Linda Lowe Krentz Bioscience in the 21 st Century October 22, 2010

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1 Cell Biomechanics Linda Lowe Krentz Bioscience in the 21 st Century October 22, 2010

2 Outline for today Tubes Vessel mechanics and disease Models Lung mechanics Technology integration

3 Atherosclerosis is Geometrically Focal Smooth Flow Region Non Sticky ECs Disturbed Flow Region Sticky ECs Meron Mengistu Intact Endothelium Inflammed Leaky Endothelium Inflammed vasculature Flow, along with other factors, contributes to risk.

4 Effects of flow on endothelial cell morphology Models are helpful in the study of molecular events in cell culture 12 to 24 hours

5 Stress Fiber Alignment High Fluid shear stress exposure results in three phases of cell changes: (1) increase instress fiber formation (2) dense cortical band formation of actin cytoskeleton (3) stress fiber alignment in the direction of flow No Flow 5 15 FSS 30 FSS FSS Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Meron Mengistu

6 Actin remodeling under shear stress Low stress for 30 min Highstress for 30 min

7 Actin Remodeling Under Shear Stress Low shear flow for 60 High shear flow for Flow Cortical actin No alignment Flow F Actin starts to align in the direction of flow Cells and their actin filaments begin to align in the direction of flow after 60 of high shear flow exposure. No change under low shear stress Meron Mengistu

8 of Long axis 70.00% 60.00% 00% 50.00% 40.00% Effect of Flow Exposure on Endothelial Cells Elongation % 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 15 min 30 min 60 min 120 min σ eff 4 dyn/cm2 15 dyn/cm2 ADINA models control 15 min 30 min 60 min 120 min Jamie Maciaszek, Shannon Alejandro, Josh Slee, Samir Ghadiali

9 Finite Element Models control 15 min 30 min 60 min 120 min 4 dyn/cm 2 15 dyn/cm 2 σ eff

10 Add into the model Actin structures we see No Flow 5 15 FSS 30 FSS FSS Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

11 Maximum Effective Stress Maxim mum Effective e Stress (N/c cm2) x Effect of Flow Exposure on Basal Surface of Cell 5 min 15 min 30 min 60 min 120 min 4 dyn/cm2 15 dyn/cm2

12 MECHANOSENSING K + Outflux Integrin Caveola PECAM / Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Ca 2+ Influx Na 2+ Influx Src M Influx Influx Src Ras Rho Rac Small GTPases E C H A N Shc Shp2 Raf MEK1/2 MEKK1 MKK4/7 MEKK? MKK3/6 MAPK Si li GTPases N O T R A MEK1/2 ERK1/2 MKK4/7 JNK MKK3/6 p38 Signaling Cascade N S D U C T I O N Biological Responses

13 Burridge, K, & Chrzanowska Wodnicka, M (1996). FOCAL ADHESIONS, CONTRACTILITY, AND SIGNALING. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 12,

How to continue this work Test the model Do

Use vinculin antibodies Look for how many

14 How to continue this work Test the model Do any appropriate signaling proteins turn on? Are there changes in surface attachment proteins at the right time? Use vinculin antibodies Look for how many patches of staining are in the cells after flow and where they are.

15 Adhe sions (FAs) Num ber of Focal Average number FAs/ Cell Control 15 min 60 min Time Exposed to high FSS of 15dyn/cm 2

16 How to continue this work Block the signaling molecule(s) Interfere with the attachment proteins Chemically block signaling enzymes Refine the model Alter the attachment? Test again Identify signal targets Test ttheir identities Infinitely it Bounded: d: Periphery Bounded: d:

17 More tubes More tubes Global Lung Mechanics (the project is from Professor Samir Ghadiali Ohio State)

Infections Necrosis and Detachment of alveolar epithelial cells.

airways/ alveoli gas exchange, severe hypoxia Standard of care:

(Ventilator Associated Lung Injury) 200,000000 patients/yr, 30%

6 million hospital days Acute Lung Injury Major public health

18 Infections Necrosis and Detachment of alveolar epithelial cells. permeability of alveolar capillary barrier Flooding of small airways/ alveoli gas exchange, severe hypoxia Standard of care: Mechanical Ventilation Ventilators cause additional cell injury (Ventilator Associated Lung Injury) 200, patients/yr, 30% to 40% mortality rates, 3.6 million hospital days Acute Lung Injury Major public health issue, significant burden on health care system Ware LB & Matthay MA, New Eng J Med 342(18): (2000)

19 Quantification of Cellular Morphology Laser scanning confocal images of cells with cytoplasmic stain (Calcein AM). Cells in 100% monolayer are flatter and thinner. Subconfluent Confluent Convert confocal cross-sections to finite it element models. 50 μm Cell Height, z [μm] Ghadiali

Microbubbles and Cell Injury Microbubble Fluid-Filled Airway Microbubble Type I/II Alveolar Epithelial Cells (not to scale) Experimental data: Cell death (red cells) Cell detachment (cell loss)

20 Microbubbles and Cell Injury Microbubble Fluid-Filled Airway Microbubble Type I/II Alveolar Epithelial Cells (not to scale) Experimental data: Cell death (red cells) Cell detachment (cell loss) Ghadiali Ventilators reopen fluid filled lung regions (airways/alveoli) with microbubble flows. Microbubbles generate forces that cause cell deformation, death and detachment IDEA: Make cell s more rigid to prevent cell deformation, death and detachment.

21 Optical Tweezers Methodology Forced Oscillation E N : 0.1 6,000 Hz Output: Displacement: D ( ) Phase Shift: ( ) Mengistu and Ou Yang

22 Studying Micro-Mechanical Properties of Endothelial Cells Intracellular Probes Extracellular Probes Intrinsic Structure Integrin bound Bead Microtubules Actin Filaments Endocytosed Bead PECAM bound Bead Intermediate Filaments Mengistu and Ou Yang

Integrating Life Science and Engineering

23 Integrating Life Science and Engineering Biological/Physiological System are very complex! Biologists provide powerful tools to probe these systems. Engineers provide mathematical tools which can be used to understand how the different components interact. Courtesy HHMI/NIBIB

Cardiovascular disease, studies at the cellular and molecular level. Linda Lowe Krentz Bioscience in the 21 st Century September 23, 2009

Cardiovascular disease, studies at the cellular and molecular level Linda Lowe Krentz Bioscience in the 21 st Century September 23, 2009 Content Introduction The number 1 killer in America Some statistics