid).

33 Monoclonal Antibodies

34 Types of Monoclonal Antibodies Trigger the immune system Rituximab (Mabthera) for non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and some types of leukaemia Alemtuzumab (MabCampath) for Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) Block signals telling cancer cells to divide Trastuzumab (Herceptin) for breast cancer and stomach cancer Bevacizumab (Avastin) for advanced bowel cancer, breast cancer and some other cancers Cetuximab (Erbitux) for advanced bowel cancer or in trials for other cancers Panitumumab (Vectibix) for advanced bowel cancer

35 Other therapies in Clinical Practice and in Phase II & III Trials Therapeutic vaccines Synthetic lethality Armed antibodies

36 How genomic information is reducing adverse drug reactions Adverse drug reactions are one of the leading causes of death among hospitalised patients. In one prospective study, adverse drug reactions accounted for 1-in-16 hospital admissions. The annual cost to the NHS has been estimated at 466m. Greater understanding of how genomic variations can affect how our bodies respond to medication is helping to avoid adverse drug reactions in patients

37 Adverse drug effects can arise because of the ways in which a drug: moves around the body (pharmacokinetic effects); or interacts with the body (pharmacodynamic effects). Both can be influenced by common variations in the genome.

38 Genomic testing for patients requiring the HIV / AIDS drug Abacavir has reduced the risk of hypersensitive reactions to near zero Some patients suffer a hypersensitivity reaction to Abacavir that can be fatal. As genomic studies have discovered that the sensitivity is related to a specific genetic alteration, testing is now carried out before prescribing this drug. This has reduced the risk associated with being hypersensitive from between 5%-10% to near zero.

39 New developments Genomic testing can be used to pinpoint which gene is responsible for an inherited condition, identify the genetic variants involved in an increased or decreased likelihood of developing a common condition, or how a person responds and reacts to drugs.

40 New developments New, faster DNA sequencing technologies will make personal genomic information available in other NHS care pathways; for instance, through the UK s 100,000 Genomes Project involving patients with cancers, rare diseases and infections. Commercial genomic testing is already available online. Some tests may include health-related results about carrier status for inherited conditions and how a person might respond to particular classes of drugs.

41 So out with the old and in with 1953 DNA the structure new discovered by Francis Crick and James Watson July 12 th 1957 the Surgeon General links smoking with lung cancer The Reports of the Surgeon General The 1964 Report on Smoking and Health

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43 1977 Sanger method for DNA sequencing 1982 First cancer-causing DNA change identified

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45 2001 First draft of the human genome December 13, 2005 NIH launches comprehensive effort to explore genomic alterations in human tumours 2007 The first genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in cancer Nov 2011 Cancer Research UK launches the Genomics Initiative

46 The Future? Treatments focused on the individual and that individuals cancer with less side effects and no adverse reactions Treatments which make permanent alterations to the cancer genome and the growth and spread of the cancer Personal health messages which identify those requiring monitoring and those at greatest risk

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48 Cancer Nurses of the future? So Thank You, Goodbye and..

49 Any questions?