BACKGROUND RADIATION IN AKWANGA, NIGERIA UDC : A.A Sadiq 1, E.H Agba 2
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1 FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Working and Living Environmental Protection Vol. 8, N o 1, 2011, pp BACKGROUND RADIATION IN AKWANGA, NIGERIA UDC : A.A Sadiq 1, E.H Agba 2 1 Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria sadiqulkafawi4real@yahoo.co.uk 2 Department of Physics, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria Abstract. Man is exposed to ionizing radiation with or without his consent. Indoor and outdoor measurements of background radiation were taken using an Inspector alert nuclear radiation meter (of 3500CPM/mR/hr gamma sensitivity referenced to Cs-137 with an inbuilt halogen-quenched Geiger-Muller tube of 45mm effective diameter and 2.0mg/cm mica window density). The indoor readings ranged from 1.04 to 1.75mSv/yr while the outdoor readings ranged from 0.24 to 0.44mSv/yr. The Annual mean equivalent doses for indoor and outdoor backgrounds are 1.29±0.13 to 0.31±0.14mSv/yr respectively. The outdoor-indoor background level ratio is 24% which is in agreement with the ratio obtained when the assessment was conducted in Keffi. Based on our results, all areas are within the safety limit for the public, set by national and international regulatory authorities. Key words: Equivalent dose, Background radiation, Indoor, ALARA INTRODUCTION Human exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources is an unending and unpreventable phenomenon on earth. Human exposure to natural radiation exceeds that from all man-made sources (including: medical, weapons testing and nuclear technologies) put together. The two main contributors to natural radiation exposures are: high-speed cosmic ray particles incidents in the earth s atmosphere and the primordial radionuclides present in the Earth s crust which are present everywhere, including the human body. Some exposure to natural radiation sources is modified by human activities. Examples are: natural radionuclides released into the environment in mineral processing and uses phosphate fertilizer processing, fossil fuel combustion and quarry activity, causing enhanced natural radiation exposures. Some people are exposed to enhanced levels of natural radiation at their places of work. Such workers include underground miners, some workers involved in mineral processing and aircraft flight crews (UNSCEAR-B, 2000). Received September 25, 2010
2 8 A.A SADIQ, E.H AGBA The cosmic rays that originate from outer space, which is continuously bombarding the atmosphere, consist of a nucleonic component (98%) and electrons which account for the remaining 2% (Ghoshal, 2007). At ground level, the dominant component of the cosmic-ray field consists of muons with energies mostly between 1 and 20Gev. These contribute to about 80% of the absorbed dose in the air from directly ionizing radiation. The passengers and crews of aircrafts are subjected to cosmic radiation at a much higher rate than the rates at the ground level. This depends on the altitude, latitude, longitude and duration of the flight. External exposure outdoors arises from terrestrial radionuclides present in trace levels in all soil types. Radiation emitted by these radionuclides within 15-30cm of the topsoil reach the earth surface (Farai and Vincent, 2006). Only those radionuclides with half-lives comparable to the age of the earth, and their decay products, exist in significant quantities in these materials. The estimation of exposure to ionizing radiation is an important goal of regulatory authorities and radiation protection scientists. In public health management of radiation emergencies, one of the essential components of integrated assessment is to quickly and accurately assess and categorize the exposure. Thus knowledge of the background radiation level is of paramount importance (UNSCEAR-A, 2000 and DREK et al, 2010). Radioactive materials, either particles or gases, may be transported across