The Compound Light Microscope

Transcription

1 The Compound Light Microscope Complete the table below Structure Function Ocular lens (eyepiece) Revolving nosepiece Objective lens Stage Stage clips Diaphragm Coarse adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Lamp Base

2 Magnification Total Magnification = eyepiece lens power X objective lens power low medium high Eyepiece lens Objective lens Total Magnification 10X 10X 10X Scientific Drawing You don t have to be a good artist to draw good scientific drawings. The key is to be accurate draw what you see in the correct proportions. When preparing a scientific drawing, follow these rules: 1. Drawings should be neat and accurate; all parts need to be in the proper proportions. 2. All drawings should be done in pencil. 3. Labelling lines should be drawn in pencil, using a ruler and to the right side of the drawing. 4. Shading and/or colouring is unnecessary. Stippling is permissible. 5. Make all line smooth and continuous; not sketchy. 6. All diagrams should be large (at least ½ page) and done on blank paper. 7. Each diagram should have an appropriate title, and the magnification indicated Example:

3 Magnification: Properties of a Microscope How much " " the lenses make the object appear compared to. Resolution: Characteristic of Lenses that allows two dots to appear as and not (DETAIL) Contrast: The difference in appearance between the specimen and the. Most cell parts look the under a microscope. By increasing the contrast (making some parts ) we can see the different parts more clearly. Ways to increase contrast: change the amount of coming in by adjusting the add a that will colour only certain parts of the cell to make them " " Methylene Blue is used for cells to stain the DNA in the nucleus Iodine is used for cells to stain the starch in the cell wall Cell Theory All known living things are made up of. Some organisms are (made of only one cell), others are, (made of many cells) All cells come from pre-existing cells by. Cells contain genetic information ( ) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of.

4 The Cell Parts and Functions, Investigating Science 10, p All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made of between and cells. Each cell contains smaller parts called. These cellular structures have special functions that maintain all of the life processes of the cell, including:. Label the following diagrams and complete the chart on the back. Typical Animal Cell Typical Plant Cell

5 CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS HOMEWORK Organelle Plant/Animal Description and Function Cell Membrane Cell Wall Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus DNA Chromatin Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Mitochondrion Chloroplast Vacuole Lysosome Centriole Flagellum Cilia Chapter 1.1 HW: Define difusion and answer Q 3,8, 10, and 12 on page 25.

6 Cell Division Why is cell division important? 1) and Healing cuts, broken bones and replacing dead cells 2) Cell division allows an organism to grow bigger (from to cells) 3) of organisms Unicellular organisms like bacteria reproduce by in two. and cells are made from the division of cells in reproductive organs. Why is it better for a cell to divide (and stay small) rather than to just grow bigger and bigger? If a cell becomes too large: from outside the cell can t get to all parts of the cell quickly from the nucleus take too long to travel to all cell parts Larger cells have less (SA) than multiple cells of equal volume. Therefore, the larger cells cannot obtain enough nutrients from the surrounding environment Factors that affect cell division: : sunlight, altitude : inhibit (slow) division and mitosis DNA : can disrupt apoptosis (the natural death of cells e.g. cancerous cells)

7 SNC 2DI: The Cell Cycle READ P LABEL THE DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE BELOW AND FILL IN THE BLANKS. Every hour, about cells die and are replaced in your body. Cells do not constantly divide. They go through periods of and preparing for. This sequence of events is called the. When cells are not dividing, they are in a stage (that has three sections) called. During the first section this phase, cells go through a period of rapid growth, where they take in (like sugars) and produce new and. The cell spends 90% of its time in. Once the cell has grown to a size where its is too small to service the large volume, the cell is unable to absorb enough or expel enough. At this point it is healthier for the cell to divide into two identical cells. In preparation for the MITOSIS (M-phase), the cell prepares for division by its chromosomes creating two identical copies of DNA called sister. Chromosomes must be duplicated because they contain very important information about how a cell functions, and each new cell will need a copy of this information. The nucleus divides in a process called and the cytoplasm and the rest of the cell divide through a process called.

8 You are made up of approximately 100 trillion cells. This is amazing considering that all these cells started from one fertilized egg. Even now cells are dividing in your body! How does cell division occur? Cell division occurs in two stages: 1. Mitosis - 2. Cytokinesis - These two stages produce TWO identical cells from one original cell. In order to describe the events of cell division, the process is divided into several phases. INTERPHASE: PROPHASE:

9 METAPHASE: ANAPHASE: TELOPHASE and CYTOKINESIS: FINAL RESULT OF CELL DIVISION:

10 The Cell Cycle: Mitosis HOMEWORK Diagrams Animal Plant Name of Stage & What is Happening How to Recognize each Phase

11 DNA, MUTATIONS, AND CANCER The nucleus of every cell in your body has the same DNA. The DNA is like software it controls everything that occurs inside your cells and your body. However, sometimes this software develops problems. Mutations are changes in the genetic code. Mutations can be very harmful to the cell. Some even cause cancer. Cancer All cancers are caused by mutations in genes that regulate (control) cell division. Information stored in these genes control the rate at which the cell divides (mitosis) and self-destructs (apoptosis). If these genes develop a mutation, then the cell will no longer divide at a normal rate and will continue dividing after it has become damaged. These cells will divide uncontrollably at a very fast rate forming a tumour. 1. Compare cancer cells to normal cells using the table below: Normal Cells Cancer Cells 2. Define the term carcinogen.

12 3. List the three types of known carcinogens and provide examples of each. 1. Carcinogen: Examples What is the difference between benign malignant tumors? Benign Tumors: Malignant Tumors: 5. Describe the two ways we can treat cancer List the ways that we can help to prevent cancer. Chapter 1.2 HW: Answer Q 4 on page 32 and Q 3, 9, 10,15, and 16 on page 37.

