Lecture 11. Section C (Week 3): Understanding Diseases of the Immune System

Transcription

1 Lecture 11 Section C (Week 3): Understanding Diseases of the Immune System 11. Why can t the immune system fight cancer? 12. Understanding immune system function as you get older? 13. How has the immune system been described in Hollywood movies? 14. What is next in the understanding of the immune system? 15. Open discussion and wrap up

2 Origin of the word Cancer... It was first documented by the Greek physician, Hippocrates ( BC) by using the words karkinos and carcinoma to describe non-ulcer and ulcer forming tumours, respectively It was later translated into Latin by the Roman physician, Celsus (28 50 BC) to cancer, the Latin word for crab Hippocrates described cancer as similar in appearance to the finger-like projections of a crab The Roman physician, Galen ( AD) used the word oncos to describe the observed tumours. Oncos is the Greek word for swelling During the Renaissance period leading into the 19 th century, human diseases were studied in a more systematic way by scientists like Galileo and Newton We now have a better understanding of this devastating disease that does not discriminate by age, sex or ethnicity

3 The molecular circuitry of a Cancer Cell..not simple! Hanahan and Weinberg, Cell 144: (2011)

4 Cancer is a genetic disease Point Mutations Lung Cancer K-Ras EGFR Amplifications Neuroblastoma N-Myc Deletions Retinoblastoma Rb on 13q14 CH 3 CH 3 Translocations Leukemia Bcr-Abl Epigenetics (Methylation) Many cancers RASSF1A

5 Established Hallmarks of Cancer Hanahan and Weinberg, Cell 144: (2011) Department of Pediatrics Women s and Children Health Research Institute

6 Emerging Hallmarks - The detrimental effect of immune cells Hanahan and Weinberg, Cell 144: (2011) Department of Pediatrics Women s and Children Health Research Institute

7 Progression from Chronic Inflammation to Cancer Normal Cells Inflammed Cell Inflammed cell to Cancer Cell Cancer Cell Replication Cancer Cell Expansion (Neo-vascularization) Metastasis Tumor Burden Challenge: can we target here! Pre-condition to cancer Most drugs target here

8 Changes during colon cancer progression Inflammation Department of Pediatrics Women s and Children Health Research Institute

9 Treatment modalities for Cancer

10 Cancer Immunotherapy Cytostasis (cyto cell; stasis stoppage) is the inhibition of cell growth and multiplication

11 Immunological Synapse: Contact point of activation Nature Reviews Immunology 2007;7:

12 Adaptive Immunity Precise Communication mechanisms

13 Immunotherapy

14 The Future of cancer therapy

15 Paraneoplastic antigen syndrome Paraneoplastic syndromes are typical among middle-aged to older patients, and they most commonly present with cancers of the lung, breast, ovaries or lymphatic system (a lymphoma). Sometimes, the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show before the diagnosis of a malignancy, which has been hypothesized to relate to the disease pathogenesis. In this paradigm, tumor cells express tissue-restricted antigens (e.g., neuronal proteins), triggering an anti-tumor immune response which may be partially or, rarely, completely effective. in suppressing tumor growth and symptoms. Patients then come to clinical attention when this tumor immune response breaks immune tolerance and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that (e.g., neuronal) protein in the central nervous system.

16 Paraneoplastic antigen syndrome

17 Immunotherapy

18 A novel about cancer Wellspring Edmonton and the Allard Lecture Series are pleased to present Dr. Siddhartha Mukherjee, Pulitzer Prize winning author of The Emperor of All Maladies and the newly released book The Gene, who will be delivering a lecture on the latest research and ideas surrounding humanity s fight against cancer. When: May 24, 2016 at 4:30 pm 7:00 pm Where: The Citadel Theatre, A Avenue Northwest, Edmonton