great distances by local and large-scale air movement. The absorbed dose rate in air indoors has been measured extensively. The values ranged from 20 to 190nGyh 1 with a population weighed at an average of about 80nGyh 1. One of the products of the heavy radionuclides occurring naturally is radon gas which contributes to the high amounts of potentially lethal doses and it has been reported to be the cause of the great majority of lung cancer death and the risk of lung cancer from exposure to radon could be greater than the observed risk of lung cancer from all other causes (Maria et al, 2010 and Don, 2010). Farai and Vincent (2006) measured the outdoor radiation levels in Abeakuta, Nigeria using Thermoluminescent Dosimetry and reported that the equivalent dose due to outdoor exposure in the city ranged from 0.19 to 1.64 msv/yr and a mean of 0.45mSv/yr and the mean dose of extra terrestrial radiation was estimated to be 0.18mSv/yr in the city. A nationwide survey conducted by Fari and Jibri (2000) of terrestrial radiation, using the technique of in-situ gamma spectrometry reported that the mean annual effective dose equivalent is 0.27mSv/yr. Man is exposed to ionizing radiation with or without his consent. The radiation can cause injuries and clinical symptoms; which may include a chromosomal transformation, cancer induction, free radical formation, bone necroses and radiation catractogenesis (Norman, 2008). The injuries and clinical symptoms could be caused at both high doses and prolonged low dose exposure. Because of the lethal effects of ionizing radiation, the practice has been to monitor and assess the levels of exposure and keep one s exposure to ionizing radiation as low as reasonably achievable (also known as the ALARA principle). MATERIAL AND METHODS The indoor and outdoor radiation levels of 20 areas (coded A1 to A2) were measured using the inspector alert nuclear radiation meter (SN: 35440, manufactured by S.E inter-
3 Background Radiation in Akwanga, Nigeria 9 national, Inc U.S.A). The meeasurements were done with the radiation meter held one meter above sea level in all the areas. In every area, ten indoor and ten outdoor measurements were done to cater for errors. THEORY AND CALCULATION UNSCEAR, 1988 recommended indoor and outdoor occupancy factors of 0.8 and 0.2 respectively. This occupancy factor (OF) is the proportion of the total time during which an individual is exposed to a radiation field. 8760hrs/yr was used to convert readings in hours to years. When converting the indoor and outdoor average readings to annual equivalent doses in msv/yr, the following equations were used. E ( Sv/ hr) 8760 hrs/ yr 0.8 (1) i E0 ( Sv/ hr) 8760 hrs/ yr 0.2 (2) Where E 0 is the annual equivalent dose rate in msv/yr E i is the annual equivalent dose rate in msv/yr is the indoor meter reading and is the outdoor meter reading Table 1. Table of Readings Area Name of Area (μsv/hr) (μsv/hr) E 0 (msv/yr) E i (msv/yr) code A1 General Hospital 0.253± ± ± ±0.14 A2 ST. P Cat.Church 0.217± ± ± ±0.14 A3 Mboki shoping comp ± ± ± ±0.14 A4 Main market 0.175± ± ± ±0.14 A5 C.O.E Akwanga 0.182± ± ± ±0.07 A6 Angwan Sarkin andaha 0.160± ± ± ±0.14 A7 Fake filling station 0.159± ± ± ±0.14 A8 Akwanga shopping plaza 0.160± ± ± ±0.14 A9 Akwanga main market 0.136± ± ± ±0.14 A10 Angwan Tivi 0.145± ± ± ±0.20 A11 Low cost 0.158± ± ± ±0.14 A12 Agwan Attah 0.147± ± ± ±0.14 A13 Angwan KPpandom 0.175± ± ± ±0.14 A14 Angwan Tsako 0.172± ± ± ±0.14 A15 Angwan mada 0.165± ± ± ±0.07 A16 E.R.C.C medical center Alushi 0.220± ± ± ±0.07 A17 Kurmin tagwaye 0.180± ± ± ±0.07 A18 G.R.A 0.187± ± ± ±0.14 A19 Akpata 0.175± ± ± ±0.14 A20 Tsakpe 0.172± ± ± ±0.14 Annual Average 0.31± ±0.13
