9 The Cell Cycle CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece

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1 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 9 The Cell Cycle Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 Cell division plays many important roles in the lives of organisms The ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind is a key characteristic of life Pearson Education,

3 Living organisms reproduce by two methods. Asexual reproduction Clones Sexual reproduction Genetic contribution from two parents

4 Cell division reproduction at the cellular level enables multicellular eukaryotes to develop from a single cell and renew, repair, or replace cells unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire organism The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division

5 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6 Concept 9.1: Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells Most cell division results in the distribution of identical DNA to two daughter cells 200 m 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

7 Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material All the DNA in a cell genome DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into chromosomes chromatin one long DNA molecule proteins

8 Somatic cells (nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes Gametes (reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) have one set of chromosomes 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

9 Before division, the cell duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies called sister chromatids. Once separate, the chromatids are called chromosomes

10 Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division Eukaryotic cell division Mitosis, the division of the genetic material in the nucleus Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm

11 Phases of the Cell Cycle The cell cycle life cycle of the cell, from the time a cell is first formed until its own division.

12 Phases of the Cell Cycle 1. Interphase: duplication of cell contents (90% of the cycle) G 1 (1 st Gap) growth, increase in cytoplasm S (synthesis) duplication of chromosomes G 2 (2 nd Gap) growth, preparation for division 2. Mitotic (M) phase: division Mitosis division of the nucleus Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm G 1 (first gap) M S (DNA synthesis) G 2 (second gap)

13 Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase & Cytokinesis 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

14 Mitotic spindle - structure made of microtubules and associated proteins Spindle microtubules emerge from the centrosome (microtubule organizing center)

15 The centrosome replicates during interphase An aster extends from each centrosome Spindle includes centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

16 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Division

17 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

18 Figure 9.7c 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

19 Figure Pearson Education, Inc.

20 Figure 9.8 Aster Sister chromatids Centrosome Metaphase plate (imaginary) Kinetochores Microtubules Chromosomes Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore microtubules 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0.5 m 1 m Centrosome

21 Figure Pearson Education, Inc.

22 Figure 9.7e 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

23 Cytokinesis Figure 8.6a-0 Cleavage furrow Contracting ring of microfilaments Daughter cells 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

24 In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs as 1. a cell plate forms in the middle 2. the cell plate grows outward to reach the edges 3. each cell now possesses a plasma membrane & cell wall Pearson Education, Inc.

25 Figure 9.11 Nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes condensing Chromosomes 10 m 1 Prophase 2 Prometaphase Cell plate 3 Metaphase 4 Anaphase 5 Telophase

26 Binary Fission in Bacteria Prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

27 Checkpoints of the Cell Cycle Control System The cell cycle control system triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. Cycle has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a goahead signal is received 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

28 the G 1 checkpoint seems to be the most important G 1 checkpoint G 0 G 1 G 1 G 1 S Without go-ahead signal, cell enters G 0. (a) G 1 checkpoint With go-ahead signal, cell continues cell cycle. M G 2 G 1 G 1 M G 2 M G 2 M checkpoint Prometaphase Without full chromosome attachment, stop signal is received. (b) M checkpoint Anaphase G 2 checkpoint Metaphase With full chromosome attachment, go-ahead signal is received.

29 External Control Signals growth factors-proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide density-dependent inhibition, in which crowded cells stop dividing anchorage dependence, in which they must be attached to a substratum in order to divide 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

30 8.9 CONNECTION: Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors A tumor is a mass of abnormally growing cells within otherwise normal tissue. Benign tumors Malignant tumors Tumor Glandular tissue Tumor growth Invasion Metastasis Lymph vessels Blood vessel Tumor in another part of the body 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

31 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

32 Recap! Sister chromatids separate DNA is replicated Cytoplasm is divided between daughter cells Replicated chromosomes align in the center of the cell Nucleus breaks down a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase e) Cytokinesis f) G 1 g) G 2 h) S Interphase 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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