13 A stem cell is a cell that is: WHAT IS A STEM CELL?

14 Where stem cells come from: Embryonic stem cells can be taken from: Adult stem cells can be taken from:

15 4 Major types of animal tissues: Animal Tissues Lines, covers, and protects other tissues and organs. Sheet-like, line body surfaces, cavities, ducts, and tubes Characterized by: They are found: lining major lining most (stomach, small intestine, kidney, esophagus etc.) in ducts and glands (bile duct, salivary glands etc.) in the lungs, ovaries, and 2. provide and keeps body parts together most abundant tissues in the body cells are widely separated from each other in a that is produced by the cells. Specialized connective tissues: Blood has 3 parts:, and. Ligaments: Tendons:

16 3. These cells when stimulated to cause 3 subtypes Skeletal Cardiac Smooth 4. provides between all organ systems Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response found in the, and (sensory)

17 Plant Tissues Dermal - protective (plant skin) Stomata- specialized (pores) in the lower epidermis. Stomata allow to enter or leave a leaf Meristematic - this region is constantly, and is responsible for both vertical (root system) and horizontal (increasing width) in the plant Vascular - composed of xylem & phloem, which are the for nutrients and water Xylem - responsible for the movement of water and minerals from the to the. Phloem - transports produced in photosynthesis from the to other areas of the plant. Ground - synthesizes organic compounds, supports the plants and provides storage for the plant... In the roots: In the stem: In the leaves: occurs in specialized mesophyll cells Tissues of the Stem: Tissues of the Leaf: Tissues of the Root:

18 Tissues of the Leaf: Tissues of the Root:

19 Organs of the Plant: Parts of a Flower: Ch 1.3 HW: Answer Q 3-5 on page 41, Q3 on page 45, Q 3,4,6, and 7 on page 47

20 Human Body Organs Using your textbook, fill in each box with information (structure & function) of the organ it is pointing to. Esophagus Lungs Stomach Intestines Trachea Liver Heart Alveoli (Lung Tissue) Pancreas

21 THE HUMAN HEART Arteries - Veins - Ch 2.1 HW: Answer Q 1,3 on page 60, Q 3-6, 9, 13, 18 on page 63

22 Animal Organ Systems The human body is a network of systems all linked for a common purpose maintaining. Homeostasis is the range of operating conditions in the internal environment of an organism Brought about by cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems all Examples include: blood, body temp., blood, concentrations of All of your organ systems need to be synchronized together to ensure that the organism stays Organ System Major Organs Major Function Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Exceretory Reproductive

23 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Close-up of the

24 Ch 2.2 HW: Answer Q 4, 5 on page 71 and Q 3, 7, 13 on page 77

25 Organ Systems Working Together In order to maintain homeostasis, all of the organs in a system must work together the same can be said for organ systems. Alone, each system can function but cannot form an organism. Therefore, organ systems are interdependent. Describe how your organ systems work together to create the fight or flight response to a threat. Let s think about when we are being active which organ systems are working together? How? See pages Circulatory System Respiratory System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System

26 Diagnosis Doctors order to gain information about how are working They try to start with tests that are and (little damage to tissues) A doctor may perform MANY tests to come up with a (what is wrong with you!) Common Tests include: Pulse: how often your heart is beating can most easily be felt in your (radial artery) or (carotid artery) normal adult pulse is beats per minute abnormal heart rhythms can be caused by exercise, anxiety, fever, caffeine, lack of oxygen, heart disease Blood Pressure: pressure of blood against the normal blood pressure is <--systolic pressure (heart ) <-- diastolic pressure (heart ) high blood pressure can lead to disease and Blood Samples: test levels of: blood cells (anemia, dehydration) blood cells (infection, blood cancer) (diabetes) (may block arteries) Urine Tests: May look for: (infection) proteins (kidney failure) sugar (diabetes) (pregnancy) drugs (some tests detect drugs in your system for up to 11 weeks!) Ch 2.3 HW: Answer Q 1 and 2 on page 83, Q 1, 2, 4, 7, 9 and 16 on page 86

27 Vaccinations Immunization involves making a person to infection through vaccination A vaccination is a substance that is given to boost your body's defence system it becomes infected Most vaccines contain a little bit of the disease that is. The body's immune system then builds to fight off these germs The stay with your body for a long time so that if the disease is caught, your body is already prepared to fight it off The most common vaccine is Others include Other prevention techniques: 1. West Nile Virus pamphlets Hand washing posters STD awareness 2. Cervical - pap test Breast - free mammograms age Colon - fecal occult blood test every year after age DNA Screening (still in early stages of research) 4. Healthy Living (exercise/diet) Ch 3 HW: Read 3.2/3.3 Answer Q 1,3 on page 107, Q 8,9,14,17,18 on page 111, Q 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14 on page 120

28 Things you should know for the SNC2D biology unit test... Microscopes (types, parts, how to adjust) Calculating cell size/magnification Scientific drawings Organelles (structure and function) Comparing plant and animal cells Cell Theory/The cell cycle (reasons for mitosis, stages) Cancer Stem cells/regeneration 4 types of animal tissues (appearance, function, location) 4 types of plant tissues (appearance, function, location) Main organs of plants and animals (function, organ system involved in, appearance, composition) Organ Systems (organs involved, basic function) o Circulatory, digestive, respiratory pathways/diagrams Homeostasis Organ Systems working together Medical imaging (X-Ray, CT scan, PET scan, MRI etc) Diagnosis techniques Preventative Medicine (Vaccinations, Screening etc) Cloning (reproductive, gene and therapeutic), transgenic organisms Try the multiple choice quizzes/matching activities available at: User Name: HHSSstdnt Password: Husky