4 10 A.A SADIQ, E.H AGBA Fig. 1. The plot of the outdoor radiation levels of each area. Each point on the graph represents readings of the corresponding area Fig. 2. The plot of indoor radiation levels in each area. Each point on the graph represents the readings of the corresponding area DISCUSSION The results (see table, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) show that A16 which is 1km from Akwanga, located at the village Alushi has the highest indoor and outdoor background radiation levels. The high radiation levels associated with this area might be a function of the geology and geographical altitude of the area. A2 and A4 are also have a higher indoor background level. A2 is closer to A16 in distance and are physically has the same geographical altitude. A2 is an area with rocky hills with a mini Quarry there. And this should be a factor that accounts for its high outdoor background radiation. Both the indoor and outdoor background radiations of A7 are relatively lower. The altitude of this area is relatively low, compared to that of A2, A14 and A16. The distribution of the outdoor and indoor background in the town of Akwanga is clearly shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The wide spread shows the spatial variation in the
5 Background Radiation in Akwanga, Nigeria 11 natural radiation level within the city. The agreement of the elevated value radiation level in the Alushi medical centre (A16) with the work of Farai and Vincent (2006) and Sadiq et al (2010) is of striking importance. CONCLUSION The natural background radiations of Akwanga have been measured and the results are in good agreement with those determined in previous studies. The results show that the residents and tourists of this town are within the internationally accepted safe limit for members of the public. The obtained results should serve as baseline upon which other exposures could be assessed and in the unforeseeable future, serve as bench mark for dosimetric analyses and decontamination in situations of radiation poisoning of certain areas or the whole town where mass causality is the expected worst case scenario. REFERENCES 1. A.A Sadiq, E.H Agba, M.S Liman, M.U Gurku, John Paulinus and Elayo Abdullahi (2010) Indoor and outdoor ambient radiation levels in Keffi, Nigeria (Unpubl). 2. Don Higson. More thoughts on radon. Health Physics News. July Drek H.C, May C.C and Zanat C (2010). Global networking for Biodosimetry laboratory capacity in radiation emergencies. Health phys. 92(2): Farai I.P and Vincent U.E (2006). Outdoor radiation level measurement in Abeakuta Nigeria, by Thermoluminescent Dosimetry. Nig. Journ. Phys. 18(1): Farai I.P and Jibri N.N (2000). baseline studies of terrestrial outdoor gamma dose rate levels in Nigeria. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 88(3): Maria Schnelzer, Gael P.H, Michael Kreuzer, Anne M.T and Bernd Groshe (2010). Accounting for smoking in radon related lung cancer risk among German Uranium miners: Result of nested case control study. Health Phys. 98(1): UNSCEAR-A, Annex-A, Dose assessment methodologies. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic radiation; UNSCEAR-B, Annex-B, Exposure from natural radiation sources. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation; POZADINSKO ZRAČENJE U MESTU AKVANGA, NIGERIJA A.A Sadiq, E.H Agba Čovek je izložen jonizujućem zračenju sa ili bez njegovog pristanka. Unutrašnja i spoljna merenja pozadinskog zračenja se koristite kao upozorenja inspektora za nuklearno zračenje (od 3500CPM/mR/hr gama osetljivosti standardizovano na Cs-137 sa ugrađenom halogenom kaljenom Geiger-Muller cevi prečnika 45mm efektivne i 2.0mg/cm liskun gustine). Unutrašnje vrednosti kretale su se od 1.04 do 1.75mSv/ir dok su se na otvorenom merenja kretala od 0,24 do 0.44mSv/ir. Godišnje srednje ekvivalentne doze za unutrašnje i spoljašnje vrednosti su 1,29 ± 0,13 na 0,31 ± 0.14mSv/ir tim redosledom.odnos spoljni-unutrašnji pozadinski nivo je 24% što je u skladu sa odnosom dobijenih procena sprovedenih u Keffi. Na osnovu naših rezultata, sve vrednosti su u okviru granica bezbednih za javnost, postavljenih od strane nacionalnih i međunarodnih regulatornih organa. Ključne reči: ekvivalentne doze, pozadinskog zračenja, zatvoreni, Alara
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