Histo lab 7. Special connective tissue is derived from the mesoderm (mesenchyme).
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2 Histo lab 7 Special connective tissue is derived from the mesoderm (mesenchyme). If we have high density of fibers, we call it dense connective tissue. (Fibers are more than the ground substance). If we have high density of ground substance and cells (more than fibers), or at least the 3 components have the same amount we call it loose connective tissue. Embryonic connective tissue is found only in the embryo, and it s the common origin of every type of the connective tissue (also called mesenchyme tissue). the cells are star shaped, have many processes, they are called mesenchymal cells or stem cells, they are un differentiated and they can differentiate into any type of cells, osteoblasts for example which forms then the bone. Embryonic connective tissue has very much ground substance (most ECM is ground substance). We can find embryonic connective tissue after birth in the umbilical cord (gelatinous material, because the ECM have high amount of ground substance and it s called Wharton s jelly) and in the tooth pulp. Mucus connective tissue (mucoid connective tissue), in fetus just after birth in the umbilical cord. so connective tissue which surrounds vessels in the umbilical called has 4 names: 1-embryonic connective tissue 2-mesenchyme (mesenchymal tissue) 3-wharton s jelly 4-mucoid connective tissue(mucous connective tissue) In Umbilical cord banking, we eject stem cells from the umbilical cord to save them to differentiate them later. (Stem cells technology) Loose connective tissue have all types of fibers, and is highly vascularized, and its function is medium for transport, we have epithelium tissue near the loose connective tissue to allow the
3 movement of nutrients, defense is also another function for this type of connective tissue. We can find it exactly under the epithelium, also, surrounding capillaries. identify the cells in this type of tissue. Yellow labeled cells are fibroblasts or fibrocytes and they are the most common type of cells. Red labeled: mast cells. Green: plasma cells. Orange: lymphocyte. Blue: macrophages. We have collagen type1, it s acidophilic, and the type of the stain is H&E and elastin stain for elastic fibers. (The last point is not important because it is a practical part not for the theoretical part) The elastin fibers are branching and long, reticular fibers are branching and short just like the net of the soccer goal. The membrane (cutaneous, mucus or serous) is formed of epithelium and loose connective tissue beneath it. The loose connective tissue under the epithelium of the mucus membrane (mucosa) is called lamina propria. Lamina propria have many cells (inflammatory cells) for protection Dense connective tissue: If the collage fibers are arranged in one direction, we expect that this tissue resists forces from the same direction. Just like the tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis. (regular dense connective tissue)
4 If the fibers are irregular, they resist forces from many directions like the skin. (dense irregular connective tissue) The epithelium of the skin is called epidermis, the connective tissue beneath it is called dermis. The superficial layer of the dermis is loose connective tissue and the deeper you go, the tissue become irregular dense connective tissue, so the deep layer of the dermis is irregular dense connective tissue. Under the mucus membrane, submucosa is dense irregular connective tissue. The dense regular connective tissue might be wavy depending on the action of the muscle, flexed or extended. We can find fat cells in the connective tissue, we name it adipose tissue if the number of fat cells is high Specialized connective tissue: - (elastic connective tissue, reticular connective tissue, bone, blood )
5 elastic connective tissue:- we can find elastic connective tissue in the walls of large blood vessels. Read the details the picture. This is a cross section in a blood vessel. The cavity contains blood. This stain is called trichrome, tri means three and chrome means color which means that this stain gives three colors; black, red and blue. Of course the lining epithelium of the wall of the blood vessel is endothelium. This picture is a magnification in the wall of the blood vessel. A=elastic fiber B=smooth muscle C=collagen fiber High number of elastic fibers in the connective tissue of the blood vessels allow them to return to their original shape. What prevents the blood vessel from rupture or overstretching is collage fibers type 1. When the smooth muscle cells contract, vasoconstriction constriction occurs, and the blood pressure increases. And vice versa. So smooth muscle cells are important to control the blood pressure.
6 The smooth muscle cells form the components of the ECM here. This is an exception where smooth muscle cells replace and perform the job of the fibroblast in addition to contraction. reticular connective tissue: - also reticular fibers are stained black, so how to distinguish between elastic and reticular fiber? It is the shape. When fibers are very short and branching forming network it is reticular. Elastic fibers are longer and also branching. Reticular fibers are collagen type 3. They are stained with PAS and with silver. Silver-stained fibers are called argyrophilic. Negative charges are responsible for the reaction with silver. Location: - reticuloendothelial system (liver, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes). The stroma of these organs (the supporting tissue) is reticular fibers network.
7 These reticular fibers give framework to the organs and spaces for the cells and molecules to pass freely. For example in the lymph nodes there are many lymphocytes. In the bone marrow, stem cells (hematopoietic cells or). What is the type of this tissue? Reticular tissue. Notice the short branching fibers. Where could you find it? It the reticuloendothelial system. Obvious reticular tissue. Question: - if you were told that this tissue is taken from a lymph node, what do you expect the type of cells found abundantly here? answer: - lymphocytes
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