Role and Responsibility of Medical Staff in Nuclear Accident
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1 Role and Responsibility of Medical Staff in Nuclear Accident 26 th November, 2011 Tomoko KUSAMA Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences 1
2 Roles of Medical Staff in Nuclear Accident Clarify of Radiation Induced Health Effects Setting and Accountability of Criteria of Radiological Protection and Safety Response to Radiation Injuries and Health Risks 2
3 Classification of Health Effects of Radiation -from View Points of Radiation Protection- Frequency(%) Deterministic Effects Stochastic Effects (Cancer and hereditary effects) Threshold Dose Exposure dose 3
4 Cancer and Hereditary Effects of Radiation -Results of epidemiological studies- Exposed dose is about 100 msv : Possible observable increase of cancer, if the exposed group is large (perhaps greater than about 100,000 people). There is no statistical significant increase of hereditary effects Low dose area (towards100 msv) : There are large uncertainty in epidemiological studies. 4
5 Summary of Radiation Induced Health Effects Exposed Dose (msv) Acute Effects 10 msv No acute effects 100 msv 1000 msv No acute effects Nausea, vomiting Possible Mild bone marrow depression Cancer Risks No observable increase of cancer, Even in a large exposed group Possible observable increase of cancer, if the exposed group is greater than about people Cancer risk of 0.55 % Probable observable increase of cancer, if the exposed group is more than a few 100 people Cancer risk of 5.5 % (Modified ICRP Publication 96, 103) 5
6 Assumption of Dose Response Relationship of Stochastic Effects in Low dose Frequency 1 Linear Non Threshold 2 Adoptive Response 3 Statistic Threshold Dose 6
7 Process of the Estimation of Radiation Induced Cancer Risk ( Lifetime Probability of Cancer) Data from Epidemiological Studies ERR of Atomic Bomb Survivors Selection of Models Estimation of Lifetime Risk Modified Factors Dose Response Relationship:Liner Model Risk Projection Model:Relative Risk Projection Model Life Table RBE DDREF:2 Cancer Risk of Radiation 7
8 Risk Estimation of Stochastic Effects Assumption of dose response relationship of radiation induced cancer and hereditary effects Linear Non Threshold (LNT) Nominal Probability Coefficients for Stochastic Effects ( ICRP Publ.103) Fatal Cancer(100 msv) 0.55 % Sever Hereditary effects(100 msv) 0.02 % 8 (ICRP Publ.103)
9 Radiation Injuries and Radiological Protection Radiation injuries occurred immediately after beginning of artificial use of X-ray(1895) and natural radioactive materials International activities of radiological protection started at 1928 (The predecessor of ICRP was established) 9
10 Standards/Criteria of Radiological Protection Recommendations on International Commission on Radiological protection Regulations of radiation protection in each country The ICRP was established at International Society of Radiology at However, concern of radiation exposure and adiation effects in medical stuff are shortage 10
11 Fundamental Education for Medical Staff For Medical doctor Radiology Radiation Biology For Nursing Stuff There is no subject regarding with radiation Introduction of Curriculum of Radiological Protection ( include Biological Effects of Radiation) in Medical Education 11
12 Practical Role of Medical Staff in Nuclear Accident Radiation Emergency Medicine (First stage to third stage) Consultation ( Anxiety of radiation effects) Dose Estimation ( internal exposure and biological dose estimation) Periodical Health Check Compensation for Radiation Injury 12
13 Anxiety of Radiation Induced Health Effects Leukemia Cancer Hereditary Effects Radiation Radioactive - material Sterility Malformation 13
14 Information on Radiation Health Effects from Epidemiological Studies Atomic Bomb Survivors at Hiroshima/Nagasaki Patients to Diagnosis and/or Treatments of Radiation Victims of Radiation Accidents Workers of Nuclear Industries Others Dose-Response Relationship (relationship between radiation dose and probability) Dose-Effect Relationship (relationship between radiation dose and severities of health effects) 14
15 In the Case of Consideration of Radiation Induced Health Effects Where (Area of irradiation) How much (Dose of irradiation) How to (Types of irradiation) 15
16 Sensitive Periods of Embryos/Fetuses Effects 影響 Preimplan -tation 0-9 days Organogene sis 3-8 week 8-15 weeks Fetus weeks 25 week< Abortion ーーー Mal formation Growth retardation Mental retardation ー +++ ± ± ± ー ーー ー Cancer ー
17 Problems of Medical Field Shortage of talented people Distribution of information on radiation health effects and risk Precisely, timely, easy to understand Collaboration among health physicists, Bureaucrat and so on 17
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